New records of agaricoid fungi from Sverdlovsk Region, Russia

Abstract Shiryaeva O.S., 2018: New records of agaricoid fungi from Sverdlovsk Region, Russia. - Botanica, 24(2): 150-161. Ten species of agaricoid fungi were reported for the first time from Sverdlovsk Region (Crepidotus crocophyllus, Mycena picta, Pleurotus eryngii, Pluteus fenzlii, Psathyrella ammophila, Russula aurea, Volvariella bombycina, V. caesiotincta, V. murinella, V. pusilla). Of these, five species are new to the Urals (Crepidotus crocophyllus, Mycena picta, Volvariella caesiotincta, V. murinella, V. pusilla) and one is new to the West Siberian Plain (Pleurotus eryngii). New record of Volvariella caesiotincta extends its distribution area eastward to the Urals. The species distribution in Russia as well as in the Urals was discussed.


INTRODUcTION
This paper presents new data on the diversity and distribution of agaricoid fungi in Sverdlovsk Region (Russia), which is situated at the border between Europe and Asia and covers an area with mountainous and flat landforms and various vegetation types, including mountain tundra, boreal and hemiboreal forests and forest-steppe.The diverse ecological conditions lead to high biodiversity.Accordingly, it has attracted the interest of numerous naturalists.The agaricoid fungi diversity has been studied here for over 150 years.Among the earliest researchers was Sorokin (1877), who cited 54 species of agaricoid fungi.Extensive studies on the diversity of agaricoid fungi in the region have been carried out since the second half of the 20th century.For example, 279 species have been mentioned for this territory in the paper devoted to fungi of the Ural Mountains (Stepanova & Sirko, 1977).Several checklists of agaricoid fungi have been published for the protected areas located in Sverdlovsk Region (tomilin, 1965;mezentSeva, 1985;marina, 2006).The largest number of species have been recorded in the Visim Nature Reserve.A total of 635 species have been reported for the Reserve (marina, 2006).Wood-inhabiting agaricoid fungi have been specified in special works (DemiDova, 1963;mukhin, 1993;StaviShenko & zmitrovich, 2017).The full list of works published in the last quarter of the 19th century (Sorokin, 1877 since the first paper), and the research history of agaricoid fungi in the region has been reviewed by the author previously (Shiryaeva, 2015).According to literature data, there are 789 species of agaricoid fungi in the region (Shiryaeva, 2015;StaviShenko & zmitrovich, 2017;Shiryaeva & malySheva, 2018).currently, southern boreal mountain forests are the most intensively studied area.It is there that the greatest numbers of species of agaricoid fungi (732) have been found (Shiryaeva, 2015;StaviShenko & zmitrovich, 2017;Shiryaeva & malySheva, 2018).Nevertheless, the author's own mycological research in southern boreal mountain forests has made it possible to contribute knowledge about the diversity of agaricoid fungi in the region.In addition, in the course of the ongoing revision of the fungi collections of the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (SVER), the species that had not been previously published from Sverdlovsk Region were found.Thus, the aim of this study was to present new records of the most noteworthy agaricoid fungi from Sverdlovsk Region.The boreal forests prevail in the area.On the western slopes and foothills of the Urals, the dominant vegetation is coniferous forests formed by Picea obovata ledeb.with an admixture of Abies sibirica ledeb., gradually changing to hemiboreal mixed forests with Picea obovata, Quercus robur l., Acer platanoides l., Ulmus glabra huds., Ulmus laevis Pall., Tilia cordata Mill. in the south.Forests of Pinus syl-vestris l. with an admixture of Larix sibirica ledeb.predominate on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Urals and on the lowlands of the West Siberian Plain, they are replaced in the south by hemiboreal forests with Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula Roth.Thus, two main transitions in forest vegetation from west to east can be distinguished.Spruce-dominated forests are replaced by pine forests, and hemiboreal forests with spruce and temperate broadleaved trees are replaced by hemiboreal pine and birch forests (Gor chakovSky, 1965).Forest-steppe vegetation is represented only as narrow bands in southernmost parts of the lowlands and western foothills of the Urals.It is formed by fragments of forests with Betula pendula, Populus tremula l., Pinus sylvestris, and steppes.In the south-western foothills, the fragments of oak forests can be found (kulikov et al., 2013; nikonova et al., 2017).Thus, several major biogeographical boundaries cross the area, such as ecotone between the forest biomes and temperate grasslands, the north-eastern border of European temperate deciduous broadleaved trees (Quercus robur, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus laevis) and vegetation types in which these trees are co-dominants (GorchakovSky, 1968(GorchakovSky, , 1969)).

