Reviewing the Use of Geographic Information System (GIS) to Measure Sustainable Urban Transport Performance

The purpose of this paper is to show how Geographical Information Systems (GIS) used to measure the performance of Urban Transport Sustainability. The first, this paper discusses about understanding about transport performance and how to measure it. The second, explore about sustainability in urban transport. The third, defines GIS and its possible uses in the sustainable urban transport performance. The relevant GIS functions have also been explained. The GIS models are explored to assist urban transport planner to measure sustainability in urban transport.


Int r oduct i on
The natural environm ent is a human dw elling to live in the w orld as inherit the past and w ill be inherited to the future. The existence of a com fortable habitat necessary to establish events life for the residents. Their events characterized by m ovem ent in the form of transport as the backbone of comm unity activities. Transport as vital role in m aking human activities, so need attention in supporting the sustainability. Trends in rapidly grow th of urban population in all countries in t he near future. Therefore, the attention in sustainability developm ent becom es im portant. The increase of urban population is directly proportional to the increase in needs of the m ovem ent in urban transportation. The perform ance of urban transport should be m easured in effort to prepare future comm unity. Several analytical techniques to assess relationship betw een land use (urban form ) and transport i.e. descriptive statistics (exploratory and graphical m ethods), spatial m apping, spatial statistics, travel preference functions, regression analysis, selection of suitable predictive models based on-tim e series census data and application of travel m odels scenarios for land use distribution (Black et al., 2002). W hile, t his study w ill be explore the use of Geographical Inform ation System (GIS) as a tool to analyze the perform ance of urban transport to be sustainable.
Trends issues in sustainability and urban transport becom e most popular in rapidly grow th city, especially developing countries w hich have bigger population in m iddle-incom e and vehicles ow nership is m ore in rates. The purpose of this paper to review the use of GIS for m easuring sustainable urban transport perform ance. To achieve purpose of the research objective, start w ith im prove the research questions; w hat are the trends of use of GIS for m easuring urban transport perform ance and sustainability in curr ent practices? The issue of sustainable developm ent is affecting a paradigm in urban transport in recent tim e. The urban transport perform ance is driven tow ards developm ent reflect s sustainability efforts. Therefore, this objective study is to describe the use of GIS in m easuring sustainable urban transport perform ance studies.
2. M et hodology 2.1 Li t er at ur e sear ch pr ocedur e Survey based on international journal studies, include doctoral dissertation, m aster thesis, books, unpublished w orking papers and conference proceeding papers. The journals select through electronic search topics on the field. During searched in electronic search, the authors used som e key w ords or term s: GIS and urban transport, sustainable urban transport, and sustainable urban transport perform ance.
The first term is utilized to generate all papers that treat the relationship topic betw een GIS approach and urban t ransport sector, including papers referring to this subject in different m ethods and techniques used. The second term aim s to find all papers related sustainable urban transport studies, this attem pt to delim it papers that related in t ransportation sector. Finally, the last term are adopted to generate m ore specific search result about how to m easure the perform ance of Sustainable Urban Transport.
The electronics sources that authors used through explore Science Direct, Springer Link, JSTOR, and Scholar Google. Also the authors exam ine som e references cited in each relevant literature source to obtain additional sources of know ledge. The research covers a period of more than t w ent y years betw een 1996 and 2016. Next step, authors exclude all papers that are not related to the GIS approach and Urban Transport sector, through identification on the title of journals, abstract and introduction section. As the result, the papers w ith only specific in GIS approach and urban transport perform ance analysed in this study.

