THE ANTECEDENTS TOWARD SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING AMONG DISTANCE LEARNER IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

This paper reviews the underpinning theories and past literature on self-directed learning in relation to self-efficacy by distance learner in higher learning institutions. There is little research available that systematically traces the extent to which individual and external factors play a role in level of selfdirected learning ability. Subsequently, a number of hypotheses and a framework of self-directed learning are proposed. There are four hypotheses proposes which are there is a positive significant effect of motivation of self-directed learning; there is a significant positive effect of life satisfaction with self-directed learning; there is a mediate effect of self-efficacy which is significant and positive between motivation with self-directed learning; and there is a mediate effect of self-efficacy which is a significant and positive between life satisfaction and self-directed learning. The paper proposes that the students’ self-directed learning is influenced by or have relationship with students’ motivation and life satisfaction. Field of Research: Self-directed learning, distance learning, motivation, life satisfaction, self-efficacy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Introduction
The advancement in the information technology, work life and society leads to changes in an individual's work context as well as affecting the personal growth (Junaidah, 2008).In addressing these changes, distance learners must be able to self-direct not only in their study but also in their work to achieve balance in life.Self-directed learning requires students to improve themselves, work or society.According to Knowles (1975): In its broadest meaning, "self-directed learning" describes a process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others to diagnosing their learning needs, formulating learning goals, identifying human and material source for learning, choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies, and evaluating learning outcomes (p.18).
Self-directed learning is proven to be an important ability to students in higher education particularly to distance learner as shown in recent studies by many scholars (Raemdonck, Leeden, Segers, & Thijssen, 2012;Dynan, Cate, & Rhee, 2008).
There is an issue in self-directed learning ability deficiency (Avdal, 2012;Chou, 2012;Cheng, Kuo, Lin, & Hseih, 2010) among distance learner students and this may become an obstacle for them to be able to cope in their learning and worse in extreme cases it could affecting their examination results.To overcome these problems, students must have self-efficacy which serves as the best medium to Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education GSE 2014 (E-ISBN 978-967-11768-5-6) 4-5 March 2014, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.Organized by WorldConferences.net 196 develop self-directed learning ability.In the context of distance learning students focused in this paper, self-efficacy provides a lot of benefits by providing mental and physical preparation during the learning sessions (Yuan, Williams, & Fang, 2012).Besides, students have the opportunity to learn better as well as to adapt the theoretical learning in university with their working environments or life event.The benefit of self-efficacy for students in their learning sessions are undeniable since numerous studies conducted in various field produced positive outcomes (Gilany & Abusaad, 2012;Fisher & King, 2010).Nevertheless, past studies show that self-directed learning can be influenced by motivation (Knight, 2012;Damianoff, 2010) and life satisfaction (Boyer, 2003;Brockett, 1987).
Hence, this paper proposes two types of independent variables which are motivation and life satisfaction that may influence the development of self-directed learning ability.Motivation includes intrinsic and extrinsic factors while life satisfaction consists of family responsibility, health, financial and work commitment.Motivation can be defined as something that encourages an individual to take certain action (Keow, 2008).Meanwhile, Regan (2003) defined intrinsic as the yardstick in measuring the amount in which an individual see himself being involved in the learning activity because of their internal (intrinsic drive) interest.However, extrinsic can be defined as external stimulus that has the ability to encourage an individual to do something beneficial to himself (Kim 2005).Besides, life satisfaction seems to influence the self-directed learning ability development because every people will face different difficulty in their life (Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2002).Thus, this paper will discuss on how motivation and life satisfaction influence self-directed learning ability development of distance learner.The purpose of this paper is to review the theories and past literatures on self-directed learning ability in relation to self-efficacy.Subsequently, this paper proposes a number of hypotheses and a framework of self-directed learning ability development with intervention of self-efficacy among distance learner students.The next sub-section will review on the theories related to self-directed learning, motivation and life satisfaction.

Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
Globalization has expanded to the entire world and makes education as one of an economic resource for the country.Effective education will promote and contribute to the country productivity.Therefore, public education has been taken importantly by all developing countries especially United State of America and Europe (Mohd Mahzan, 2009).To produce quality education, every student needs to be able to self-direct their own learning.This can help adult learners received the education which can be used and applied effectively.Self-directed learning can be seen as the contribution of an individual as the whole to the development, responsive to economic change, improve learning outcomes and empower the learning principles to the development of society based on learning (Candy, 1991).
Based on the contribution of self-directed learning to the development of the individual and country (Douglas, 2010), an obstacle to achieve a good performance based on the stages of self-directed learning ability landed as the major issue (Avdal, 2012;Chou, 2012;Cheng, et al., 2010).Knowles (1975) stated that all adult learners are self-directed learners, but their ability to self-direct their own learning are different (Chou, 2012;Li, Tancredi, Daniel, John, & Daniel 2010).From the overall study that have been carried out on self-directed learning, aspects of student personal characteristics become the important variable in determining a students' ability to self-direct their own learning (Raemdonck et al., 2012;Hall, 2011;Li et al., 2010, Junaidah, 2008;Oladoke, 2006).Most of the past researchers paid less emphasize on factors that influence students to adopt self-directed learning and as the consequence, the effect on the achievement of their study is left fuzzy (Raemdonck, et al., 2012;Robertson, 2011;Du, 2011).However, there is the possibility to develop a student to self-Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education GSE 2014 (E-ISBN 978-967-11768-5-6) 4-5 March 2014, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.Organized by WorldConferences.net197 direct their own learning for their own improvement and success in self-directed learning (Raemdonck, et al., 2012;Dynan, Cate, & Rhee, 2008).
Most of adult learners spent some time to get information and learn new ability (Hiemstra, 1994).
Triumph in self-directed learning depends on adult learners attempt to do something (Friedman, 2011;Gibbons, 2002).If the adult learner wants to manage their learning and life, they need to control it in order to make decisions and act well.Students demonstrate internal and external autonomy by learning to seek knowledge, make a commitment, has an interest and motivation (Gibbons, 2002).Students will determine not only what they need to do but also the performance that will be achieved.Self-directed learning requires the confidence, spirit and passion to improve efforts that have been made in learning (Brockett & Donaghy, 2011;Guglielmino & Long, 2011).In controlling learning, adult learners will remain responsible for their daily life (Guglielmino & Long, 2011;Candy, 1991).Students are responsible for learning and using their experience to give their views or ideas, making decisions and choosing the corresponding activity to adapt in their life.In this process, Chou (2012) asserts that further studies are necessary to understand clearly the selfdirected learning ability of adult learners.Based on the above issues, the study of an individual's ability to self-direct one's own learning to improve student's achievement still need to be conducted due to the fact that each individual has different personal characteristics (Merriam, 2010), and there has been no concrete studies to explain the self-directed learning of an individual student as a whole (Chou, 2012;Li et al., 2010).

Effect of Motivation towards Self-Directed Learning
The ability of adult learners to self-direct their learning will involve motivation.Motivation is identified as one of the important concept in the field of education due to the relationship with learning and students' achievement, as well as attracting the interest of investigators (Wlodkowski, 2008).Adult learners who have high level of motivation are able to increase their ability to self-direct their learning (Regan, 2003).However, the low level of students' ability to self-direct their learning requires motivation rather from tutor or lecturer whereby it is actually partly their responsibility (Robertson, 2011;Entwistle, 1998).Motivation is the encouragement that comes from the needs and desires to achieve something.According to Keller (1983), motivation refers to the human tendency to make choices about the experience, goals to be explored and to make choices about the quantity of work needs to be generated to achieve the selection.Motivation can also be said as the success of a plan or stimulus to avoid failure (Regan, 2003).Students who have high levels of motivation mean he has acquired strength to excel in his life (Muhammad Shatar, 2005;Regan, 2003).Motivation is something that exist (or none) in self and mind that will determine success or failure in any undertaken effort.
The discussion of motivation theory developed from behaviourist approach to cognitivist approach will looks at the theory components from three aspects namely value, expectancy and affective (Lynch, 2006;Duncan & McKeachie, 2005;Williams, Burden, & Lanvers, 2002;Pintrich, Smith, Garcia & McKeachie, 1991).Value factor is seen as the reason of students to engage in learning that involves three aspects namely intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and task or course value.Expectancy factor is looking at the students' level of trust and perceptions towards their ability to achieve learning goals that have been set.Affective factor on the other hand looks at the state of unpleasant feelings and emotions that affect the students' psychology and behaviour.Nevertheless, most of the studies that have been carried out only focus on students' internal motivation without thoroughly reviewing the external motivation that also able to increase the ability of students to selfdirect their learning (Knight, 2012;Damianoff, 2010).This study will take about two value factors namely intrinsic, extrinsic and expectancy factor.
Proceeding Research on intrinsic motivation demonstrated that the intrinsic motivation is not a major issue in self-directed learning but extrinsic motivation also has its effect towards students' self-directed learning (Robertson, 2011).For example, a promotion given by the organization is one of the extrinsic motivation that helps to improve students' ability to self-direct their learning (Bostwick, 2010).Moreover, Noor Fitriyati (2009) stated that motivation factors in self-directed learning field examined in the past literature are still not enough to explain the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors.Kim and Park (2011) believed that motivation factors cover major effect on learning, thus descriptive on only some particular exclusive factors are insufficient.The above issues provide clear justification that further studies are necessary on the relationship between motivation and students' ability towards self-directed learning.
Factors of interest in learning, curiosity, love studying in university and like the subjects offered encourage students to think critically and enhance their self-directed learning.R. Dunn and K. Dunn (1978) stated that intrinsic motivation built when there is internal encouragement in students to participate in the self-directed learning.Studies conducted by Ghazali, Nik and Parilah (2010) on the students at Universiti Teknologi Mara shows that intrinsic motivation has significant positive relationship with learning performance.Based on the above explanation, one hypothesis can be developed.Hence, the hypothesis that can be developed here is there is a positive significant effect of motivation on self-directed learning.

