Types of Indonesian Reduplication as the Translation Equivalence of English Lexicons

This journal entitled Types of IndonesianReduplication as the Translation Equivalence of English Lexiconsinvestigates the types of Indonesian reduplications and how the English lexicons are translated in Indonesian reduplications. The data of the research is drawn from an English narrative textbook “The Magic” (Byrne, 2012) and its translation version in Indonesian “The Magic” (Purwoko, 2012).   This study reveals three types of reduplications with their own distinctive forms and varieties on meaning implications, namely: full reduplication, partial reduplication, and imitative reduplication. Full reduplication consists of four sub-categories, namely: reduplication of simple words, reduplication of complex words, reduplication of bases within a complex word, and reduplication without corresponding single bases.   The results of the research show that meaning is structured and therefore, it can be analyzed and represented into another language. English inflectional and derivational morphology can correspond productively to Indonesian reduplications. A menu of affixes of both English and Indonesian are the corresponding features of the morphological processes and the meaning components involvedin the translation equivalence analysis. The translation equivalence is then established by textual equivalence and formal correspondence or by contextual relations of the contextual meaning and relatable situational features of grammatical functions of the English lexicons into Indonesian reduplications.


INTRODUCTION
Every language has its own form (morphology) to represent meaning (semantics). Indonesian language without exception has unique and distinctive morphological forms. One of these unique forms in Indonesian language is reduplication. Reduplication is an important and mostly a productive part in word-forming processes. Reduplication occurs by repeating the entire or part of a word. Meanings indicated by reduplication are various due to variety of reduplication types. English affixes both inflectional and derivational attached to certain lexicons can correspond with Indonesian reduplications. The correspondence between English lexicons and its translation equivalence in Indonesian reduplications will be the central topic to be analyzed in this study.
The problems of the study include the following: (1) What are the types of Indonesian reduplication as the translation equivalence of English lexicons? (2) How are the English lexicons translated into Indonesian reduplications?Therefore, the objectives of the study are: (1) To find out the types of Indonesian reduplication as the translation equivalence of English lexicons. (2) To find out how the English lexicons are translated into Indonesian reduplications.
Theoretically, it is hoped that this study will specifically improve understanding on translation conditions regarding such aspects as translation equivalence, inflectional and derivational morphology, Indonesian reduplications, and the methods of identifying and describing English lexicons in corresponding contexts which lead to the use of Indonesian reduplications as the translation equivalence. Practically, this research provides practical and helpful information especially on the topic of translation equivalence of English lexicons into Indonesian reduplications.

RESEARCH METHOD
Research approach that is applied to this study is qualitative method in which the data are analyzed descriptively. The analysis of this research relies on two narrative textbooks chosen for the data source, namely, the source language ERRN LQ (QJOLVK ³The Magic´ %\UQH DQG the target language version in Indonesian ³The Magic´ 3XUZRNR as the product of translation.The genre of this particular narrative textbook includes self-help, spirituality, personal development, psychology, philosophy, inspiration, and non-fiction. Observation method proposed by Sudaryanto (1993) is used in collecting the data.Observation method is applied in such a way by observing carefully the entire source of data. To conduct the observation, the writer must understand the concepts of reduplication and its corresponding contexts from the source language. Translational identity method proposed by Sudaryanto (1993) is used to analyze the data of the research. This method is applied to compare between one language with another language to find and analyze the equivalence.Formal and informal methodproposed by Sudaryanto (1993) is used in presenting the result of the data analysis. Formal method deals with the way of presenting a topic by applying explanation using words to describe findings. Informal method is used for the presentation of the data in abbreviated patterns and a mathematical symbol such as +.

