Effect of Nano ( Y 2 O 3 ) on the Mechanical Properties of the ( PS : NR : PMMA ) Polymer Blend Composite

Study of the mechanical properties of polymer blend composite to the preparation of matrix Unsaturated Polyester resin (UPS) with natural rubber (NR) and polymethyl methacrylate (UPS:NR:PMMA) material and study influence Nano Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) on the composite . The first group is the preparation of samples of the mixture of polyester matrix with natural rubber material in ratio certain, It was examined the mechanical properties: tensile, flexure at break, young modules, hardness and compression decreases with increases the natural Rubber ratio but Elongation test increases when increases Rubber ratio. The second group is the samples preparation of the mixture of polyester with PMMA material, test mechanical properties decreases with increases the PMMA ratio. Third group was prepared from a mixture of polymer blend composite, which consists of fixed ratios of polyester, natural rubber and PMMA. Addition of Nano material Y2O3 at ratio (0.25-1.5) wt% .result test mechanical properties increases with increases the Y2O3 ratio.


Introduction
Polymers are made of long molecules (macromolecule) composed of repeating structure units typically connected by covalent bonds, these long molecules are bonded together by weak Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds, or by these plus covalent crosslinks.Polymer blends can be classified into three main categories, a) rubber-rubber blends, b) plastic-rubber blends and c) plastic-plastic blends.Plastic-rubber blends where it can be further divided into rubbertoughened plastics which are more for impact applications and thermoplastic elastomers, which can be processed like a thermoplastic but properties wise, behave more like elastomers.Polymer blend represents very important field in processing of new materials, which has better properties in comparison with the net polymers [1] .Polymer blending is an attractive route for producing new polymeric materials with tailored properties without having to synthesize totally new materials [2].The incorporation of elastomeric particles into the bulk of thermoplastics brittle polymers are a well-known technique used to improve the toughness of the plastics.Toughness can be defined as the amount of energy that a material can absorb before breaking polymer modification is blending two or more components with different properties [3] .Polyamides are commercially important polymers amongst crystalline engineering thermoplastics; this is mainly due to their high performance characteristics such as high melting points, good mechanical strength and ductility, as well as excellent resistance to solvents, fatigue and abrasion [4].A polymer blend or polymer mixture is a member of a class of materials in which two or more polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties [5] .Blending of polymer is a technological way for providing materials with full set of desired specific properties at the lowest cost, e.g. a combination of strength and toughness, strength and solvent resistance, etc. [6] .Preliminary studies on rubber modified resin reported only modest increases in fracture toughness; however, as the technology developed, more significant increases in toughness were obtained [ 7,8 ] .In more recent years, it has been shown that the toughness can be increased by more than an order of magnitude over that of the unmodified resin [9][10][11] .Synthetic polymeric materials have been used in industrial materials, which are currently receiving great attention as innovative materials for industrial applications in several sectors, such as automotive, building, appliance, packaging and biomaterials.
Engineering polymers are designed to give improved strength or better performance at elevated temperatures.Some of the engineering polymers can perform at temperatures as high as 300⁰C; others usually in a fibre form have specific strength that is greater than of steel .Among polymer materials, thermoplastics and elastomer-based polymer mixtures, thermoplastic elastomers are of special interest.The application of these materials can be confidently advised because they are processed as plastics preserving high elasticity as elastomers [12].The polymer blends has mixture with other polymers and form multiphase systems [14,15].Modern technologies provide powerful tools to explain microstructures at different levels, and to understand the relationships between structures and properties.These new levels of understanding bring opportunities to develop materials for new applications [16].Plastics and rubbers incorporating powdery fillers have frequently been used from the viewpoint of mechanical properties [17] .
An important attribute of polymers is the ability to modify their inherent physical properties by the addition of fillers while retaining their characteristics.Polymers can be made stronger, stiffer [18][19][20] .Since rubber elements have the unique properties of high elongation, reversibility incompressibility, and damping.PMMA is a transparent polymeric material that poses many desirable properties such as light weight, high transmittance, chemical resistance, uncoloured, resistance to weathering corrosion and good insulating properties.Rubber toughened PMMA has been the focus of commercial and scientific interest for many years.
Besides improving the fracture resistance of the polymer, modifiers for PMMA must also maintain the stiffness of the matrix as well as its clarity [21].
The matrix material must be capable of being forced around the reinforcement during some stage in the manufacture of the composite [22] .Co,. Radius (30-80) nm, shape spherical, Assay 99.999% MW=225.82, china .

Preparation of casting mold samples :
2.1 Samples were prepared according to the rates in Table (1) .3 Mechanical Properties Testing :

Tensile test
Samples were cut according to (American society for testing materials) (ASTM D) specimen.The machine used for the testing of tensile properties is micro computer controlled electronic universal testing machine (model WDW 200 E) made in China The test was conducted at velocity of (1 mm/min) at ambient temperature, tensile stress was applied till the failure of the sample and stress-strain curve was obtained.

Flexural strength
bending behaviour of the prepared sample was tested using a three point test instrument, (model WDW 200 E) made in China, at room temperature and after fixing the ends of the sample on the supports of the instrument, the weights were increased gradually on at the middle of the sample with velocity (5mm/min) until the failure of the specimen occurred.

