Contribution to Bee Fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of Poland. VI. The Genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775. PART 2

Abstract The paper presents new records of the following six very rare or scarcely recorded species of short-tongued bees of the genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775 in Poland: A. (Simandrena) congruens Schmiedeknecht, 1883; A. (Taeniandrena) lathyri Alfken, 1899; A. (Simandrena) lepida Schenck, 1861; A. (Poliandrena) polita Smith, 1847; A. (Suandrena) suerinensis Friese, 1884 and A. (Poliandrena) tarsata Nylander, 1848. This is the second contribution concerning the rare species of the genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775 in Poland. The studies were based on museum collections as well as the author’s own collections. During the research, approximately 21,000 specimens of mining bees of the genus Andrena from Poland were identified representing ninety-five taxa. The species discussed in the paper are known from just a few records in the country. The following information is provided for each species: short diagnosis, remarks on general distribution, bionomics, published records from Poland and confirmed Polish records based on studied collections. The text is accompanied by SEM micrographs showing diagnostic characters and distribution maps.

In the years 2016-2021 other authors published articles dedicated mainly to the ecology of wild bees in Poland, giving more or less exhaustive lists of species recorded during studies, including some of the taxa considered in the two articles published in 2018 Wiśniowski et al. 2018). Most of the new data were published on A. nitidiuscula, which was recorded by Banaszak-Cibicka et al. (2018), Twerd and Banaszak-Cibicka (2019), and Twerd et al. (2021aTwerd et al. ( , 2021b. The remaining species were confirmed with single specimens, namely: A. congruens (Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018), A. lathyri (Twerd et al. 2021a), A. lepida , A. suerinensis (Twerd & Banaszak 2017), and A. viridescens (Twerd et al. 2021a). After 2015, no new records from Poland were published on A. pandellei, A. paucisquama, A. polita, A. pontica, A. potentillae, and A. tarsata. On the other hand, in 2020 another species of Andrena was recorded in Poland, namely A. chrysopus Perez, 1903(Twerd 2020. Currently, 96 species representing 26 subgenera are known in the Polish fauna, but finding new taxa is very probable. The Polish Red List of wild bees was published in 2002 (Banaszak 2002) as part of the "red list of threatened animals in Poland" (Głowaciński 2002); then it was repeated unchanged in 2004 (Banaszak 2004). The list of the genus Andrena was rather of preliminary character, because no species was listed in the categories EX/RE (extinct/regionally extinct) or CR (critically endangered), although some taxa were not recorded in Poland for a relatively long period of time.
Updated red lists from Central Europe were published after 2004 (Westrich et al. 2011;Straka & Bogusch 2017), which allowed a better assessment of the status of Polish species. Another useful publication was the European Red List of Bees (Nieto et al. 2014), which was based on standard IUCN categories and criteria (IUCN 2012(IUCN , 2014.
The main aim of the present paper is to summarize information about eight other species of mining bees of the genus Andrena, subgenera: Lepidandrena, Melandrena, and Micrandrena known in Poland from only a few records. Additionally, verified categories of threat of the species discussed are presented.