DISCUSSION
Previous studies relevant and helpful to the present study on reduplication and translation equivalence are briefly reviewed as follows: an article entitled ³Equivalence in Translation Theories: A Critical Evaluation´ E\ 3DQRX (2013) is helpful to this research for comparative materials since it presents various influential theories on equivalence in translation. It was concluded from the article that it could be argued that many translation theories are based on two opposing ways of translating. Nida (1964) distinguishes between formal and dynamic equivalence, Newmark (1981) between semantic and communicative translation, Catford (1965) between formal correspondence and textual equivalence, House (1997) between overt and covert translation and Pym (2010) between natural and directional equivalence.
Another literary review that is relevant for this research is taken from an article entitled ³Plural Semantics, Reduplication, and Numeral Modification in Indonesian´ (Dalrymple and Mofu, 2012). This article presents information on optionality of plural markings use by reduplication by looking at the context of a sentence, possibility to refer to multiple quantities of mass nouns by reduplication, and dispreference of numeral modifications use in reduplicated nouns. Another article investigating on Indonesian reduplication that is helpful for this research is from Baldwin et al. (2009)  To analyze the results of the translation as shown in the data of this research, relevant theories adopted as the main theoretical foundations include: theories of translation, translation equivalence and conditions of translation equivalence from linguistic point of view (Catford, 1965) to analyze how the English lexiconsare translated into Indonesian reduplications. Supporting theories in this study include form and meaning (Larson, 1984) to identify the forms and meaning components indicated by English lexicons in the forms and meaning components of Indonesian reduplications, theories of reduplication (Sapir, 1921;Katamba, 1993) to specify the morphological processes of reduplication and concepts of meaning carried by it, and theories of Indonesian reduplication (Sneddon et al, 2010) to identify and categorize the types of Indonesian reduplications. Catford (1965) defines translation from a OLQJXLVWLF SRLQW RI YLHZ DV ³WKH UHSODFHPHQW RI textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language 7/ ´ )URP WKLV GHILQLWLRQ WZR OH[LFDO LWHPV LQ LW FDOO IRU FRPPHQW 7KHVH DUH µWH[WXDO PDWHULDO ¶ DQG µHTXLYDOHQW ¶ µ7H[W ¶ LV DQ\ VWUHWFK RI language, spoken or written, which is under GLVFXVVLRQ 7KH XVH RI WKH WHUP µWH[WXDO PDWHULDO ¶ underlines the fact that a text is expected in order to be processed as the translation material from the source language to the target language. The WHUP µHTXLYDOHQW ¶ LV WKH H[SHFWDWLRQ IRU WKe result of the translation in the target language as intended by the source language.
In term of equivalence, the translation can be observed from the point of view of equivalence as an empirical phenomenon proposed by Catford (1965). Equivalence as an empirical phenomenon is conducted by comparing the SL and the TL text to determine textual equivalence and formal correspondence. ³$ textual equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of WH[W ´7KH GLVFRYHU\ RI WH[WXDO HTXLYDOHQWV LV based on the authority of a competent bilingual LQIRUPDQW RU WUDQVODWRU 'LFWLRQDU\ ¶V GHILQLWLRQV are helpful in finding textual equivalence. The main dictionaries used for this research are The Eleventh Edition of Merriam-:HEVWHU ¶V Collegiate Dictionary (2003) and Edisi KetigaKamus Indonesia-Inggris: Third Edition of an Indonesian-English Dictionary (Echols and Shadily, 1989).
Regarding the conditions of translation equivalence, Catford (1965) states that the TL text must be relatable to at least some of the situational features to which the SL text is relatable. Presumably, the greater the number of situational features common to the contextual meanings of both SL and TL text, the better the translation. Furthermore, Catford (1965) states WKDW ³FRQWHxtual relation is the relationship of grammatical or lexical items to linguistically relevant elements in the situations which the items operate in texts. The range of situational elements which are thus found to be relevant to a given linguistic form constitute the contextual PHDQLQJ RI WKDW IRUP ´ ,Q WKLV VWXG\ LI WKH translation of the SL into the TL from the data source is not exactly processed as a word-forword translation, the conditions of translation equivalence are applied to analyze the contextual meaning intended from the SL into the TL.The contextual meaning of the SL into the TL can be established by contextual relations in the ways of relatable contextual meanings and relatable situational features of grammatical functions.
In identifying English lexicons and their corresponding translation in Indonesian reduplications, the writer applies form and meaning theory proposed by Larson (1984). According to Larson (1984), one of the basic assumptions is that there is a valid distinction between the surface and the deep structures of languages. The form of language refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. Behind the surface structure is the deep structure, the meaning. It is the meaning that serves as the base for translation into another language. A second basic assumption is that meaning is structured. It can be analyzed and represented in ways that are useful for the translator.
With regards to reduplication, in Katamba 6DSLU REVHUYHV WKDW ³QRWKLQJ LV more natural than the prevalence of reduplication, in other words, the repetition of all or part or of the radical element. The process is generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase in size, added intensity, and continuance ´ 6DSLU ¶V WKHRU\ indicates that reduplication is a natural phenomenon in languages. The evidence of reduplication involves the repetition of all part or a part of the radical element. A radical element can be viewed as all part or a part of the word that is reduplicated. It can be of any word-class, such as nouns, verbs, or adjectives. A second theory on reduplication is proposed by Katamba (1993). Katamba views reduplication in a PRUSKRORJLFDO VHQVH WKDW ³UHGXSOLFDWLRQ LV restricted to situations where the repeated part of the word serves some derivational or inflectional SXUSRVH ´ Limited to the data of the study, the correspondence of the SL lexicons and their translation equivalence in the TL reduplications are analyzed as follows:

FULL REDUPLICATION OF SIMPLE WORDS (FREE BASES)
According to Sneddon et al (2010), full reduplication involves repeating an entire word. The resulting two bases or words are separated by a hyphen in writing. The second base or word is treated as the reduplicated part. Asimple word is word which consists solely of a base, which cannot be broken down into smaller units. A simple word can be of a noun, verb, adjective, etc. Full reduplication of noun bases in the data above exhibits the following patterns and functions: in (1), the TL anak-anakin the patternN + RED FULL indicates plurality as the correspondence of the SL noun inflection with the suffix -s IRU SOXUDOLW\ VHHQ LQ µFKLOGUHQ ¶ LQ WKH pattern N + INFL-en.The translation equivalence is established textual equivalence and formal corresponding of plural nouns. It is worth noting that unlike English that obliges a plural marking, in Indonesian a plural marking is optional: a plural marking generally occurs when it is unclear if the noun is plural or only if it is important to indicate plural. (Sneddon et al, 2010).In (1) the TL sebab (typed in square brackets) as the translation equivalence of the SL SOXUDO µUHDVRQV ¶ LV QRW UHGXSOLFDWHG IRU SOXUDOLW\ for it is clearly seen as plural indicated by salah satu µRQH RI ¶ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH 7/ VHQWHQFH In (2), the reduplication ofpagi-pagiin the pattern N PERIOD OF DAY + RED FULL derives augmentative meaning from the noun base pagi indicating period of day as the correspondence of WKH (QJOLVK DGMXQFW RI WLPH µILUVW WKLQJ LQ WKH PRUQLQJ ¶ LQ WKH SDWWHUQ NP (first thing) + PP (in the morning). According to Sneddon et al (2010), adjuncts are components of a clause which give information about such matters as place, time, frequency and manner. Thus, the TL pagi-pagi DQG WKH 6/ µILUVW WKLQJ LQ WKH PRUQLQJ ¶ DUH adjuncts of time. The translation equivalence is established by the contextual meaning of both texts and formal correspondence at adverbial functions exhibiting adjuncts of time. (3) 6/ « and you sincerely feel the JUDWLWXGH « (Pg.7).
In (3), full reduplication of the adjective base sungguh is exhibited to derive the adverbsungguh-sungguhin the pattern ADJ + DER-lyas the correspondence of the English DGMHFWLYH EDVH µVLQFHUH ¶ VXIIL[HG ZLWK ±ly to GHULYH WKH DGYHUE µVLQFHUHO\ ¶ LQ WKH SDWWHUQADJ + RED FULL . The translation equivalence is established by textual equivalence and formal correspondence at adverb functions.

