Five newly recorded Cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) in Myanmar

Freshwater fish from the Putao and Myitkyina areas were collected in three ichthyofaunal surveys of the Mali Hka River and tributaries in and around Khakaborazi National Park and Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, Kachin State, from 2014-2016. Tor yingjiangensis Chen et Yang 2004, Tor qiaojiensis Wu et al. 1977, Garra qiaojiensis Wu et al. 1977, Garra bispinosa Zhang 2005, and Schizothorax oligolepis Huang 1985, originally described from the upper Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwaddy) River in China, are first reported herein as new records to Myanmar. Counts, measurements, descriptions, photographs, and distributions of the specimens of the five newly recorded species are provided.


INTRODUCTION
South and Southeast Asia are among the most speciose areas on the planet, containing 20% of all known freshwater vertebrate species and 25% of all known aquatic plants (Balian et al., 2008). There are 310 native species of freshwater fish reported in Myanmar (Davies et al., 2004), and 508 freshwater species currently present in FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2017). The eastern Himalaya region is part of the Indo-Burma and Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspots, with at least 520 species of freshwater fish reported (Allen et al., 2010). Abell et al. (2008) presented a global map of 426 freshwater ecoregions based on the distributions and compositions of freshwater fish species. The Sittaung-Irrawaddy is one of the six freshwater ecoregions of the Eastern Himalaya assessment region, with the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwaddy) ecoregion containing more endemic species of freshwater fish (between 119-195) than any of the other Eastern Himalayan freshwater ecosystems (Vishwanath et al., in Allen et al., 2010).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fish were collected by gillnet, dipnet, and electric shocker depending on the conditions of different survey sites, or were purchased from the Putao and Myitkyina fish markets, and fixed in 10% formalin. Counts and measurements were taken on the left side of the specimen whenever possible. All morphometric measurement data were recorded point-to-point using manual dial calipers and recorded to 0.1 mm. Counts and measurements followed the original descriptions provided in the literature and local annals, viz. Tor yingjiangensis (Chen & Yang, 2004;Chu & Chen, 1989), Tor qiaojiensis (Chu & Chen, 1989;Wu, 1977), Garra qiaojiensis (Chu & Chen, 1989;Wu, 1977), Garra bispinosa (Zhang, 2005), and Schizothorax oligolepis . GPS coordinates were obtained from a Garmin eTrex-309 handheld device. The specimens examined in the present study were deposited in the Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity Research Group, SEABRI, CAS, which is based in FRI, Myanmar, and in the Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, KIZ, CAS, China. Abbreviations: ex., examined specimens; SL, standard length; CPL, caudal-peduncle length; HL, head length; D-LL, scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; V-LL, scales between pelvic-fin origin and lateral line.

Tor yingjiangensis Chen & Yang, 2004
Tor yingjiangensis Chen & Yang, 2004: 185-191 (Yingjiang, Yunnan, China). Tor (Tor) putitora: Chen & Chu, 1985: 79-86 (Yingjiang, Yunnan, China). Description: According to the original description of Tor yingjiangensis (Chen & Yang, 2004), the examined specimens can be exclusively distinguished based on the following characters: Body elongate and moderately compressed; dorsal body profile convex, slowly increasing, reaching highest point at dorsal-fin origin; ventral profile less arched; lateral head length considerably greater than body depth at dorsal-fin origin (Figures 2, 3). Snout pointed, mouth terminal, lips well fleshy, median lobe of lower lip short, posterior margin truncate, not reaching vertical across corners of mouth ( Figure 4B); no tubercles on snout or sides of face; two pairs of barbels, length of rostral and maxillary barbels almost equal, longer than diameter of eye. Body entirely scaled; lateral line complete, Counts and morphometric measurements of examined specimens are listed in Table 1.

Color in life:
Body silver, grey on dorsum. Head grey on back, silver on lateral and ventral sides. Opercule partly dark. Dorsal fin light grey, rays and distal dark grey, paired fins light yellow, caudal fin and anal fin red, but blackish distally. Scales form dark network on flank ( Figure 2). Dorsal-fin rays IV,9 IV,9 IV,9 IV,9 Anal-fin rays iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 iii, 5 Description: Based on the literature (Chu & Chen, 1989;Wu, 1977), this species can be distinguished from other congeners of Tor by the unique combination of the following features: body elongate and head compressed, dorsal profile gradually increasing, reaching apex just in front of dorsal-fin origin, head length slightly longer or equal to maximum body depth, anus close to anal-fin origin, caudal deeply forked (Figures 5, 6).
Mouth subterminal, snout blunt, lips fleshy, median lobe of lower lip undeveloped, two pairs of barbels, rostral barbels longer than maxillary barbels ( Figure 4A). Dorsal-fin with four unbranched and nine branched rays, last unbranched ray osseous and only articulated on distal tip. Lateral line complete, lateral-line scales 29-30, D-LL 4.5, V-LL 2.5-3, circumpeduncular scales 10. Counts and morphometric measurements of examined specimens for mahseers are listed in Table 1.