Materials and methods
The studies were carried out during the years 2010-2019. Most of the specimens were studied during the preparation of the Ph.D. thesis by one of the authors (E. Motyka) in the entomological collections of the following institutions: Additionally, specimens were studied from some private collections. During the investigation, the authors identified about 24,000 specimens of mining bees of the genus Andrena from Poland (BW, EM, WC) using the following references: Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997), Dylewska (2000), and Amiet et al. (2010). Label data was stored in a database. The information about distribution and bionomics of mining bees was also gathered from published papers (e.g., Dylewska 2000;Gusenleitner & Schwarz 2002;Osytshnjuk et al. 2008;Falk 2015;Scheuchl & Willner 2016). For each species, the information of known Polish localities is presented with the UTM coordinates. Each square of the grid on maps is 10 × 10 km. The distribution in Poland is also shown on maps, each with symbols that represent various types of records: • published records -taken from available papers (□), • confirmed published records -when we could verify voucher specimens of published studies (■), • unpublished records -based on material studied in various collections, apparently not published earlier (•).
Due to insufficient identification of the actual threat status of Andrena species in Poland, it has been verified during research on this genus. The categories of threat for each species were given based on analyses of data from identified specimens, that is, based on an assessment of the frequency of occurrence in Poland, the number of specimens in collections, the dynamics of changes in the number of records, the date of the last finding in Poland, and the situation in neighboring countries. Generally, the evaluation was performed according to the guidelines for using the categories and criteria of the IUCN red list, interpreted and briefly presented by Chobot and Plesník (2017).
The zoogeographical partitioning of the regions of Poland follows the one used in the Catalog of Polish Fauna (Burakowski et al. 1978). The maps were generated in MapaUTM software ver. 5.4 (freeware by Grzegorz Gierlasiński). SEM images were taken in the Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łomna (Hitachi S-3400N).
The IUCN threat categories are given after Nieto et al. (2014).
Univoltine. Flight season: from May until June, occasionally late April (Dylewska 2000;Scheuchl & Willner 2016). This species prefers xeric biotopes of plains and mountains, and was recorded up to 2000 m above sea level. (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). Polylectic species, collects pollen from plants of the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Liliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008;Scheuchl & Willner 2016). Nests solitarily (Dylewska 2000). Nomada guttulata Schenck, 1861, is known as a brood parasite (Kocourek 1966;Celary 1995;Scheuchl & Willner 2016 Remarks: The occurrence of this species in the south-east part of Poland was already suggested by Dylewska (2000). Andrena florivaga was reported from Poland for the first time in 2013; so far, it is known only from Kampinos NP. LC (least concern) according to the IUCN Red List (Europe). In the Red List of Germany listed as unthreatened (Westrich et al. 2011); not included in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Straka & Bogusch 2017). For obvious reasons, it was not listed on the "Red List of threatened animals in Poland" (Banaszak 2002). Thus, the category DD (data-deficient) is proposed.

Diagnosis
In both sexes: orange tergite 1 and 2. In males: gonocoxites elongate and bent outward ( Figure 2). This species is found from Spain eastward through France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Greece, the Russian Federation, to Kazakhstan. According to Osytshnjuk et al. (2008)  Remarks: Category DD according to the IUCN Red List (Europe). Typical mountain species. In Poland, this is known only from two records (Noskiewicz 1920;Dylewska 1991), but only one of them was confirmed (Motyka 2014). In the Red List of threatened animals in Poland listed as VU (vulnerable) (Banaszak 2002). In the Red List of Germany listed as "1 -Vom Aussterben bedroht" [threatened by extinction] (Westrich et al. 2011); in the Red List of the Czech Republic category CR (critically endangered) (Straka & Bogusch 2017). Thus, the category CR (critically endangered) is proposed.

Diagnosis
In females: basal part of tergite 1 smooth, with dense and fine punctures, apically shagreened, impunctate, or with small, barely discernible punctures. In males: the aedeagus very narrow (Figure 4). This species is distributed from western Germany through southern, central and eastern Europe, as well as Anatolia and the Caucasus Mountains to western Siberia (Scheuchl & Willner 2016); absent from the Iberian Peninsula and France (Wood et al. 2020;Le Divelec 2021. Bees fly in May and June (Dylewska 2000). Andrena enslinella inhabits open habitats with sparse vegetation (Dylewska 2000  Remarks: Category DD (data deficient) according to the IUCN Red List (Europe). In the Red List of Germany listed as "1 -Vom Aussterben bedroht" [threatened by extinction] (Westrich et al. 2011); in the Red List of the Czech Republic category CR (critically endangered) (Straka & Bogusch 2017). Listed as DD (data deficient) on the "Red List of threatened animals in Poland" (Banaszak 2002). Here, the category CR (critically endangered) is proposed.

Diagnosis
In females: width of facial foveae in the lower part at most half of width in the upper part. In males: head with dark pubescence; tergite 2-4 densely punctate basally, strongly shagreened apically, impunctate, or with small, barely discernible punctures. Genitals as shown in Figure 5.
Distributed in most of Europe except its northern parts; known also from Northern Africa and Western Asia (Scheuchl & Willner 2016). Bivoltine: the first generation occurs from the end of April till the beginning of June, the second in July and August (Dylewska 2000). Polylectic species, collects pollen from flowering plants belonging to 12 families, mostly Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Scrophulariaceae, e.g.: Aegopodium podagraria,

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B. Wiśniowski et al. in fact A. floricola Eversmann, 1852. Category LC (least concern) according to the IUCN Red List (Europe). In Great Britain, possibly extinct (Falk 2015). In the Red List of Germany listed as "3 -Gefährdet" [endangered] (Westrich et al. 2011); in the Red List of the Czech Republic category CR (critically endangered) (Straka & Bogusch 2017). Listed as DD (data deficient) on the "Red list of threatened animals in Poland" (Banaszak 2002).
Here, the EN category (endangered) is proposed.

