The Translation Ideology of English Idiomatic Expressions in Temperatures Rising into Indonesian in Hasrat Membara

This paper entitled “The Translation Ideology of English Idiomatic Expressions in Temperatures Rising into Indonesian in Hasrat Membara” which discusses the use of translation technique, translation method and translation ideology of idiomatic expressions. The problems of the study mainly focuses on the types of translation technique, translation method and translation ideology found in the novel. The aims of this research are to find out the types of translation technique, translation method and translation ideology applied in both novels. The data are presented and explained based on theoretical framework. The data were taken from a novel written by Sandra Brown. The data were collected through documentation and observation. This study used descriptive qualitative method and applied the theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) to classify the types of translation technique, the theory proposed by Newmark (1988) to describe the types of translation method and the theory proposed by Hatim (2001) to find the ideology applied in the translated novel. Among twelve translation techniques, there are only five types of translation techniques found in the data of the novel namely variation, adaptation, description, deletion, and generalization. Based on the types of translation technique found, all of them are oriented towards the target language. Thus, the method used in the translated novel is communicative method which is oriented towards to the target language. Based on translation technique and method, it is concluded that the translated novel has a tendency to domestication ideology which is target language oriented.


Background
Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language.In learning translation, there are three major points that have to be known; first translation technique, the micro level of translation.Translation technique is oriented towards two poles.The first pole is oriented towards the Source Language (SL) culture and system represented by literal, borrowing, and calque.The second pole is oriented towards Target Language (TL) culture and system represented by variation, deletion, transposition, addition, adaptation, modulation, amplification, description and generalization.The second is translation method, the macro level of translation.Newmark's theory (1988) stated there are two kinds of translation method; semantic translation and communicative translation.Semantic translation attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language, allowing the exact contextual meaning of the original.On the other hand, communicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the reader of the original.The last is the translation ideology, the super macro level of translation.
In translation ideology, there are foreignization and domestication.In foreignization, the translator is willing to introduce the culture of the SL, and domestication is the contrast of it.The factors that influence translation are not only language, but also the transmission of ideology between different nations and countries.Every nation and country also have idiomatic expressions.Idiomatic expressions or idioms cannot be translated literally.Since that may bring difficulties in understanding the idea of the literary works, it might be useful to give analysis and explanation about it.Not only that, the translation method and translation technique used in both novels sometimes hard to be distinguished.According to those reasons, the topic chosen for this study is "The Translation Ideology of English Idiomatic Expressions in Temperatures Rising into Indonesian in Hasrat Membara".This novel has a lot of idiomatic expressions that can be analyzed.

Research Method
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures.The methodology used to analyze the data collection in this paper includes the following points.

Data source
The data in this study were collected from the novel written by Sandra Brown entitled Temperatures Rising which is published by A Bantam Book, New York in 1989 with 153 pages.This novel was translated by Rahmani Astuti entitled Hasrat Membara.It was published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta in 2014 with 256 pages.This novel was chosen as the data source for this study because it contains a lot of English idiomatic expressions that rarely occur in daily communications and sometimes hard to understand since a single word may have more than one sense.

Method and technique of collecting data
The method applied in collecting data was library research method which means collecting the data based on library as the main source.The technique of collecting data was done through several steps.The first step started by reading the novel carefully to have a good understanding of the story.After that, words, phrases or sentences that contain idiomatic expressions were highlighted.At the same time, their translations were also found in the translated novel in order to find out the concepts of the equivalents of those idiomatic expressions.Next, it was continued by taking note of the idiomatic expressions found in the source novel and its translation.The idiomatic expressions were noted down in paper, and their translations in Indonesian version were noted down as well.Last, the data were classified based on their both translation technique and translation method to find the translation ideology.

Method and technique of analyzing
Data.
The qualitative method was applied in this study in order to describe and give actual explanations to the object of the research as its conclusion.The data in the novel were analyzed through several steps.In the first step the idiomatic expressions classified from the English novel were analyzed using the translating technique by Molina and Albir (2002).There are twelve types of translation technique applied for written translation.They are calque, literal, borrowing, adaptation, modulation, variation, addition, deletion, transposition, generalization, description, and amplification.Next, it was continued by the explanation of the data in the translation of the idiomatic expressions in Indonesian.The analysis is also concerned to the scope of discussion mentioned above.After that, it was analyzed using Newmark's theory (1988) that stated there are two kinds of translation method namely semantic translation method, and communicative translation method.Last, the data were analyzed based on the translation ideology proposed by Hatim (2001) to find the translation ideology, either it has tendency to domestication or foreignization.

Method and technique of presenting data
In this study, the result of the data was presented using informal method.Informal method is a way of presenting data by using table.The data were displayed in a form of table consisting of Source Language Text (SLT) and Target Language Text (TLT).It is also followed with an explanation of translation technique used by the translator in the data.

