POWER RELATIONS PRACTICES IN HIGHER EDUCATION ELECTRONIC LIBRARY IN BALI

Electronic library is apart of the implementation of information and communication technology in libraries as mandated in Law No. 43 of 2007 and SNP 010: 2011. There are various obstacles in developing electronic library which are especially related to the power relations of actors. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the practice of power relations in the electronic libraries of universities in Bali so that the processes, forms, and implications of these power relations can be revealed. This study uses 17 (seventeen) library actors consisting of the Head of the Library, Vice Chancellor I, Librarians, Programmers, and Users spread over 5 (five) universities in Bali as informants who were interviewed semi-structured. This study uses Foucault's theory of power relations as a grand theory, and is supported by Derrida's theory of deconstruction and Gramsci's hegemony. The results showed that the practice of power relations in university libraries in Bali is mainly based on the actor's knowledge. This is in accordance with Foucault's perspective where knowledge can produce power in the electronic library. However, the practice is also based on the structural position of actors, so that power relations are not always balanced, but also in the form of domination, negotiation, and hegemony which are depicted in power frames. The practice has good implications for libraries, especially for users, librarians, programmers, and library collections, although in certain cases, power relations provide gaps between these actors.


INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) in the era of globalization can change human civilization, ranging from the civilization of traditional societies, industrial societies to the information society, which is a society that is highly dependent on information, in this case, information is information. is something that must exist

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the study show that the practice of power relations in university electronic libraries in Bali occurs from the planning stage to the system implementation stage.
However, this study focuses on the practice of power relations at the planning stage, development of electronic collections, and use of electronic library software. In addition, the practice of power relations is also associated with discursive practice where knowledge and language are studied.
The practice of power relations at the planning stage of the electronic library involves the library's internal and external actors, namely the Head of the Library, Library IT Staff, Librarian, Vice Chancellor I, and University IT Staff. The practice of power relations in the development of electronic collections involves the head of the library, librarian and vice chancellor I, while the practice of power relations at the stage of using electronic library software involves the head of the library, programmers, library IT staff, university IT staff, and librarians. Of all these actors, the Head of the Library has a dominant role in all these stages considering that the Head of the Library is always present at each stage of the activity.
The practice of power relations in electronic libraries gives birth to its own form of power according to the role of the actor. The forms of power relations are equality, domination, negotiation, and hegemony. The form of power relations can be described in terms of power, such as power triangles, power quadrilaterals, and so on.
The practice of power relations has implications for libraries, especially users, librarians, programmers, and library collections. Overall, the practice of power relations in university electronic libraries in Bali has positive implications for these actors, although in certain cases, power relations provide gaps or gaps between these actors.