Diagnosis
In females: tergite 1 irregularly punctate basally, apically -with isolated punctures. In males: surface of tergite 1 slightly granulate or smooth; genitals as figured in Figure 6. Scheuchl and Willner (2016) inform that the species is distributed in most of Europe except its southern parts; known also from North-East Asia and from Western and Eastern Siberia. This taxon is only found in central Europe, the Baltics, and Scandinavia (T.J. Wood, pers. comm.). Bivoltine: bees fly from July until the beginning of August; sometimes isolated specimens fly in the first decade of September (Dylewska 2000). Polylectic species; collects pollen from plants belonging to 5 families, mostly Apiaceae, e.g.: Carum sp., Coriandrum sp., and Daucus sp. (Dylewska 2000;Ruszkowski et al. 2000). No published data on biotopes and brood parasites.
Published The species was also reported from Nowe on the Vistula River (Banaszak et al. 2006); verification of Remarks. Category DD (data deficient) according to the IUCN Red List (Europe). In Great Britain, known solely on the basis of only some females that were collected in the period 1875-77 (Falk 2015). In the Red List of Germany listed as "R -Extrem selten" [extremely rare] (Westrich et al. 2011); in the Red List of the Czech Republic category RE (regionally extinct) (Straka & Bogusch 2017).
Listed as DD (data deficient) on the "Red list of threatened animals in Poland" (Banaszak 2002). Here, the category CR (critically endangered) is proposed (Motyka 2014).

Diagnosis
In both sexes: horizontal part of propodeal triangle in comparison to other species finer undulate. Distributional data given by Scheuchl and Willner (2016) are unreliable. The species occurs mostly in Central Europe (T.J. Wood, pers. comm.). Bivoltine: the first generation occurs from mid-April until the beginning of May, and the second generation occurs in July. Andrena pusilla occurs in open habitats with sparsely vegetated ground (Dylewska 2000). Polylectic species; collects pollen from 19 species of plants from 7 families, mostly Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, for example: Brassica nigra, Brassica rapa, Prunus spinosa, Raphanus sativus, and Veronica chamaedrys . Nests solitarily on clayey slopes (Dylewska 2000). No data on brood parasites. Reported also from the vicinity of Kraków without precise location (Moroń et al. 2014).
Remarks: Category DD (data deficient) according to the IUCN Red List (Europe). In the Red List of Germany, listed as "D -Daten unzureichend" [data deficient] (Westrich et al. 2011); not included in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Straka & Bogusch 2017). Listed as VU (vulnerable) on the "Red List of threatened animals in Poland" (Banaszak 2002). Thus, we support this category of threat. In females: basal area of the labrum with incision medially, basal area of the labrum rounded on top; clypeus flattened, very sparsely punctate. In males: the dorsal lobe of the gonocoxite is wide, truncated at the top ( Figure 7); aedeagus at the level of the gonocoxites is very wide (Figure 7(a,b)).
Published records ( (Westrich et al. 2011); not included in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Straka & Bogusch 2017). For obvious reasons, they are not listed in the "Red List of threatened animals in Poland" (Banaszak 2002). Thus, the category DD (data deficient) is proposed.

Discussion
It has been almost twenty years since the publication of the earlier "Red List of threatened animals in Poland" (Głowaciński 2002). Environmental conditions regulating the occurrence of living organisms change for both natural and anthropogenic reasons and change threats for species, with special reference to vulnerable taxa. Furthermore, as a result of present studies, records of new species of wild bees in Poland are published (e.g., Banaszak et al. 2013;Motyka & Bystrowski 2016;Twerd 2020). For those reasons, both regional lists and the European Red List must updated (Chobot & Plesník 2017).
An updated Red List of threatened wild bees in Poland is surely necessary. As presented on example of Andrena species treated in the current study, verification of their status of threat mostly led to movement toward categories of higher extinction risks compared to the red list published previously (Banaszak 2002): A. rufizona -proposed category CR, previously VU (Banaszak 2002); A. gallicaproposed category CR, previously not treated, probably considered as synonym of A. assimiliscategory VU; A. enslinella -proposed category CR, previously DD; A. nana -proposed category EN, previously DD; A. nanula -proposed category CR, previously DD. As far as A. pusilla, the support of the VU category is proposed, as assessed by Banaszak (2002). For two other species, namely A. florivaga and A. saxonica, which were recently recorded in the Polish fauna, the category DD is proposed. Evaluation of the status of other species of the genus Andrena in Poland is being prepared and will be presented as soon as it is ready.