The analysis of translation technique
In this research, from twelve techniques proposed by Molina and Albir, there were only five types of translation techniques found in the translated novel, namely variation, adaptation, deletion, generalization and description.The other seven techniques were not found in the form of idiomatic expressions.The idiomatic expression that is bolded above is a verb phrase.Shimmered is a past participle of shimmer which is in the form of a verb that literally means shining with a soft tremulous light.Meanwhile, widening circle means making something wider or reaching out across the world.Shimmered can be translated into bergairah without words that follow.In widening circles are deleted without changing the meaning.According to the data given, I could eat a horse is a verb phrase that is translated into saking laparnya aku bisa makan kuda using the adaptation technique in order to match the culture of the target language.When people say I could eat a horse, they mean that they are extremely hungry.The popular expression I could eat a horse appears to be from the early 19 th century according to Google Books.It is found in the works of Tobias Smollett by Tobias George Smollett (1824).Put down is a phrasal verb.Put in a literal way means moving to or placing in a particular position, while down means from a higher to a lower point of something.A put down in SL is added with description in order to give a clear message into aku tidak bermaksud merendahkan mereka in TL to make it more detail.A put down here means a remark intended to humiliate or criticize someone.It is an insult or a negative statement about someone or something.Two is a number, equivalent to the sum of one and one or one less than three.Meanwhile timing means a particular point or period of time when something happens.Two timing in an idiomatic way means a form of cheating in a relationship where a person attempts to maintain two separate relationships at once without one-another involved in each relationship knowing about each other.

The analysis of translation method
Translation method is the application of translation technique itself.Calque, literal, and borrowing are oriented towards the SL, it is the same as the word for word translation, literal, and faithful translation which is also oriented towards the SL and belongs to semantic method.Adaptation, modulation, variation, deletion, addition, generalization, transposition, description, and amplification are oriented towards the TL, it is the same as free translation, adaptation, and idiomatic translation method which are also oriented towards the TL and belongs to communicative method.It is put in diagram V by Newmark.In the data, translation technique that represents semantic method such as borrowing, literal translation, and calque were not found.Meanwhile, variation, description, adaptation, deletion, and generalization were found as communicative method.Hence, it means that the translator was inclined to use communicative method in the translation.

The analysis of translation ideology
According to Hatim (2001), there are two types of translation ideology.The first ideology has a tendency to the source text referred toi as foreignization that is SLoriented.Meanwhile, domestication has a tendency to target language or simply said as TL oriented.The ideology of translation can be found using the analysis of the translation technique then classified by translation method.
From the analysis above, out from twelve techniques proposed by Molina and Albir, there are only five techniques of translation found in translating the English idiomatic expressions into Indonesian.They are variation, deletion, adaptation, description, and generalization that have the tendency to TL. Method is the actual implementation of the ideology translation.However, out of three translation techniques in foreignization ideology, none was found in the data.On the other hand, out from nine translation techniques that are taking sides to TL, five were found as the realization of the application of the communicative translation and represents the ideology of domestication.
The analysis showed the tendencies of translation methods.The result of the present research proves that the translator made a tendency towards the translated novel.As it is analyzed, the translated novel has a tendency to communicative method, meaning that domestication ideology used in this translation is TLoriented.The translator in the translated novel Hasrat Membara tends to use the word or phrase adapted from the source language to the target language; hence, it is more acceptable for the target readers and the translation is suitable for them.

Conclusion
The English idiomatic expressions in Temperatures Rising which is translated into Indonesian in Hasrat Membara were adopted the culture of Indonesian.There are some points that can be proposed as the conclusion of this research according to the problems of the study mentioned before.The following paragraphs show several conclusions as a result of the analysis: The English idiomatic expressions that were translated into Indonesian are using five types of translation techniques.Those five types of translation technique are variation, adaptation, deletion, generalization, and description.Five types of translation technique found are TLoriented.On the other side, the translation technique of SL-oriented was not found.
Translation technique has a relation with translation method.Based on the result of translation technique above, there are five types of translation technique of TL-oriented, those techniques are the realization of the communicative translation method.
The ideology can be seen from the application of technique and method on the quality of the idiomatic expressions in Temperatures Rising.Five translation techniques such as variation, adaptation, deletion, generalization, and description are TL-oriented and represent communicative method and form domestication ideology.Thus, it means the translator used the ideology of domestication in translating Temperatures Rising from English into Indonesian in Hasrat Membara.
The application of translation technique, method and ideology of translation on the quality of the idiomatic expressions in Temperatures Rising was very positive, both in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readability.All the techniques applied are accurate and acceptable in the target language.The readability also means all of five translation techniques applied by the translator in translating English idiomatic expressions into Indonesian positively affected the readers of the translated book.