Practice of Power Relations in Electronic Library Planning
The practice of power relations at the planning stage was first seen when the idea of developing an electronic library was presented by the actor, where at first the Head of the Library had the idea and conveyed it to other actors to get input on the idea, as conveyed by Griadhi: The head of the library has an idea, the idea is conveyed to WR I, WR I calls the Head of the Puskom to be seated together there is an agreement He is the head of the team who is not the deputy and the members are lecturers (Interview July 23, 2020) The informant's statement above shows that the Head of the Library conveyed the idea to the Vice Chancellor I, and then WR I closed it with the Head of Puskom and the Head of the Library. After reaching an agreement, the Vice Chancellor I formed a Development Team that contained elements of the UPT Puskom, Libraries, and lecturers. Finally, the team started working on the system according to the guidelines in the IT Division. The Vice Chancellor I's commitment to the development of electronic libraries was shown by agreeing to the proposal submitted by the Head of the Library, as conveyed by Wiryawan as follows: I immediately agreed with the proposal for the development of an electronic library by the head of the library, considering that the need for such development should no longer be tolerated, in accordance with the demands of current higher education governance needs. (Interview January 24, 2021) The statements of the two informants above show that the practice of power relations in electronic libraries occurs when the head of the library's ideas are conveyed to other actors.
The head of the library makes contact with other actors in an effort to realize his idea. The practice of power relations at the planning stage is based on the interests of various actors so that power relations have their own form of power.
Overall, the practice of power relations in the planning mentioned above is based on the knowledge of each actor as conveyed by several actors involved in the planning. Artayasa invites other actors in a power relation to rememberthey have knowledge about libraries and libraries related to electronics (Interview 19 February 2021). This is also confirmed by Artadi and Sanjiwani. Artadi said thatall actors involved were selected based on their knowledge in the IT field (19 February 2021), while Sanjiwani said that electronic libraries require human resources who understand electronics and the systems that will be developed in the library (Interview 28 December 2020).
In connection with the above, the knowledge of actors plays an important role in power relations. With this knowledge, actors can engage in power relations. Thus, it can be said that knowledge can produce power, in this case, the knowledge of the Head of the Library gives birth to the power to plan or make proposals for electronic libraries, while the Vice Chancellor I has the power to make policies for the development of electronic libraries. The relationship between knowledge and power in electronic library planning was also conveyed by Sudarma as follows: We need their competence to build an electronic system, not because WR 1 just ordered it, but it is in WR 1's interest to order to build a system, but building the system The informant's statement above shows that the power of the actors is not related to the position or position of each actor, so that power does not seem to have a negative meaning, however, the power is related to the knowledge of the actor. More specifically, the relationship between knowledge and power is conveyed by Wiryawan as follows: I invite the actor because he has the competence, knowledge and authority in the development of the electronic library, it is to maintain that the library development program is in accordance with the directions and objectives that have been set.(Interview January 24, 2021) The informant's statement above shows that power relations in the development of electronic libraries require not only knowledge but also the power (authority) of actors related to electronic libraries. Thus, the power relation in electronic library planning places knowledge with power in that relation.
From the description above, it can be said that Foucault's theory of the relation of power and knowledge can be applied in planning electronic libraries for universities in Bali, where Foucault in Lubis (2004, 165-167) places knowledge as the power of actors who work positively and productively, not power in a repressive and operative sense through asymmetrical relationships that lead to dominance between subject and object in maintaining power. Power operates in knowledge relations to normalize the structure, rules, and relationships in society. Power that is spread in society tends to establish relationships between powers which are often understood as power relations.

Practice of Power Relations in Electronic Collection Development
Collection development is an activity that needs to be carried out by libraries in an effort to fulfill collections that are relevant, current and accurate for their users. In this regard, collection development is carried out through a systematic process from planning to evaluation of collection development policies. Collection development is a process of activities that includes a number of activities related to establishing and coordinating selection policies, assessing the needs of users and potential users, reviewing collection users, evaluating collections, identifying collection needs, selecting library materials, planning to work together, maintaining collections, and weeding (Hartono, 2016: 69). while digitizing electronic collections is carried out through a scanning process (scanning of printed form to digital), editing (editing or processing digital files or files (PDF) in in a computer, and uploading (uploading to a digital library).The development of an electronic collection of an electronic library for higher education in Bali was proposed by the Head of the Library and approved by the Vice Chancellor I, as conveyed by Putri as follows:

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The collection development process is based on submissions every semester from us, so first we also communicate with study programs about what books are needed, if we submit a purchase, then it will be approved later, the message from us is according to the list and after it is approved the payment will be from the rectorate, so we ask for an offer first we will share it with the study program, the study program also chooses (Interview 28 December 2020) The process of developing the electronic collection of university libraries in Bali above gave birth to a power relationship between the Head of the Library and the Vice Chancellor I.
The power relationship is based more on the knowledge of each actor so that the power of the two actors is balanced. However, the power relations between these actors are not always balanced considering that the structural power of actors can dominate other actors, as stated by Griadhi as follows: :…now don't buy e-journals, previously bought them at Sage,… according to the rector, you can't buy journals because they have been bought by the National Library of Indonesia, Dikti, just use them, right, maybe the budget doesn't exist either…Don't buy journals because we've already subscribed to Dikti, even though maybe some universities still buy it…" (Interview July 23, 2020) When a proposal is rejected by the Vice Chancellor I, usually the Head of the Library gives consideration to his proposal so that the Vice Chancellor I understands it and finally gives approval as conveyed by Sanjiwani below: The informant's statement above shows that there is a negotiation between the actors so that there is mutual understanding and agreement so that the program can run according  "So, we develop SLIMS, we use three principles. The first principle is early release, so it means that early releases are often released as early as possible. So when a new feature is needed, we try to add it as soon as possible in SLIMS. Then release often, which means release as often as possible so that when it is released often, it turns out to have a good impact. So people see when SLIMS has an update, oh, this software is actively being developed and the software is alive, which means I can rely on this software because sometimes when people use the system, they need confidence that this system is actively developed and continues to live. Then the third listen to your customer. The informant's statement above indicates that the informant understands the product being developed. This product (system) will function optimally when the number of users increases, so that user confidence in using this system increases. In addition, the informants also understand the culture of the Indonesian people, where the community chooses a system depending on other communities, not on the quality of the system, as conveyed by Wicaksono as follows:

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"There's something interesting in Indonesia that sometimes people first choose a software, sometimes it's not a technical consideration but a socio-cultural consideration. For example, like this, for example, if we look at e-prints, e-prints were first, like this e-prints are far inferior in features to d-space but why are e-prints widely used, first it is simple, simpler, then the second I I see that there is a point where some libraries use e-prints and then it becomes a boom when many people use e-prints, eventually all of them use e-prints even though the standard is that technically the d space is much more complete. The same thing is similar to SLIMS, SLIMS is a simple feature that we design to hide the complexity of the library database, it's simple but now SLIMS is a feature that's possible too. The open source label used by the informants above is very suitable for the Indonesian people. Besides that, system makers get their own labels that will shape their By making SliMS as open source software, the software is known by the public. They start using, downloading, installing, updating, customizing, and so on. When this process is carried out, many users experience technical problems that need to be conveyed to the developer so that there is a power relationship between the developer and the user of the system, in this case, the developer (programmer) and the user of the system have power over the knowledge they have. This relationship aims so that users can use the system optimally, as stated by Gandarini as follows: Frankly for our library even though we are online for the SLIMS system and the repository system, we don't have our own IT so we communicated with IT at the center and added with outside IT (Interview 6 February 2021) The informant's statement above shows that SliMS users are very dependent on IT personnel (programmers) so they have to make contact with program makers. This statement was corroborated by the program developer as stated by Wirayuda, the developer of SLiMS December 9, 2020 as follows: Not immediately, sir, because I slowly guide them until they understand even though they don't really understand.
The informant's statement above shows that the user and the system maker still maintain a relationship, even though the system has been installed in the library. Thus, the relationship gave birth to the practice of power relations between developers and system users.
The practice of power relations above gave birth to actor agreements in the context of optimizing the use of SliMS software. The agreement raises considerable costs that must be borne by the user such as customization and training costs. This is where the actor's (capitalist) economic ideology works, in this case, in the beginning the system makers did not get paid for their products, but in fact, until they were optimally implemented in the library, these products were no longer free. This is recognized by Wicaksono as follows: is very closely related to Indonesia's "gotong royong or togetherness" culture.
The ideology of "open source SliMS" mentioned above has given birth to a power relationship between developers and system users. The ideology gives rise to an ongoing relationship between developers and users. Therefore, the SliMS open source ideology which initially gave birth to the "free" discourse has shifted to "capitalist/paid". Thus, the "free" discourse gave birth to other ideologies such as capitalist ideology and mutual cooperation. where the concept juxtaposes only two meanings, such as black and white, male and female, and the like. Ratna (2005: 250-251), asserts that in contemporary theory, The deconstruction of the electronic library system that is practiced by the developer (programmer) actually raises a difference in perception between the library as a user of the system and the developer itself, where the library considers the system is still free because it can be downloaded via the internet, but in reality, it is not free, due to the existence of configuration costs and other costs according to the wishes of the library. Thus, the library as a community user of the system who wants a free system (convenience) experiences problems caused by differences in views and ideologies of other actors (programmers). The ideology of this actor has a material existence in social practices, in this case, the ideology can give birth to other ideologies according to the perspective of the actor. In connection with the above description, the electronic library is a form of ICT implementation as mandated in the Law and the National Standard is a practice of power relations with the ideology at play in it. The actors caught the interest behind the practice. This is where the actor's economic ideology begins to work. Through the knowledge they have, they have established their power in the development of electronic library software, in this case, even though the library is a non-profit institution, this does not affect the actor playing his hidden ideology in power relations. Electronic library software that should be free can be used by these actors for personal gain. Therefore,