Classi fi cat i on m et hods
In this stage, the authors used literature review and research in the field GIS approach and Sustainable Urban Transport. The paper is classified into tw o m ajor categories: (i) GIS application and objectives in Transport Perform ance and (ii) GIS tools and functions for analysis of transport perform ances.
a. GIS application and objectives in urban transport perform ance The papers is classified as m ain topic of GIS application in urban transport research. As the urban transport know ledge very large, especially how to m easure its perform ance, the authors filtered of the papers in m ain objects of the studies and w hat is depend on. Each papers also consist of several objective to describe the urban transport perform ance.
b. GIS tools and functions for of urban transport perform ance According this criterion, the papers is classified based on GIS tools w as used in research to analyse urban transport perform ance. The GIS has m any type of tools as instrument to be used in analysis process of the research. The function of GIS tools in each research according focus of the object research. Each function have unique function depend on creat ivity of the researchers to m easure perform ances of urban transport .

Result s and Di scussi on
In GIS has several spatial analysis tools that can be applied to m easure perform ance of sustainable urban transport. These applications vary from accessibility, air pollution (em ission), noise pollution, energy consumption, public transport, transportation netw ork, traffic, and transportation infrastructure. One of the im portant issue is to define the sustainability of transport perform ance in urban area. GIS as tools can great to assist for researcher to m easure the level of sustainability in urban transport perform ance. There are m any of GIS analysis in transport perform ance studies in previous research.
3.1 Classi fi cat ion by GIS appli cat i on and obj ect i ves t o m easur e t r anspor t per for m ances a. Accessibility One m ain topic to present the transport perform ance is about accessibility. This topic described through (Paudel et al., 2009) w hich used ArcM ap-GIS softw are in his research to identify dairy m anure transportation routes that minimized costs relative to environm ental and other constraints w ith using tools analysis: netw ork analysis. Sim ilarly, a study by (Gutiérrez et al., 2010) used ArcGIS w ith net w ork analysis tools in order to calculate and m ap regional spillovers, econom ic potential values are com puted using net w ork routines. Furtherm ore, (M avoa et al., 2012) used GIS through netw ork analysis to m easure of accessibility aggregate and accessibility m easures. Netw ork analysis also used to define the healt h care locations in order to determ ine the levels of accessibility (M urad, 2005), as versatile tool to integrate land use and transport system com ponents in an accessibility m etric (Ford et al., 2015), to m easure the accessibility to transit netw ork for households and cars (Chapleau and M orency, 2005), to know how far patients live from their nearest health cent ers (M urad, 2004). Buffer analysis also to m easure distance from each dairy farm to receiving farm lands (Paudel et al., 2009), to m easure geography fram ew ork 2000), to define the retail center catchm ent (M urad, 2003), to evaluate the accessibility to health care facilities (A. A. M urad, 2014) and the dynamic m easure of relative accessibility of households to the nearest bus stops (Chapleau and M orency, 2005). For overlay analysis used to having a GIS layer w ith patient data and facilities catchm ent area (M urad, 2004), to find out healt h centers w ith a large number of physicians but w ithout any dentists or w ith few er servants (M urad, 2011), designated as city accessibility, previous researchers used netw ork analysis, but several studies used buffer analysis and overlay analysis. The use of GIS tools in review ed paper found tools in single form such as just netw ork analysis or mix w ith buffer analysis, overlay analysis and classifications analysis.

b. Air Pollution (em ission)
M easuring of air pollution as effect traffic netw ork in the w hole area serviced to estim ate the various pollutant level (Brow n and Affum, 2002) becom e as a part of sustainable urban transport. This study used net w ork analysis in GIS to estim ate the m ain pollutants from road netw ork and environm ental consequences. Likew ise, (Paudel et al., 2009) used netw orks analysis to identify transportation routes that m inim ized costs relative to environm ental constrain. GIS also used to applied in geo-code trip origins and destinations to calculate the em ission in transportation activity (Arm strong and Khan, 2004). GIS also used to develop the spatial inform ation, urban road netw ork and distribution of pollutants in the atm osphere (Lin and Lin, 2002). Dynam ic sim ulation models in GIS w as developed to describe traffic flow s, the em ission from traffic and resulting air quality (Fedra, 1999); (Gualtieri and Tartaglia, 1998). W ith quintile analysis and them atic m aps, GIS used to m odel air pollution and GHG emission from vehicles through Transport Add-on Environm ental M odelling System (TRAEM S) (Gharineiat and Khalfan, 2011). Sim ilarly, (Alshuw aikhat and Aina, 2006) points to GIS w ith netw ork analysis and buffer analysis to assessm ent an unacceptable level of air pollutant by citizens. Em ission modeling and evaluation of environm ental im pacts have analysed using netw ork analysis in GIS to estim ate and reproduce traffic behavior and calculate pollutant em issions. Based on these previous research as comm only the researchers m easure air pollution or em ission as effect of urban transport activity used netw ork analysis and buffer analysis in GIS environm ent. It used to describe the influence of pollutant of environm ental consequences.