FULL REDUPLICATION OF COMPLEX WORDS
Indonesian complex words consist of an affix or more than one affix plus base (Sneddon et al, 2010). Full reduplication of complex nouns is especially involved in the data analyzed as the reduplication indicates full reduplication of the word bases along with the accompanying derivational affixes which constitute a complex noun. This particular reduplication is exhibited to indicate plurality as the correspondence of English plural complex noun by inflections. The discussion on this section is more emphasized at the accompanying derivational affixes that constitute both the SL and TL complex nouns. In (4), the correspondence patterns can be seen in the TL pencapaian-pencapaian DERpeng-+ V + DER-an + RED FULL DQG WKH 6/ µDFKLHYHPHQWV ¶ V + DER-ment + INFL-s.
Both the TL and SL complex nouns are derived from verbal bases. The TL verbal basecapai is prefixed with the derivationalpeng 2 -and suffixed with ±an and fully reduplicated for plurality. The 6/ YHUEDO EDVH µDFKLHYH ¶ LV VXIIL[HG ZLWK WKH derivational ±ment and the inflectional plural ±s.
The TL latihan is derived from the verbal base latihsuffixed with the derivational ±an and fully reduplicated for plurality. The SL base µSUDFWLFH ¶ FDQ EH D QRXQ RU YHUE µ3UDFWLFH ¶ LV derived as a noun by conversion or zero derivation (Katamba, 1993). The inflectional suffix ±s marks it plural.
In (6), both patterns of the TL perasaan-perasaanDERpeng-+ V +DER-an + RED FULL DQG WKH 6/ µIHHOLQJV ¶ V + DER-ing + INFL-sare derived as complex nouns from verbal bases. The TL verb base rasa is prefixed with the derivationalpeng 3 -and suffixed with ±an and fully reduplicated for plurality. The SL verb base µIHHO ¶ LV suffixed with the derivational ±ing and inflectional plural ±s.

FULL REDUPLICATION OF BASES WITHIN A COMPLEX WORD
This type of reduplication, as indicated by its title, involves full reduplication of word bases within a complex word, which means that the accompanying affixes participate in reduplication, but are not reduplicated. The data found in this type of reduplication include verbs and adjectives.

a. Full Reduplication of Verb Bases within a Complex Verb
In this section, full reduplication of verb bases within a complex verb indicates various concepts of meaning and functions: ). TL: Ingat-ingatlahkejadian-kejadian kemarin sampai $QGD PHUDVD SXDV « (Pg.261).
The analysis of the data of full reduplication of verb bases within a complex verb above exhibits the following functions: in (7), the reduplication of the verb base heran in dengan terheran-heranin the pattern PREP + DERter-+ V + RED BASE derives augmentative meaning that corresponds ZLWK WKH 6/ DGMHFWLYH µWRWDO ¶ LQ µLQ WRWDO ZRQGHU ¶in the pattern PREP + ADJ + N. 7KH 6/ DGMHFWLYH µWRWDO ¶ LQWHQVLILHV WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH QRXQ µZRQGHU ¶ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH 7/ SUHIL[ ter-indicates accidental meaning. The translation equivalence is generalized by contextual augmentative meanings and formal correspondence of prepositional phrasesat adverbial functions.
In (8) the TL reduplicated verbtarik-menarikV + DERmeng-+ RED BASE derives a reciprocal action to correspond with the SL noun µDWWUDFWLRQ ¶ V+ DER-ionthat textually indicates reciprocity in meaning. The undergoer voice in tarik-menarik is the unmarked bare verb tarik, and the agentive voice is marked with the prefix meng 4 -seen in menarik. In an active sentence, the reciprocal verb tarik-menarik must have a plural subject to encode both the agent and the patient of the reciprocal verb. However, in this context of the data being discussed here, the derivation of the reciprocal verb tarik-menarik corresponds to the preceding noun hukum. Thus, hukum tarik-menarik is a noun phrase exhibiting hukum as the head noun and tarik-menarik functions as the modifying adjective of the head noun. The SL and TL data exhibit different wordclasses. The translation equivalence can beestablished by textual equivalence of reciprocal meaningsderived from the verbal bases of the SL µDWWUDFW LQ µDWWUDFWLRQ ¶ DQG WKH 7/ tarik seen in tarik-menarik. Thus, the formal correspondence is operated from the verbal bases of the SL and the TL.
In (9), reduplication applies to derive a non-continuance in meaning. The correspondence is exhibited in the TL adverbterputus-putus DERter-+ V + RED BASE and the SL DGYHUE µLQWHUPLWWHQWO\ ¶ ADJ + DER-ly.In addition, the TL prefix ter-is an abilitative indicating that the agent of the action able to choose how to perform the action.The SL ±ly suffixed to the adjective base µLQWHUPLWWHQW ¶ PDUNV DQ DGYHUE IXQFWLRQ LQ µLQWHUPLWWHQWO\ 7KH WUDQVODWLRQ HTXLYDOHQFH LV established by textual equivalence and formal correspondence at adverb functions.
In (10), the reduplication derives a continuance or repetition in meaning. The correspondence is shown in the TL membawabawa INFLmeng-+ V + RED BASE DQG WKH 6/ µWRRN ¶V + INFL PAST .The SL prefix meng 5 -marks an active-transitive verb.The contextual relations of the past tense, continuance RU UHSHWLWLRQ RI PHDQLQJ RI WKH 6/ µWRRN ¶ LV indicated in the TL context by the reduplicationmembawa-bawawith the time reference dari pagi µIURP PRUQLQJ ¶ 7KXV WKe translation equivalence is established by contextual relations of contextual meaning and relatable elements of grammatical functions.
In (11), reduplication derives a casual imperative verb of a repetitive action. The TL particle ±lah is optionally added to mark a polite imperative. The correspondence is shown in the TL ingat-ingatlah V+ RED BASE + -lahand the SL µVFDQ ¶V. The meaning of the corresponding SL YHUE EDVH µVFDQ ¶ LQGLFDWHV D FDVXDO DQG UHSHWLWLYH activity performed contextually in the mind. Thus, the translation equivalence is established by contextual meaning and formal correspondence atimperative verb functions.