DISCURSIVE PRACTICES IN UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC LIBRARIES IN BALI
Discursive practice is a socio-cultural practice that places discourse in social interaction. Discourse here is associated with language and knowledge. Discourse in the sense of language or linguistics is related to text as a result of a production process, while discourse as knowledge is a kind of language that creates knowledge and shapes our understanding of objects and phenomena (Foucault, 1972). Meanwhile, Fairclough in Munfarida (2014:16) offers a discourse model that contains three dimensions, namely text, discursive practice, and social practice. Each of these dimensions has its own area and process and all three are dialectically related. The first dimension is the text which is the result of the production process. The second is a discursive practice related to the interaction of texts with individuals or society in the form of production and interpretation processes. The third dimension is social practice or context that includes socio-cultural practices in which the process of production and interpretation takes place.The discursive practice itself is a form of social practice, and focuses on the processes of production, distribution, and consumption of texts (Lawson, 2008:5).The discursive practice of university electronic libraries in Bali is carried out through the involvement of various actors who have different roles and interests that can affect the sustainability of the practice of power relations in the library. The discursive practice is carried out through language and knowledge.
Discursive practice through language can be found in various social lives, including in libraries. The practice of power relations among university electronic library actors in Bali uses a lot of language (discourse) as a means or media to achieve goals. Exploration of discursive practices in shaping certain subjects occurs in several electronic library development activities, ranging from program planning to the implementation of electronic library systems. Discursive practice is not only associated with signs as mentioned above, but also with knowledge. In accordance with Foucault's perspective, the discursive practice does not refer to people who practice discourse (language), but to how discourse (knowledge)

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operates through actors, in this case, Foucault does notagain treats discourse as a group of signs (signing elements that refer to content or representations) but as practices that systematically form the object of speech.
Foucault describes, for example, how insanity is spoken of as a part of everyday life and as a mental illness -that it is a discursive object, an object of knowledge (Foucault, 1988).Therefore, in general, discursive practice is called discourse practice. Finken (1998:3) illustrates the computer as a discursive object.The computer is no longer spoken of as a rationalistic controlling tool, but as a tool that contributes to the workers' struggle for a better and more democratic work life. Computers make it possible to talk about users, the relationship between users and designers, and about job skills in certain ways. In connection with this, through computers, the relationship between workers and designers is created as a new discursive object: workers as influential but have strong knowledge and designers as technological humanists, who want to improve democracy and empower weak actors.
Discursive practices also occur in university electronic libraries in Bali. Practices related to how knowledge is generated occur in the process of developing electronic libraries from planning to implementation of electronic library systems. With the discourse of "electronic library" or "e-library" delivered by the actor, the discourse becomes knowledge for actors involved in the development of electronic libraries, as conveyed by Griadhi the following: "Words or terms such as e-library, ebook, and others can bring up my previous knowledge. Through these words or terms it triggers us to innovate in the implementation of electronic-based library services" (Interview January 21, 2021) From the informant's statement above, it can be seen that the discourse of "electronic library" refers to the informant's knowledge which refers to electronic-based library services. The discourse of "electronic library" can explore the previous actor's knowledge.In this regard, this discursive practice is a power relation practice based on knowledge.

IMPLICATIONS OF POWER RELATIONS
Electronic library is a library disruption caused by information and communication technology. In this regard, the practice of power relations in higher education electronic libraries in Bali has led to fundamental changes in library operations, information resources, services, staff competencies, and user expectations, as conveyed by Artadi as follows: The electronic library program provides a change for the better, especially in the service sector. Users can access information anywhere and anytime. This means that library services have followed and are in line with the development of the character of librarians who have high mobility and are increasingly united with the development of information technology. Besides, the service process is faster and the circulation of collections can be monitored at any time ( Access to information can be done easily and quickly, library services and operations are more effective and efficient. (Interview July 23, 2020) In addition, the importance of electronic libraries is also felt by users, as conveyed by Puspita Dewi as follows: The library system is easy to use, provides a lot of information that I need so I can quickly find the information I need (Interview 2 October 2020) In connection with the foregoing, the practice of power relations in university electronic libraries in Bali has implications in various aspects of the library, such as the information aspect. Information is a necessity for all parties, including the user, in this case, the user searches for the information needed through the electronic library. Subali states that the user's alignment with electronic libraries is as follows: Actually, if I myself tend to go digital, maybe apart from the library here, the National library, and even then, I follow the National Library, there are many collections of books that have been digitized, there are already a lot of books that can be borrowed there for free (Interview 22 February 2021) The informant's statement above shows that the search for information by users is mostly done through digital media such as electronic libraries because these media provide many conveniences for users. In this regard, the position of the librarian began to be questioned. If the librarian is the party who lacks a "bargaining position", then everything is determined directly by the user. The relationship between librarians and users becomes onesided. Users can interact directly with the electronic library system. The user has full control over the information provided by the system. Through their knowledge, they can access information anytime and anywhere without the help of a librarian.already can be done from various places without having to come to the library.Besides that, the use of electronic libraries can increase self-confidence and independence, as stated by Yuda the following:

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For me, the electronic library really helps me in doing my college assignments, because it is easier to find them, and the results are more accurate (Interview October 5, 2020) The informant's statement above shows that the informant strongly believes in the importance of electronic libraries so that it raises the confidence and independence of the informants.  The informant's statement above shows a positive perception of users towards the contents and facilities of the electronic library, thereby increasing the desire to use it. The same thing was also conveyed by Sridevi, a student of Maharasaswati University as another: "I access the electronic library system of my own free will, because the system is good, sir, I like to use it because it provides many choices of information that can be accessed anytime and anywhere so that I use it more often" (Interview 6 February 2021) The informant's statement shows that the informant uses the electronic library voluntarily of his own free will to fulfill his information needs. The quality of electronic libraries causes users to depend on the system. Electronic libraries can raise awareness of actors to use the system voluntarily. Such awareness leads to increased participation and approval of all system users. Thus, the practice of power relations can give birth to a participatory hegemony of users. Hegemony is a chain of victories that is obtained through a consensus mechanism rather than through oppression of other social classes (Patria, 2015: 120).
Gramsci's concept of hegemony means, in part, In connection with the description above, it can be said that the practice of power relations in university electronic libraries in Bali has positive and less positive implications for various aspects of libraries such as librarians, users, collections, and system developers. Mediatization of university electronic libraries in Bali is carried out through various media such as library websites, social media and so on as shown in Table 6.1 below: Source: Processed from field data for 2020  Figure 6.1 below: Figure 6.1

Media Visualization of Bali Higher Education Electronic Libraries
Source: Processed from field data for 2020 Figure 6.1 above shows that university electronic libraries in Bali show their existence to users through various media, including social media. The media is a sign that can connect the library with other users or users, so that communication between the two parties is still carried out even though virtually.
The transformation of a conventional library to an electronic library is a process of changing library goods and services (components) so that they have better usability values.
Thus, the process of changing the value of a product or goods is called commodification, which by Mosco (2009: 156) is stated as the process of changing goods and services, including communications, which are valued for their usefulness, into commodities that are valued because of what they will provide in the market. Furthermore, Mosco (2009)  e-journals, and so on, library buildings or rooms, facilities and infrastructure and actors involved in the development of electronic libraries. Electronic collections are worth more than printed collections considering that electronic collections have several advantages such as being able to be read anywhere and anytime, efficient, not requiring a special place, safe and undamaged, easy to back up, comfortable, environmentally friendly and can be marked as a reminder for readers, as stated byErviantono follows: The electronic library for me has an important meaning because it is related to my mobility which does not stay in one location when working on my dissertation, so that wherever I need articles from e-journals or e-books I want to be able to access them.
(Interview January 8, 2021) The informant's statement above shows that the convenience possessed by electronic collections causes the collection to be used more by users, so that the electronic collection is part of the commodification of content or content that emphasizes the value or advantages of the content.
Electronic libraries allow users to access at the same time with a large number of accesses and not limited to one location. Thus, an electronic library allows an increase in the number of accesses, so that an electronic library is also a commodification of the audience or audience, considering that the level of access is determined by the number of audiences or people who access it. Electronic library facilities and infrastructure are also part of audience commodification, including electronic library rooms.
From the description above, it can be said that commodification practices can occur in various aspects of life, including electronic libraries. The provision of useful items for users and the process of changing these items in the library provide a clear example that commodification is part of the library. Commodification causes library goods and services to have added value for internal libraries and users. According to Arjun Appadurai in (Ertman, 2005: 35) commodities are basically "everything that is intended to be exchanged," or any object of economic value. Thus, all things in electronic libraries that have a positive impact such as physical, library facilities and services so that they are utilized by users are library commodifications.