data sampling
The material was based in part on the collections made by the author during the fieldwork in 2012-2016.In addition, the specimens deposited at the SVER were studied.The referred species were collected in different localities, which were listed in the specimen information and mapped in Fig. 2.
All specimens were examined using light microscope leica DM 2000.The macroscopic description was based on the study of the fresh material.The microscopic features were described from the examined material mounted in 5% KOh, Melzer's reagent and 1% congo Red in concentrated Nh 4 Oh.Measurements were based on observing 20 basidiospores, 10 cystidia per collection.The quotient of length and width of the spores was reported as Q, and the arithmetic mean of the quotients was reported as Qav.
Vouchers are deposited at the SVER.list of abbreviations: U -the Urals Physiographic country; WS -the West Siberian Plain; ST -taiga zone, the subzone of southern boreal forests; hB1taiga zone, the subzone of hemiboreal broadleafconifer forests; hB2 -taiga zone, the subzone of hemiboreal pine and birch forests; FS -forest-steppe zone; the Botanical Garden -the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.C. crocophyllus is new to the Vegetation zones is abbreviated as NT -the taiga zone, the subzone of the northern boreal forests; MT -the subzone of the middle boreal forests; ST -the taiga zone, the subzone of the southern boreal forests; hB1the taiga zone, the subzone of hemiboreal broadleaf-conifer forests; hB2 -the taiga zone, the subzone of hemiboreal pine and birch forests; FS -forest-steppe zone Urals.The nearest known locality is situated in Perm Territory, where it occurs in the subzone of the southern boreal forests within the adjacent areas of the East European Plain (pereveDentSeva, 2008).
Mycena picta (Fr.) harmaja -U:ST (Fig. 3) The species is easily distinguished in the field by its cylindrical cap with margin flaring slightly, and gills broader than long (knuDSen & veSter holt, 2012).
distribution in russia.There are several records in European part, West Siberia, and the Far East (bulakh, 2007;Filippova et al., 2015;vetkin et al., 2015).In European Russia, it is found only in Moscow, leningrad Region and Novgorod Region located in the southern part of the forest vegetation zone (southern boreal and hemiboreal broadleafconifer forests), in the latter region it is a red-listed fungus (vetkin et al., 2015).In West Siberia, it is known from the middle boreal forests of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District (Filippova et al., 2015).It is also known from the southern boreal forests of the Russian Far East (bulakh, 2007).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.Pleurotus eryngii (Dc.)Quél.-WS:FS General macroscopic features of the species are: pileus fleshy, off-white to dark brown, usually scattered with numerous darker squamules or fibril-like patches; lamellae off-white to cream, thin, broad, entire, decurrent and often forming a fine network of anastomoses at the top of the stipe; stipe firm and well-developed, mostly central to subcentral (zervakiS et al., 2014).The macroscopic features of P. eryngii are very similar to those of other species of the Pleurotus eryngii complex (P.nebrodensis (Inzenga) Quél.and P. ferulaginis Zervakis, Venturella & cattarossi).This species could be discriminated on the basis of the associated host plant (e.g., genera Ferula, Thapsia, Elaeoselinum, Margotia, Laserpitium, Magydaris, Eryngium, Opopanax, Peucedanum, Smyrniopsis, Kellusia), the dimensions of basidiospores (wide variation of mean width values of 5.4 to 6.1 µm and Qav of 2.00 to 2.21 in subspecific taxa), and the geographic distribution (Europe and Asia) (zervakiS et al., 2014).