b. Full Reduplication of Adjective Bases within a Complex Adjective
(12) SL: The little irritations \RX RQFH IHOW « (Pg.44) TL: Rasa tersinggung kecil-kecilan yang pernah Anda rasakan « 3J In (12), full reduplication of adjective bases within a complex adjective exhibits the function of the distributive plural reading to an exhibited singular noun seen in the noun phrase rasa tersinggung kecil-kecilanN + ADJ + RED BASE + DER-anas the plural correspondence RI WKH 6/ QRXQ SKUDVH µOLWWOH LUULWDWLRQV ¶ADJ + N + INFL-s.The SL and the TL plural formations DUH H[KLELWHG GLIIHUHQWO\ WKH 6/ DGMHFWLYH µOLWWOH ¶ PRGLILHV WKH QRXQ µLUULWDWLRQV ¶ DV SOXUDO ZKHUHDV in the TL, the exhibited singular noun rasa tersinggung becomes plural with the distribution of the characteristics of the adjective kecil² kecilanto the noun. It is shown that unlike English adjectives, Indonesian adjectives can be modified to indicate plural. The translation equivalence is established by textual equivalence of the word bases involved and formal correspondence of noun phrases indicating plural nouns. Sneddon et al (2010) describe that sometimes reduplicated forms have no unreduplicated counterparts to which they can be related. This type of reduplication is exemplified below: (13) SL: « WKH WKLQJV \RX ¶YH GUHDPHG RI IRU so long suddenly happening (Pg.2). 7/ « hal-hal yang telah lama Anda impikan tiba-tiba terjadi (Pg.3).

FULL REDUPLICATION WITHOUT CORRESPONDING SINGLE BASES
In (13), the translation equivalence is established by textual equivalence and formal correspondenceat adverb functions seen in the TL adverbtiba-tibaRED WCSB and the SL adverb µVXGGHQO\ ¶ADJ + DER-lyderived from an adjective base. The TL base tiba (v) has no relationship with tiba-tiba, thus, tiba-tiba occurs as a single unit in the dictionary.