Effect of Life Satisfaction towards Self-Directed Learning
Life satisfaction is a situation where an individual experiences psychological well-being in general or feeling satisfied in life as a whole (Santrock, 2002).Hurlock (1980) expressed life satisfaction as a satisfyingly pleasant and peaceful emotion which arises when certain needs and expectations are met.Life satisfaction is defined as a comprehensive or holistic evaluation in life (Diener & Suh, 1997).
Assisting adult learners to manage their learning experience is the main goal for education and training institutions so that the knowledge learned can be applied in their daily life (Edmondson, 2003).Adult learners who have high life satisfaction will help to improve the ability to self-direct their learning (Boyer, 2003;Brockett, 1987).Life satisfaction is the cognitive evaluation on a person progress toward his or her desired goals (George, 1979).Life satisfaction was found to have a relationship with health (Spritzer & Snyder, 1974;Palmore & Luikart, 1972), financial (Boyer, 2003), work commitments (Edmondson, 2003) and the role in the family (Gibbons , 2002).
Study conducted by Diener, Wolsic and Fujita (1995) found that family and friends support bring satisfaction to life and assist students in their learning.Students who have a high level of emotional loneliness will be less successful in learning (Regan, 2003).Studies by Herzog and Rodgers (1981) and Cheng (2006) found that the increasing of person's age makes he/she will experience lesser individual life satisfaction about his/her health aspect thus the difficulties for them to learn will automatically increase.Thilagavathy, Aziah and Abdul Ghani ( 2010) have reviewed the work commitment for self-directed learning.Their study reveals that the commitment towards work will cause lacking in a student's learning activities and as the consequence, his ability to learn independently will decrease.
Health plays an integral role in ensuring that students will be able to self-direct their own learning effectively (Amstutz, 2008).Furthermore, health is an important aspect that helps students in their learning.Without good health, students are not able to achieve the desired learning goals (Hendry & Ginns, 2009;Bradley, Oterholt, Herrin, Nordheim, & Bjorndal 2005).Another factor that leads to the decrease in ability to self-direct learning is the lacking in financial ability.For example, adult learners who seek to broaden their knowledge through attending conferences will lose the chance to do so due to the fact that some conferences fees are expensive (Bostwick, 2010;Illeris, 2003).Adult Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education GSE 2014 (E-ISBN 978-967-11768-5-6) 4-5 March 2014, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.Organized by WorldConferences.net199 learners who undergo the self-directed learning process will not be released from their commitment to work especially those part time students who work while studying (Benozzo & Colley, 2012;Doornbos, Bolhuis, & Denessen 2004).For example, students apply for distance education consists of those who have worked (Gijbel, Raemdonck, Vervecken, & Herck, 2012).Family plays an important role in helping to improve student's self-directed learning (Muhammad Madi, 2008;Terry, 2006;Roberson and Merriam, 2005).However, if the students are forced into family conflicts, the selfdirected learning will be affected (Badli and Faizah, 2010).The hypothesis that emerged due to the above explanation is there is a significant positive effect of life satisfaction with self-directed learning.