distribution in russia.In Russia, there are several records from the forest-steppe and steppe zones of European part and the Altai-Sayan Mountain land (Gorbunova, 2006;rebriev et al., 2012).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.In Sverdlovsk Region, it was found within the West Siberian Plain.The species has not been mentioned earlier for the West Siberian Plain and the Urals.The nearest known locality is situated in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan within the Kazakh melkosopochnik (SamGina, 1981).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.In the Urals, P. fenzlii is known from Orenburg Region, where it inhabits in forests dominated by temperate broadleaved trees (DeSyatova, 2008).It is also found in Perm Territory, where it occurs in the subzone of southern boreal forests within the adjacent areas of the East European Plain (pereveDentSeva et al., 2011).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.The new record is the second in the West Siberian Plain and it is the first within the natural habitat.The species has not been recorded in the Urals.
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.In the Urals, it has been previously reported only from chelyabinsk Region (bolShakov, 2017).

Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.) Singer -U:(ST)
In the field, V. bombycina is easily distinguished by its whitish to cream cap with silky hairy scales; sick, broad, and whitish or with brownish scales volva; and a lignicolous habitat (SzczepkowSki et al., 2013).
distribution in russia.In Russia, it occurs in the southern part of the forest zone and in the steppe zone from European part to the Far East (azbukina et al., 2006;pereveDentSeva, 2008;rebriev et al., 2012;kuDaShova et al., 2016;bolShakov, 2017).This species is included in the Red Data Books of several regions of European Russia (e.g.Astrakhan Region, lipetsk Region, Ryazan Region, Voronezh Region and Krasnodar Territory), the Urals (chelyabinsk Region and Orenburg Region) and Siberia (Novosibirsk Region, the Republic of Khakassia) (ankipovich, 2012;anonymouS, 2014;Scherbakov, 2014;bolShakov, 2017;litvinSkaya, 2017).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.In the Urals, there are several records of the species from the hemiboreal forests to the steppe vegetation zone.It is reported from the Republic of Bashkortostan, chelyabinsk Region and Orenburg Region (DörFelt & hoFFmann, 1980;De Syatova, 2008;bolShakov, 2017).It is also found in Perm Territory, where it occurs in the hemiboreal forests within the adjacent areas of the East European Plain (pereveDentSeva, 2008).
Volvariella caesiotincta P.D. Orton -U:hB1, FS (Fig. 6) The species is characterized by grey volva and grey-brown, grey-olivaceous or grey radially fibrillose or darker streaky pileus with a darker fibrillosetomentose centre.An additional diagnostic character of V. caesiotincta, enabling its identification, is the cheilocystidia shape, especially the presence of the often abruptly connected and irregular, branched to sometimes subcoralloid rostrum (halama, 2009; antonín, 2012).It is a wood-destroying fungus, but it produces basidiomes not only on wood and buried wood remnants, but also directly on soil (an tonín, 2012).Similar species, V. murinella (see below), produces nearly identical basidiomes that occur on humus rich soil or remains of leaves or plants.In contrast to V. caesiotincta, V. murinella has cheilocystidia without abruptly connected and irregular, branched or subcoralloid rostrum (halama, 2009; antonín, 2012).distribution in russia.In Russia, there are few records in forests with temperate broadleaved trees.It is known from the Karachay-cherkess Republic (the caucasus) and the Republic of Tatarstan (the East European Plain), in the latter region it is a redlisted fungus (kalameeS & botaShev, 2000;nazi rov, 2016).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.Volvariella caesiotincta has not been previously recorded in the Urals.The nearest known localities are situated in the Republic of Tatarstan (nazirov, 2016).
distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.The species has not been previously recorded in the Urals.The nearest known locality is situated in the Udmurt Republic, where it occurs in the subzone of the hemiboreal forests (kapitonov, 2013).