c. Noise pollution
Heavy traffic road resulting the noise pollutant as challenge for urban transport planners to m anage and solve the problem s. (Li et al., 2002) used FHWA m odel as integrated system to calculate noise in traffic road then translates it into a syntax that ArcView GIS understand in spatial and non-spatial data. W hereas, (Brow n and Affum, 2002) used TRAEM S m odel to m easure noise pollution w ith three m ain m ethods: em bedding in GIS tools, im plem enting the m odels in GIS and interface approach. Using SIAM m ethods, (Antunes and Santos, 2001) assess noise im pacts of traffic netw ork in GIS environm ent to generate, storage, data m anagem ent, overlay, classification, aggregation analysis, trend analysis and display of the them atic inform ation. Noise pollutant becom e trends topic in a part of sustainable transportation as rapidly grow th of private vehicle ow nership in urban citizen. Road load not just affected in construction and air pollution, but also in the increasingly of noise as vehicle m achine effect. The previous researchers used statistics calculations and GIS approach to describe the phenom ena thoroughly netw ork analysis, buffer analysis, and classification analysis.

d. Energy consumption
Energy consumption in traffic assignm ent, explored by (Aram patzis et al., 2004) w ith GIS utilization for policy definition, traffic sim ulation and analysis, energy consum ption and pollutant em ission m odelling, and evaluation of environm ental im pacts and its scenarios. GIS tools w as im plem ented according to a three-stage: the database, m athem atical m odels for traffic assignm ent, the presentation in them atic m aps, figures and diagram s. Similarly, (Gharineiat and Khalfan, 2011) used GIS as tools to m ake energy efficiency planning in traffic vehicles. Issues efficiency of the use of energy as interesting point in sustainability studies. Energy sources becom e lim ited, w hereas the energy use m ore excessively. Previous researchers used GIS to analysis and present energy consumption in traffic road netw ork, calculate the effect w ith spatial indicators approach.

