Hearing loss grades and the International classification of functioning , disability and health

Hearing loss grades and the International classification of functioning, disability and health Bolajoko O Olusanya, Adrian C Davis & Howard J Hoffman a Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, 286A Corporation Drive, Dolphin Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria. b The Ear Institute, University College London, London, England. c Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, United States of America. Correspondence to Bolajoko O Olusanya (email: bolajoko.olusanya@uclmail.net). (Submitted: 20 January 2019 – Revised version received: 11 April 2019 – Accepted: 13 April 2019 – Published online: 3 September 2019) Hearing impairment negatively affects well-being and is a major contributor to years lived with disability. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 466 million people were living with disabling hearing impairment in 2018 and this estimate is projected to rise to 630 million by 2030 and to over 900 million by 2050. However, these projections are based on a hearing impairment classification that does not fully reflect the provisions of the International classification of functioning, disability and health for assessing all forms of functional impairments. Here we make the case for a review of the concept of disabling hearing loss adopted by WHO after the recommendation of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Expert Group on Hearing Impairment in 2008.

Hearing impairment negatively affects well-being and is a major contributor to years lived with disability. 1,2 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 466 million people were living with disabling hearing impairment in 2018 and this estimate is projected to rise to 630 million by 2030 and to over 900 million by 2050. 3 However, these projections are based on a hearing impairment classification that does not fully reflect the provisions of the International classification of functioning, disability and health for assessing all forms of functional impairments. 4 Here we make the case for a review of the concept of disabling hearing loss adopted by WHO after the recommendation of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Expert Group on Hearing Impairment in 2008.
The need for an independent classification system for all impairments and disabilities as a complement to the well-established International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, was first suggested in 1976 by the World Health Assembly. As a result, in 1980 WHO developed the International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. 5 One of the key features of this system was the use of qualifiers such as mild, moderate, severe and profound to distinguish various levels of observed or measured deviations outside of the range considered for normal functioning for any health condition. This categorization has been reinforced in the subsequent revisions to the system, such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and accompanied with descriptions of typical problems encountered in daily activities at various levels of severity. 4 The classification, notably, does not use the term disabling, as it recognizes the needs of all persons with functional impairments for appropriate intervention.
WHO's first classification for hearing impairment dates to 1986 and is based on the recommendations of an expert group established by WHO specifically for this purpose; the classification has been modified several times since then. The current one is shown in Table 1; it is based on the version published in 1991, which remarked that persons with average pure-tone audiometry of 15-20 decibels (dB) hearing level may experience hearing problems, and those with unilateral hearing losses may experience hearing problems even if better ear was normal. 6 However, currently only adults ( 15 years) with a permanent unaided hearing impairment above 40 dB hearing level in the better ear and children (from birth to 14 years old) with > 30 dB hearing level are regarded as having a disabling hearing impairment. 3 This classification raised three major concerns. First, the prescribed threshold for normal hearing of 25 dB hearing level is not in agreement with several reports in the literature on the functional experience of persons with slight or mild hearing impairment (< 25 dB hearing level). Second, there is no scientific or rational basis for the uneven steps between the various grades of severity. Third, and more crucially, the definition of disabling hearing impairment excludes all persons with unilateral hearing impairment of any severity and those with mild bilateral hearing impairment which is not consistent with the International classification of functioning, disability and health.