Volvariella pusilla (Pers.)Singer -U:FS, (ST) The species is characterized by small whitish basidiomes and by broadly ellipsoid-ovoid basidiospores 5. 5-7 × 4-5.5 μm, Qav = 1.3-1.45 (baS et al., 1990).distribution in russia.In Russia, there are several records in European part, West Siberia, the Altai-Sayan Mountain land, and the Far East from the hemiboreal forests to the steppe (perova & Gorbunova, 2001;azbukina et al., 2006;popov et al., 2007;DeSyatova, 2008;pereveDentSeva, 2008;Scherbakov, 2010;rebriev et al., 2012).distribution in the urals and the adjacent areas of the plains.The species has not been previously recorded in the Urals.The nearest known locality is situated in Perm Territory, where it oc curs in the subzone of the hemiboreal forests within the adjacent areas of the East European Plain (pere veDentSeva, 2008).It has also been recorded in the plain part of Orenburg Region (DeSyatova, 2008).

DIScUSSION
Ten species of agaricoid fungi were reported for the first time from Sverdlovsk Region.Of these, five species -new to the Urals (Crepidotus crocophyllus, Mycena picta, Volvariella caesiotincta, V. murinella, V. pusilla) and one -new to the West Siberian Plain (Pleurotus eryngii).
The new record of Volvariella caesiotincta extends the species distribution area to the Urals.The species has been reported from European Russia (see above) as well as Europe and North Africa (hala ma, 2009).Therefore, the new record is the easternmost.The distance to the nearest known localities is roughly 350 km.The records of all other species fill the gaps between localities in Europe and Asia.
Several species have restricted distribution in the studied area, for example, because of their specialization in a certain habitat type or substrate.Psathyrella ammophila is a typical sand dune species (knuDSen & veSterholt, 2012).The habitats with pioneer psammophillous vegetation are relatively rare in the main part of Sverdlovsk Region, and usually associated with sandy hills along the Siberian rivers.Equally interesting is Pleurotus eryngii, a species that inhabits xerothermic grasslands (lacheva, 2015).It seems to be at the northern limit of its natural habitat range in the region.Volvariella caesiotincta associates with temperate broadleaved trees (halama, 2009) that have the northeastern border of their species ranges in the region.
Volvariella murinella and V. pusilla prefer relatively rich soils (baS et al., 1990) and in the region they are in the northern border of its natural habitat range.The distribution of Russula aurea is limited to the southern part of the forest zone, it occurs on alkaline to neutral soil with abundant bases (kranzlin, 2005).It may be noted that the habitats of R. aurea differ from those preferred in other parts of the range.In the region, it occurs in pine-dominated forests.In European Russia, the Russian Far East as well as in Europe the species is mostly known from deciduous forests or rich spruce forests (noSkov, 2000;kranzlin, 2005;varlyGina et al., 2008;kirillova & poDolSkaya, 2012;knuDSen & veSterholt, 2012).New localities are in the eastern slopes and foothills of the Urals, where pine forests grow on rich brown forest soils instead of spruce ones.In the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and in the Siberia, R. aurea has also been found in pine forests (Stepanov, 2012;koropachinSkiy & banaev, 2014;bolShakov, 2017).
A separate group comprises fungi growing in anthropogenic habitats to the north of their natural distribution in the Urals.Volvariella bombycina has been recorded in the man-made habitat of the urban area (the new record) within the subzone of the southern boreal forests.In the Urals, it also occurs in natural habitats from the hemiboreal forests to the steppe vegetation zone (see species information).Volvariella pusilla has been found in anthropogenic (urban park, greenhouse) habitats within vegetation zone of southern boreal forests.In the southern part of Sverdlovsk Region, it has also been recorded in natural habitats.In the northern areas located within the Urals, these species haven't been found yet.
The referred species are rare (everywhere or locally) or little collected in Russia (known from several records).Mycena picta, Pluteus fenzlii, Psathyrella ammophila, Russula aurea, Volvariella bombycina and V. caesiotincta are included in the Red Data Books of some administrative regions of Russia (see species information).Mycena picta and Volvariella caesiotincta furthermore are recognized everywhere as rare species and are included in the Red lists of a number of European countries (halama, 2009;ha lama & Romański, 2010).
Thus, the present paper supplements information on the distribution and ecology of rare and little collected species.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1. location of Sverdlovsk Region in Russia.Red line indicates the border of Sverdlovsk Region