e. Public Transport
One issue about sustainable urban transport is to encourage the u daily life. GIS approach also used by transport planners to m easure the perform ance of public transport in studies area to know level of services, accessibility and catchm ent area from the stations. According (Miller and Storm , 1996) that GIS design have several key features as advantages in public transport studies, such as: accurate illustration of the m ulti-m odal transport netw ork, flexible in updating database, user friendly in interfaces and proficient in implem entations. His research used netw ork equilibrium -based travel dem and as m ethods and netw ork analysis in GIS application. Isochrones m ethods used by ( t al., 2000) in m easuring public transport perform ance w ith tw o approaches, such as accessibility m easures and the space-tim e geography fram ew ork through GIS tools w ith netw ork analysis and buffer analysis. Catchm ent area m ethods (Abosulim an et al., 2011) and classification m ethods (Aljoufie, 2016a) are used GIS w ith analysis netw ork to present public transport netw ork. Sim ilarly, (Abreha, 2007) used netw ork analysis to assess t he level of service of the existing public transport system and to identify deficient netw ork elem ent s. Also, used buffer analysis to buffer distance from bus route and overlay analysis in netw ork and land-use w ith classification m ethod. GIS applications have som e advantages to analyse t he public transport studies accordingly w ith good illustration in transport netw ork, flexibility for updating data, and sim ple in operations and good in implem entation. Beside netw ork analysis, the researcher also using catchm ent area m ethods, buffer analysis and classification analysis. Buffer analysis used to describe the level of accessibility of households to reach the nearest station.
f. Traffic and road netw ork Reference (M iller and St orm, 1996) used netw ork analysis as a tools in GIS to represent t he m ulti-modal transportation netw ork to support netw ork equilibrium -based travel dem and m odels. GIS-T becom e popular in transport studies especially in netw ork analysis because it has several advantages in data m odelling, data m anipulation, and data analysis that are not achieved by previous GIS (Chen et al., 2011;Thill, 2000) studied to design and im plem ented a GIS-T data m odel to representation m odal urban transportation netw ork. GIS-T provides several functions and evaluations to representation of m ultiple data, identification the shortest -path, coverage of service, route planning, and transportation netw ork analysis ( ). Netw ork analysis in GIS also used by (Zhang et al., 2016) to analyse the m odel results, the factors shortest distance and study by (Aljoufie, 2014) used netw ork analysis in GIS to present the sim ulated pattern of traffic flow and the characteristics of transport system . Furtherm ore, (Yigitcanlar et al., 2010) used the Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-use, Environm ent and Transport M odel (SILENT) as advanced GIS and indicator-based urban sustainability indexing m odel. W hereas, the GIS system produces a set of indices in five com parative sustainability levels: Low , M edium -Low , M edium , M edium -High, and High. Then, (Abreha, 2007) used netw ork analysis to identify deficient netw ork elem ents. The research w ork conducted by (Al-Ali, 2016) state net w ork analysis in GIS has could be used in establishing urban cycling routes in preventing traffic accidents, designing the road traffic safety evaluation system , road netw orks, road accident analysis and real-tim e m onitoring, the analysis of the impact of traffic congestion on road accidents, decision analysis in public resource adm inistration and the analysis of causes and consequences of road traffic crashes. The w ork by (Fedra, 1999) has int egrated spatial and GIS param eters and indicators and dem onstrated the possible capabilities and applicability of GIS as tools in assessing perform ance of the transportation system . W hereas (W ang, 2005) explored the integrating of GIS as spatial analysis sim ulation m odels to add a tem poral dim ension and com puter visualization to add m ore options for presentation, all w orks to support planning process. GIS w ith overlay analysis used traffic safety by m apping accident location data, perform ing kernel density analyses and com bining the result s (M achado et al., 2015). The dom ination of netw ork analysis of GIS approach in Traffic and road netw ork seen from previous research. Although supported by m ethods variation such as SILENT but core of the research still using net w ork analysis in GIS or GIS-T and also classification analysis com monly used in several previous studies.

g. Transportation Infrastructure
A study by (Dalumpines, 2008) explores the extraction of urban form /land use inform ation in developing indicators to support Transport Ecological Footprint (TEF) analysing using Rem ote Sensing and GIS. The useful of GIS in this study to supports handling of spatial data from remotely sensed im agery and integrates it w ith other images and ancillary data from different sources. GIS also used in overlay analysis bet w een neighborhood and connectivity functions to delivered TEF-linked indicators and used buffer analysi s to proximity index 1 km distance from the public road netw ork. Sim ilarly, a study described public transport infrastructure using GIS to present eco-efficiency for public transport infrastructure (Aljoufie and Tiw ari, 2016). It is calculated from length of public transport routes in m eters divided by geographical area of district in hectares. Then, the paper by (Lopes et al., 2014) used GIS based to spatial regression m odels to forecast travel dem and in correlation w ith transportation infrastructure supply, also used GIS-T softw are to analyse the changes produced in the models w ith the inclusion of spatial variables. Perform ances of transportation infrastructure also as m ain factor w hich affected the sustainable urban transport. Som e calculation com bined w ith classification analysis used in this analysis. Buffer analysis is correlated w ith index im pact of transport infrastructure. Table 1 show the m atrix of topic research classification based on GIS approach as previous discussion.