Suitability of Self-Efficacy as Mediator
Most of adult learners are not ready to control their learning as a whole and requires a learning experience with the help of teachers (Raidal & Volet, 2009;Howland & Moore, 2002).Bandura (1997) stated that self-efficacy is the perceived ability of the individual to cope with specific situations in relation to the self-assessment of their ability to perform any act that has to do with the specific task or situation.Dynan, Cate and Rhee (2008) found that students who are consistent in their self-efficacy and possess necessary structure of learning will gain enough strength to improve learning achievement.At present, study on self-efficacy is still complex thus it requires a more indepth study (Merriam, 2010) because it is important to identify learning needs of the students (Yuan, Williams, & Fang, 2012).Students who are lack of self-efficacy will face more trembling or rumbling moments when the project or case study are assigned to them as individual tasks (Yuan, Williams, & Fang, 2012).However, the student who has a high self-efficacy is more successful in learning compared to students with low self-efficacy towards self-directed learning (Gilany & Abusaad, 2012;Fisher & King, 2010).For each student, the self-efficacy is important to ensure students can receive and apply the knowledge learned with ease.Past studies had given less emphasis on self-efficacy factors which mediates the relationship between motivation and life satisfaction with self-directed learning.Precisely, more in-depth study on self-efficacy should be given more attention because of its importance (Gilany & Abusaad, 2012;Mead, 2011).Bandura (1997) defines self-efficacy as the belief earned in one's capabilities to organize and perform a task or action to achieve goals.Appelbaum and Hare (1996) stated that self-efficacy helps improve the performance of students in their self-directed learning.Most of the previous studies used selfefficacy to examine issues related to psychology.For example, McAuley, Lox and Duncan (1993) concluded that self-efficacy is a factor to mediate between motivation and efficiency of students in their learning.Furthermore, Hastings and Brown (2002) revealed that self-efficacy helped in resolving the relationship between anxiety and depression faced by students in their learning.Several previous studies had shown that self-efficacy acts as a mediator to improve students' behaviour with academic achievement (Seo, 2008).
Previous research conducted also found that self-efficacy are correlated or could be applied as pointers to clinical problems like fright, depression, assertiveness to stress in different kinds of contexts, to control pain, health and also for performance (Damianoff, 2010;Lent & Brown, 2006).Saiamak and Pole (2010) study showed self-efficacy and anxiety have a negative correlation coefficient among students and life satisfaction.Masitah, Azizi, Ahmad, Bahaman, Ramli, Noriati and Mohamed (2011) stated that self-efficacy has a significant relationship between academic achievements of students with their health.Self-efficacy is also a mediator to make career choices and achieve career satisfaction (Lent & Brown, 2006;Lent, Brown & Hackett, 1994).In addition, selfefficacy is often associated with self-confidence (Selk, 2009).Based on the above explanation, two hypotheses can be developed.Therefore, the hypothesis can be developed here are; 1) There is a mediate effect of self-efficacy which is significant and positive between motivation with self-directed Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education GSE 2014 (E-ISBN 978-967-11768-5-6) 4-5 March 2014, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA.Organized by WorldConferences.net200 learning, and 2) There is a mediate effect of self-efficacy which is a significant and positive between life satisfaction and self-directed learning.

Discussion for Future Research
Most of the researchers have suggested that the self-direction in learning is important (Merriam, 2010;Brockett & Hiemstra, 1991), very little research has been conducted thoroughly in focusing on motivation and life satisfaction to date.Most researches have relied on measuring self-directed learning in institutional learning (Avdal, 2012;Cheng et al., 2010).For further research, more empirical research focused on motivation and life satisfaction is needed.Researchers and practitioners need more empirical evidences in terms of model for adult learners to be able to selfdirect their learning effectively and their effect on the adult learners' learning life.Besides, only a few studies have been conducted in an international setting.More studies are needed from around the world to help identify commonalities and differences across culture.

Conclusion
Based on the literature, it is expected that a certain degree of self-directed learning ability will be achieved with self-efficacy as intervention.When the study is implemented, the findings will contribute to the stakeholders (distance learner students, universities and higher education institution) and the body of knowledge.Stakeholders can identify the loop holes where they can improve self-directed learning ability with better planning and implementation.Consequently, distance learner students understand the objective of the learning is not only to integrate theory and practice in real world but also for their self-directed learning ability development.