IMITATIVE REDUPLICATION
Referring to Sneddon et al (2010), in imitative reduplication the two parts of the word are not identical, though they are similar. Nouns, adjectives and verbs can all undergo imitative reduplication. The variation between the two parts of the word can involve either consonants or vowels. Imitative reduplication is not productive; new forms cannot be created, nor can the two parts of the word change places. Frequently only the first component of the word occurs as a simple word. In some cases, neither part can occur alone. The reduplication usually indicates variety or emphasizes the meaning of the first component. In (14), the TL active verb phrasemenjadi teka-tekiINFLmeng-+ V + N RED IMITATIVE and the SL passive verb in present perfect FRQVWUXFWLRQ µP\VWLILHG ¶ V + INFL-edcorrespond at their contextual meanings. The active voice signals with the inflectional prefix meng 6 -in the TL indicates the unintentional action in reference to the passage in the Holy Scriptures that has been mystified because of the nature of the passage itself, not because it has been mystified intentionally by an agent. The SL present perfect aspect is indicated in the TL that the action of the specified verb has been performed selama berabad-abad µRYHU WKH FHQWXULHV ¶ The discussion scope on imitative reduplication involved in the TL menjadi tekateki refers to the two parts of teka-teki which are not identical, but similar. The only difference is one last vowel of each part. Neither part of tekateki can occur alone, thus, teka-teki appears as a single unit in Indonesian dictionary. The translation equivalence is established by contextual relations of textual meanings of both the SL and TL and formal correspondence at relatable ranks of the SL verb and TL verb phrase.

PARTIAL REDUPLICATION
According to Sneddon et al (2010), partial reduplication occurs only with bases which begin with a consonant. It involves placing before the base a syllable consisting of the first consonant of the base folloZHG E\ µe ¶. This type of reduplication is no longer productive in the language; it occurs with a few bases, mainly nouns, and cannot be applied to others. In (15), the partial reduplication of noun is indicated for plurality or variety. The correspondence is exhibited in the TL pepohonanC + V + X Î + C + e + N + -an and WKH 6/ µWUHHV ¶N + INFL-s. C, V, and X in partial reduplication above represent: C: consonant of any of the X word base first syllable plus the YRFDO µe ¶ WKXV WKH ILUVW FRQVRQDQW RI WKH ZRUG base pohon is p plus the vocal e create pe plus the word base and the suffix ±an create pepohonan.
This partial reduplication formation is especially common with words for plants, but only in few forms (other samples include rerumputan µZHHG ¶ IURP WKH EDVH rumput µZHHG ¶ dedaunan µOHDYHV ¶ IURP WKH EDVH µOHDI ¶ 2 DERpeng-... ±an: derivation of noun prefixed with peng-and suffixed with ±an. The -ng of the prefix peng-represents a sound which changes depending on the first sound of the base. -ng becomes n with initial d, t, c, j, sy, z (e.g. pencapaian). 3 DERpeng-« -an: derivation of noun from verbal bases. The -ng of the prefix pengrepresents a sound which changes depending on the first sound of the base. -ng becomes lost with initial r (e.g. perasaan). 4 DERmeng-: derivation of a reciprocal verb prefixed with meng-within reduplicated verb bases. The -ng of the prefix meng-represents a sound which changes depending on the first sound of the base. -ng becomes n with initial t, the initial t is lost (e.g. menarik from the base tarik). 5 INFLmeng-: verb inflection prefixed with mengindicating an active-transitive verb. The ±ng of the prefix meng-represents a sound which changes depending on the first sound of the base.

CONCLUSION
This research concludes that concepts of meaning indicated by reduplication proposed by Sapir (1921) can be incorporated into the types of Indonesian reduplications (Sneddon et al, 2010) in ways that, limited to the data of the study, reduplication of nouns can indicate concepts such as plurality, variety, and an adverbial function. Reduplication of verbs can indicate concepts of meaning such as repetition, continuance, non-continuance, casual manners,reciprocals, and augmentative effects.Reduplication of adjectives can derive adverbs and to derive a distributive plural reading.
The incorporation of reduplication theory of Katamba (1993) in Indonesian reduplications can be applied in ways that: for the purpose of derivation, another class of word is derived from a base or another meaning is derived from a base. Then, this derived form can productively participate in reduplication. Whereas, for the purpose of inflection, reduplication occurs without altering the word-class of the base. The difference found is that in English syntax a plural inflection is obligatory, whereas in Indonesian, depending on the context of a sentence, a plural marking is optional and; unlike English adjectives, Indonesian adjectives can be modified to indicate plural. All types of reduplications described in the analysis are mostly productive in word-forming processes, except imitative and partial reduplication.