In 2008, the GBD Expert Group on Hearing Loss addressed these concerns by reviewing the WHO classification for hearing impairment and other data inputs for the GBD study 2010. 7 This assignment resulted in a proposal for a revised classification ( Table 2). The limit for normal hearing was reduced from 25 to 20 dB hearing level, a separate category for unilateral hearing impairment was introduced, and the six categories for bilateral hearing impairment were differentiated consistently by 15-dB steps. The decision to reduce the limit for normal hearing was informed by the extensive clinical experience of this expert group as well as available evidence in the literature at the time. While threshold of normal hearing set at 15 dB could be found in the literature, often resulting in an additional category of slight impairment (16-25 dB hearing level), 8 the expert group opted not to deviate from the International classification of functioning, disability and health lowest generic qualifier of mild impairment but reduced the lower limit from 25 to 20 dB hearing level. This decision was reinforced by the fact that persons with hearing sensitivity < 20 dB rarely benefit from or require amplification devices, and was in agreement with the remarks by the WHO expert group in 1991. 6 For example, one survey showed that only 2.7% of a total of 556 026 hearing aids dispensed over an undisclosed period were for persons with < 20 dB hearing loss. 8 Perhaps, most notable was the predominant use of this threshold in sweep test audiometry, especially in schoolaged children. 9 A separate category for unilateral hearing impairment was introduced in line with the extensive literature on the functional, educational, psychological or social impact of this type of hearing impairment in all age groups. 10 This category also reflected the International classification of functioning, disability and health specific provisions for hearing problems associated with localization and lateralization, particularly in difficult listening situations. The GBD expert group proposed six categories for bilateral hearing impairment, differentiated consistently by 15-dB steps, since scientific or clinical evidence was lacking to support the variable steps between the grades in the WHO classifications. The choice of 15-dB was intended to reflect the minimum shift in puretone audiometry thresholds that is typically considered as clinically and functionally significant, especially in occupational noise surveillance. 11 The concept of disabling hearing impairment also needed to be appropriately expanded to include both unilateral and bilateral hearing impairment outside the range for normal hearing to ensure that the persons with such impairment were not discriminated against in accessing appropriate intervention. Calibrating the degree of difficulty in percentage terms across the various categories as suggested in the International classification of functioning, disability and health is difficult. However, by definition, a condition is said to be disabling if it causes someone to have an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult to do the things that other people do. Because of the expanded concept of disabling hearing impairment, it was no longer critical to have a separate classification for children (Table 1).
However, the term disabling is neither recommended by International classification of functioning, disability and health nor routinely applied for other impairments. Therefore, discontinuing such description might be more appropriate from a practical, human rights and equity perspective. Conceiving an impairment or disability that is not disabling in all contextual factors is challenging. However, discontinuing the use of the term should not prevent a public health policy that prioritizes those for whom hearing devices (hearing aids and cochlear implants) would provide more benefit, especially in low-resource settings. The mere recognition of those with mild hearing impairment could be advantageous, especially for school children who may benefit from simple but effective intervention such as preferential seating in the classroom. Such recognition would also help parents and carers to have better understanding of the communication challenges children with mild hearing impairment face in daily life.
Classifications based solely on pure-tone audiometry have limitations. 8 For instance, while measurement of a behavioural pure-tone audiometry tests the entire auditory pathway, it does not localize to any one segment along the auditory pathway. Hence, this measurement does not provide specific information on the status of the central auditory nervous system and, therefore, may offer only limited insight into auditory function in real-world settings. Therefore, persons with normal pure-tone audiometry thresholds can report having significant difficulties in hearing. Concerns also exist regarding the various qualifiers attached to pure-tone audiometry thresholds such as normal Publication: Bulletin of the World Health Organization; Type: Perspectives Article ID: BLT.19.230367 Page 4 of 7 hearing or mild hearing impairment, as these qualifiers do not always preclude some degree of functional impairments. 8 As a result, the proposed pure-tone audiometry categories should be complemented with descriptions of functional performance that are not offensive or derogatory in any given cultural context and that reflect activity limitation or participation restriction, particularly in quiet and noisy environments. These categories should also include possible indications for rehabilitation with assistive devices. Moreover, the International classification of functioning, disability and health allows that, wherever possible, the person whose level of functioning is being classified (or the person's advocate) should have the opportunity to participate and to challenge or confirm the appropriateness of the category being used and the assessment assigned.
The proposed classification was first reported in the 2010 GBD study to generate prevalence estimates and disability weights for hearing impairment, and has been adopted in all subsequent GBD publications. 2  Competing interests: None declared.