Color in life:
Body and head dark grey on back, golden on lateral side, white on ventral side. Golden on opercule and lighter on preopercule. All fins dark brown. Scales form dark network on flank ( Figure 5).

Color in preservative:
Body and head dark grey on back, brown on lateral side, white on ventral side. All fins dark grey. Scales form dark network on flank ( Figure 6).

Distribution: Found from mountain tributaries of the Mali Hka
River Basin in the Rat Baw, Zeyar Dan, War Sar Dan villages, Putao, Myanmar. In China, this species is mainly distributed in tributaries of the Longchuanjiang River and Dayingjiang River in the upper Irrawaddy Basin (Chu & Chen, 1989;Wu, 1977) (Figure 7).
Counts and morphometric measurements of examined specimens are listed in Table 2.

Color in life:
Head and body dark olive green mottled with yellow, ventral side of body white. Dark spot at upper extremity of gill opening. All fins orange, rays dark, membrane light ( Figure 8).  Description: Examined specimens well-matched Garra bispinosa (Zhang, 2005), and can be distinguished from congeners by the following characters: Body elongate, dorsal and ventral profile slightly convex (Figures 11, 12). Head moderately large and slightly compressed, longer than deep, deep less than wide, eyes small, two pairs of barbels shorter than eye diameter, maxillary barbels shorter than rostral ones, mental disc elliptical and shorter than wide, conspicuous proboscis with tubercles, anteriorly bilobed in large specimens, snout slightly pointed and tip with conspicuous groove (Figure10B,D). Lateral line complete, with 34-35 scales, circumpeduncular scales 16. Dorsal fin with four simple and eight branched rays, D-LL 4, V-LL 2.5-3, predorsal scales 10-11.
Counts and morphometric measurements of examined specimens are listed in Table 2.
Color in life: Body and head dark olive green. Ventral side of body white. Body with six dark stripes on lateral side, more prominent posterior of dorsal-fin base. All fins orange, rays dark ( Figure 11).    : from Chu & Chen (1989). Some data were converted for comparison; 2 : from Zhang (2005).

Distribution:
In China, Garra bispinosa is currently known from Dayingjiang River and Longchuanjiang River, upper Irrawaddy River in Yunnan (Chen, 2013;Zhang, 2005). In Myanmar, it occurs in streams and tributaries of the Mali Hka River Basin around Putao, northern Myanmar (Figures 13, 14).   Description: Combined with the diagnostic characters from the original description, the examined specimens can be distinguished as Schizothorax oligolepis based on the following characters: Body moderately elongate, head and caudal peduncle compressed, dorsal profile arched more than ventral (Figures 16, 17). Snout blunt and rounded, lower jaw with sharp horny sheath, lower lip well-developed, papillated, postlabial groove continuous (Figure 15). Lateral line complete and slightly straight, scales minute, obvious scales present on thorax and abdomen. Dorsal-fin with four simple and 7-8 branched rays, last unbranched dorsal fin osseous and serrated on lower part, soft on distal tip, dorsal-fin origin anterior of pelvic-fin origin, dorsum with speckles.
Counts and partial comparative measurements of examined materials are presented in Table 3.

Color in life:
Head and body olive green, dorsum dark, with speckles, ventral side silver. Black longitudinal stripe above and along lateral line present. Semicircular black blotch on caudalfin base. Eyes reddish on dorsal part. Anal fins hyaline, other fins light orange, dorsal and caudal fins with greyish margin (Figure 16).  (Chu & Chen, 1989; (Figures 18, 19).

Remarks:
The last unbranched dorsal fin is osseous and serrated on the lower part, but soft on distal tip in the Myanmar specimen, which is weaker in the Chinese specimens.  Caudal-peduncle depth 9.6-11.2 10.1-12.8