2016) Energy Consumption
to calculate energy consumption (Arampatzis et al., 2004) Public Transport to representation of the multimodal transportation netw ork -To presented data in spatial analysis to presented road netw ork to assess the level of service of the existing public bus transport system -To identify deficient netw ork elements.  (Li et al., 2002), (Valdes et al., 2016) Topi c Obj ect i ve Aut hors Traffic and Road Netw ork -to representation of the multimodal transportation netw ork be realistic to model road netw ork multiple data representations, shortest -path identification, service coverage, route planning, and transportation netw ork aided analysis to present the simulated pattern of traffic flow and the characteristics of transport system to assess the level of service of the existing public bus transport system to identify deficient netw ork elements.
to analyse the impact of traffic congestion on road accidents to analyzed traffic safety for vulnerable road users by mapping accident location data performing kernel density analyses and combining the results (M iller and Storm, 1996), (Thill, 2000), (Chen et al., 2011), (M avoa et al., 2012), (Zhang et al., 2016), (Aljoufie, 2014), (Yigitcanlar and Dur, 2010), (Abreha, 2007), (Al-Ali, 2016), (Fedra, 1999), (W ang, 2005), (Machado et al., 2015), (Valdes et al., 2016) Transport Infrastructure -as presentation tools to presented result of analysis, w ith classification analysis supports handling of spatial data from remotely sensed imagery and integrates it w ith other images and ancillary data from different sources to forecast travel demand in collaboration betw een GIS based and spatial regression models (Dalumpines, 2008), (Aljoufie and Tiw ari, 2016) The research topic in SUT perform ance is dominantly by traffic and road netw ork and accessibility. Then, the average papers about noise pollution, public transport and transport infrastructure. Topic about energy consumption i s a few . Fig. 1 show s the papers number used GIS approach in Transport Perform ance studies.
Number of papers using GIS in Transport Performance

Classi fi cat i on by GIS t ools and funct i ons t o m easur e t r anspor t per for m ances a. Geocoding
Geocoding denotes to the representation of a be indexed spatially. For instance, a valid street address can use reverse geocoding converts x, y coordinates. This function allow s the address of a m obile user to be displayed once their phone has been located via GPS or cell tow er triangulation (Shekhar and Xiong, 2008). In his research, (M urad, 2004) used geocoding in his studies to identify the location health care needs as the data gathered non digitized form at. Also, used geocoding to create points on a m ap from a table of addresses.

b. Netw ork Analysis
Netw ork analysis include the basic functions of a GIS. This GIS tools used to m easure of accessibility aggregate , to define the locations to determine their levels of accessibility (M urad, 2005), to calculate the length of each netw ork link from geom etry (Ford et al., 2015), to estim ate the m ain pollutants from road netw orks (Brow n and Affum, 2002), traffic m odel for traffic flow s m apping (Gualtieri and Tartaglia, 1998), traffic sim ulation and analysis (Aram patzis et al., 2004), presenting road netw ork (Aljoufie, 2016b); (Valdes et al., 2016), to assess the level of service of the existing public bus transport system and to identify deficient netw ork elem ent s (Abreha, 2007).

c. Buffer Anaysis
The function of buffer in GIS denote to finding spatial objects that are w ithin a certain distance of an area (Shekhar and Xiong, 2008). Also, buffer analysis used to represent ation the space-tim e geography fram ew ork isochrones (lines of equal travel tim e) are a natural w ay 2000), to define the object area based on a defined distance from other object (M urad, 2003), to evaluate the accessibility of any location accordi ng to the factor of distance (A. A. M urad, 2014).