Impact test
It is considered one of the most important mechanical tests that give the absorption of energy that is required for fracture of the sample which is given directly from the device, furthermore impact strength (I.S).The impact test instrument model XJU-22 .The sample was placed vertically; the testing method of this instrument includes lifting of pendulum to its maximum height and fixing it firmly where its potential energy would be changed to kinetic energy.surface with thickness at least more than (3mm) and must not be exposed to mechanical vibrations so that the prepared sample has (8×8×5) mm³.These dimensions were taken according to ASTM-D570, Shore instrument is similar to compass containing needle placed in a position perpendicular to the sample and it takes waiting (0.5 min) to read the value and to have some accuracy an average of ten readings have to be taken in different locations and at different points for each sample

Compression test
The sample for this test was prepared according to ASTM with dimensions (2×1×1) mm³, depending on thickness of the sample..The test was conducted at velocity of (0.5mm/min) at ambient temperature.The machine for the testing of compression was made in China and it is model (WDW200E).The load was applied gradually to the longitudinally fixed sample, the increasing of the load continued until the failure of the specimen occurred,

Result and Discussion
The practical size distribution of this powder was carried out by atomic force microscopic (AFM) using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) the result of practical size distribution of Y2O3 as rang (28-100) shown in table (2) and figure  where average value of diameter was (68.91nm ) .In other cases, the fracture starts at the outer surfaces of the positions deformation or defects such as for scratches bond or internal cracks and working zones of concentration of stresses that lead to the high value of the stress to exceed the limits of the force of internal bonds , thus break happens [23].Bending resistance significantly affected as strongly linked to the base material and reinforcement material.this is due to the presence of metal within the base material, which facilitates the penetration of the base material process between the reinforced particles which increases the moist which is in the liquid state, and this leads to increased interoperability bonding area between the material matrix and materials reinforced which     It is noted that the hardness values for samples of atrium oxide Nano is higher than the USP:PMMA:NR for samples of .This is due to low viscosity gained material prepared at increased fracture volumetric powder atrium oxide Nan into the material composite which is in the liquid state, causing ease of penetration material composite to space interfaces and pores interfaces , therefore resulting in a reduction of gaps inside the material .[27,28].

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been a major topic of polymer research and development for almost five decades, although noted to be of interest much earlier, the academic and industrial effort in polymer blends exponentially increased starting in the late 1960s.Although various reasons were responsible for this increased interest, one significant factor was the emergence of a major engineering Effect of Nano (Y2O3 ) on the Mechanical Properties of the (PS:NR:No:2 , April 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djps.1302.203AP-ISSN: 2222-8373 E-ISSN: 2518-9255 polymer blend [13].The development of new polymeric blends is an important and creative technological way of obtaining new applications for polymeric materials, decreasing costs and optimizing properties of the final products.Most of the polymers are immiscible during their

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Most polymer blends obtained by mixing melted components form heterogeneous systems with an emulsion type of structure.The component with the lower volume fraction takes the form of particles dispersed in the medium of the second component.The aim of the research study of the Effect of Nano (Y2O3 ) on the Mechanical Properties of the (PS:NR:PMMA) Polymer Blend Composite Unsaturated Polyester resin) (UPS) as the basis of the Company , with Saudi Arabia in the form of a transparent viscous liquid at room temperature, one of the types of polymers thermally hardened (Thermosets) density (1200Kg / m 3 ) turns to solid state when adding tempered Effect of Nano (Y2O3 ) on the Mechanical Properties of the (PS:NR:No:2 , April 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djps.1302.203AP-ISSN: 2222-8373 E-ISSN: 2518-9255 (Hardener) factory production company (SIR), which Saudi Arabia (MEKP) (Methyl-Ethyl Keton Peroxide) on the transparent liquid form and is added to the polycarbonate resin ester is saturated by (1 g) of each tempered (100g) of polycarbonate resin unsaturated ester at room temperature required materials ready in the my search .b. polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cold curing , type (Castavaria) made by (Vertex -Dental Company), Vertex™ Castavaria is a multifunctional self-polymerizing acrylic which is perfectly useable as a pouring, relining, rebasing and as a repair acrylic.c.Natural rubber, made by Malaysia, which is melted by Tlowin .d. Powder material Nano particle Yttrium oxide ( Y2O3) ,made by Chendgu Haoxuan Technology

Fig.( 3 - 4 )
Fig.(3-4) show the flexural strength values for the polymer blend (UPS:NR ) as a Relative to NR .it was found from this figure that the fracture strength decreases with function NR to UPS .and(UPS:PMMA) as a Relative to PMMA .Observed the value fracture strength decreases with increases the ratio the PMMA in to polymer blend composite because the PMMA it's brittle .

Fig.( 3 - 4 ) 20 Vol: 13
Fig.(3-4) Fracture strength of the polymer blend (UPS:NR) as a function of NR content in composite and Flexure strength of polymer blend (PS:PMMA) as a function of PMMA content in composite

Fig. 3 -
Fig.3-9 show curve the third group of polymer blend composites and which consists to matrix polyester (UPS:NR:PMMA:Y2O3) as a function of Y2O3 , observed the value Yong modules increases when increases ratio Y2O3 in to polymer blend composite .

Fig. 3 - 25 Vol: 13 Fig. 3 -Fig. 3 -
Fig.3-11 Effect of polymer blend (UPS:NR) as a function of NR content in the blend polymer blend (UPS:PMMA) as a function of PMMA content in the blend

Figure ( 3 -
Figure (3-17) show the compression curves of the first group (UPS:NR) as a function of NR and observed the compression value decreases with increases the ratio NR of the polymer blend composite .the reason to the polymer blend composite metal Gained plasticity property (UPS:PMMA) as a function PMMA , observed the compression value decreases with increases the ratio the PMMA in to polymer blend composite .

Fig. 3 -
Fig. 3-17 The compressive strength of polymer blend (UPS: NR) as a function of NR content in the blend polymer blend (UPS: PMMA) as a function of PMMA content in composite