d. Thiessen Function
As a part of GIS analysis, thiessen function used to have polygon feature data w here the area inside the polygon is closer to the point than to any other point (M urad, 2003) created around the points to form an exhaustive landscape, w ith those polygons inheriting all of the (Shekhar and Xiong, 2008).

e. Straight-line Allocation Function (SLA)
This tools to develop techniques for the optim al location of such central facilities such as schools, fire stations and ret ail stores (Shekhar and Xiong, 2008). Also, several functions of Straight -line Allocation Function (SLA) i.e. to identify custom ers/client s served by a service or stores, to identify the closest hospital or health cent er, to find areas w ith a shortage of fire hydrants, to locate areas not served by a chain of superm arkets (M urad, 2008).

f. Classification m ethods
Objects w ith sim ilar attribute structure can categorized into classes by this m ethod. For instance, classification m ethod used to identify level of accessibility to health care facilities (A. M urad, 2014) and to identify level of accessibility to healt h care facilities (Lopes et al., 2014). Table 2 show the m atrix of classification GIS tools in previous studies as discussed at below .
The use of GIS tools in review ed papers is dominantly by netw ork analysis. On regular is usi ng the buffer analysis, overlay analysis and SLA. W hile, paper number just a few in thiessen function, quintile analysis and classification m ethods as show s in Fig. 2 Geocoding to identify the location of place in the map.
to create points on a map from a table of addresses (M urad, 2004) Netw ork Analysis to define the locations to determine their levels of accessibility.
to calculate the length of each netw ork link from geometry.
to estimate the main pollutants from road netw orks.
to define the object area based on a defined distance from other object to evaluate the accessibility of any location according to the factor of distance (Mavoa et al., 2012), (M urad, 2003), (A. A. M urad, 2014), (Chapleau and M orency, 2005), (Abreha, 2007), (Antunes and Santos, 2001), (Alshuw aikhat and Aina, 2006), (Gualtieri and Tartaglia, 1998), (Paudel et al., 2009), (Chapleau and M orency, 2005), (M urad, 2008), (M urad, 2011) Thiessen functions to have polygon feature data w here the area inside the polygon is closer to the point than to any other point (M urad, 2003) Straight-line Allocation Function (SLA) to identify customers/clients served by a service or stores; to identify the closest hospital or health center; to find areas w ith a shortage of fire hydrants; to locate areas not served by a chain of supermarkets (M urad, 2008) Overlay analysis to have a GIS layer that have patient data and facilities catchment area, to get a layer that have district data such as population size and proximitst health centres. (M urad, 2003), (M urad, 2004), (M urad, 2008) GIS Tool s Funct i on Aut hors catchment areas Classification methods -to identify level of accessibility to health care facilities to present multiple regression model of spatial distribution (A. A. M urad, 2014), (Lopes et al., 2014) 4. Concl usi on This paper aim s to review of the literature on the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) for m easuring sustainable urban transport perform ance. The paper introduce an approach based on classification schem e technique w here research journals in this field are collected, classified and results are interpreted. A com prehensive literature study done through a classification model adoption. The GIS application in urban transport perform ance studies consist of seven classifications: accessibility, air pollution (em ission), noise pollution, energy consumption, public transport, traffic and road netw ork. This paper show s t he use of GIS in Sustainable Urban Transport (SUT) perform ance is dom inantly on traffic and road netw ork studies w hile the usage GIS tools is dom inantly by netw ork analysis.
Based on these studies, classification and analysis of the journals, som e idea for next research are founded. Assessm ent of urban transport in previous research m ostly not involve the sustainability paradigm in m easuring its perform ance and the concern in urban transport sustainability using com prehensive indicators is still rare. Therefore, it is interesting that how to know GIS -as quantitative research -could be use m easure perform ance of sustainable urban transport to be more com prehensive w ith involve its indicators and other aspects such as: data, people, softw are and hardw are.