The Diversity of Phytophage and Entomophage Insect Species in Sugarcane Plantations Planted with Flowering Plants

This study aimed to know the influence of planting the flowering plants in sugarcane plantation on the index value of diversity, domination, and the eveness of phytophage and entomophage insect species in sugarcane plantation. This study was done on two-month and six-month sugarcane of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Cinta Manis District. The research location is located in Ketiau Village, Lubuk Keliat District, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. The study was conducted from July to December 2018. Insects that came to flowering plants were collected by using fitfall traps, nets, and direct capture of insects that came. The results showed that the age of sugarcane affected the diversity of Entomophage and Phytophage insect species that came to the flowering plants. At 2-moth-old sugar cane plantations were found 42 species (388 individuals) and 6-month-old sugarcane plantations were found 41 species (284 individuals). The diversity of Phytophage and Entomophage species that came to flowering plants in the 2-month-old sugarcane plantations was almost the same as in the 6-month-old sugarcane plantations. Phytopage species diversity index values were 2.826 and 2.548, while Entomophage were 2.564 and 2.867.


Introduction
Plantation crops are very important in the base of agricultural natural resources. Plantation sub-sectors is the one of that has an important contribution in terms of value creation reflected in its contribution to gross domestic product of Rp. 159.75.9 billion in 2013 [1].
South Sumatra is one of the provinces contributing the largest production of dry land plantation commodities, one of which is sugarcane commodity. The area of sugarcane in Cinta Manis dry land is approximately 25 thousands hectares [2]. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is the most important raw material in making sugar. The composition of the sap consists of about 75-80% water and about 20-25% dry matter [3], in this dry material sucrose content, sucrose accumulation in young stems is the lowest [4].
Pest insects control using flowering plants has not received much attention from farmers and companies engaged in agricultural production. Control with this method in sugarcane planting is expected to suppress attacks from stem and bud borer pests biologically. Biological control has advantages compared to other methods of control, because it does not have negative influence on agricultural products produced [5].
This biological control still tends to the use of entomophage insects to control agricultural insect pests. The use of parasitoid and predators insects has been widely practiced besides using biological agents. To control sugarcane borer pests, it has been been used Trichogramma spp parasitoid [6]. Failure in controlling can occur if the parasitoids and predators lack of food source (nectar or honey) for insects. Flowering plants can improve predator visited and polen suply and nectar and breeding sites and increasing fecundity predator [7]. The nectar and pollen content in flowers is also become attraction for insects. Marigold flower as rich source of nectar and polen for honeybee species [8]. Planting flowering plants with attractive colors around or at the edge of agricultural or plantations can increase the biological control of agricultural pests.
Saida Fitriani Azim et al, 2020 | 2. Materials and Methods 28 However, surprisingly there are few publications published where the addition of flowering plants has both increased natural enemy populations and increased pest suppression [9]. There are many types of flowering plants both single flowers and plural flowers and some even provide a source of food that is small or large. Flowers must be chosen carefully to provide resources that are easily accessed by natural enemies but not by moths or other pests that use pollen [10] or by predators or parasitoids from natural enemy species that are being sought for conservation [11].
Insects associated with sugarcane plantations have diverse expertise. These insects can act as phytophages, predators, pollinators [12]. Insects really like flowers, they visit flowers to get food sources, namely pollen and nectar. Because flowers attract large numbers of useful arthropods, that blooming marigold flower is attractedbt three species of honeybee viz. A. Cerana , A.Florea and A. Dorsatabesides four species from anthophoridae and one each from vespidae and scolidae. [13]. [13].

Place and Time
This study was conducted in a sugarcane plantation of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Cinta Manis District Sugarcane Estate. The study location is located in Ketiau Village, Lubuk Keliat District, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. The study in this location was done in July to December 2018. The research plots were located near sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months.

Materials and Tools
The tools used in this study include stationery, jars, macro cameras (Nikon), microscopes, vial bottles, jars, tweezers, insect nets, insect traps, meters, insect identification key books and Past Software 2.1. The ingredients used are yellow cosmos flowers, marigolds flower seeds, bougenvillea flower seeds, and 70% alcohol.

Research Methodology
This research was conducted by using the experimental method. Experiment was carried out in sugarcane fields aged 2 and 6 months. There were 3 plant treatments carried out, first planting single type of flower, second planting 2 types of flowers, and third planting 3 types of flowers. T1 = A1 B1 C1 Mix2 = AB2 AB2 AB2 Mix3 = ABC Note: (A) Yellow Cosmos flowers (Cosmos sulpherus),(B) Bougenvillea (Zinnia elegans Jacq), and (C) marrigold (Tagetes electra).

Prosedure a. Determine Research Loacation
The area of sugar cane plantations owned by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Cinta Manis District Sugarcane Estate South Sumatra reaches 2,733.0 hectares. The study was conducted on sugar cane plantations aged 2 and 6 months. Sugarcane planting plots with these criteria are located in Rayon IV plot. Location of flower seed planting was done on area of 100 m2 (20 m x 5 m) see (Figure 3.1).
Sumber.www.google.com/maps/rayon iv Kubukkeliat Cinta Manis The trap was made of plastic cup with 12 ml volume (6.5 cm Top diameter, 9.5 cm height). On the cup was perforated at the height of 1 cm from the base to prevent rain water from entering.

Insect Nets
Insect nets were made of white gauze formed in cone with 60 cm height. Stick the gauze on 30 cm diameter steal and sew it with wire and after that attact it on 1 meter length net stick.

Planting the Flowering Plants
Cultivation of land using plow along the sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months at an area of 100 m 2 (20 m x 5 m) with a spacing of 10 meters. Yellow cosmos seeds, bougenvillea, and marigolds are sown in the land along the sugarcane plantations that had been prepared. Watering was done every morning and evening on the land that had been sown with flower seeds.

The Installation of Pitfall Trap a. Pitfall Trap
Pitfall trap had been used to catch the active insect on the surface of the ground. Dig a hole of 6.5 cm to be installed with pitfall traps in 3 points; the first was flower planting area, the second was sugar cane planting area, and the third was between flowering plant and sugarcane planting area. Into the pitfall trap installed, it was inserted detergent liquid as high as 2cm. Examination of trapped insects by the pitfall trap was left in place 24 hours after being installed.

b. Insects Nets
Insect nets were used to catch insects in flowering plants and around sugar cane plants. The use of insect nets was done at 07.00 -10.00 a.m. The insect net was swung on the surface of the flower plant by counting the 10 swing swings (5 left and 5 right). Insects caught in the net are put into plastic bags and tied with rubber and then labeled the date, day and place of the insects that were caught and then taken to the laboratory to be identified.

c. Visual Observation
The active insects that on the flowering plants were also documented. On the camera were set date, day, and place to take insect photos. Insects found on the flowera were identified. Observation of pitfall traps, nets, visuals was done every 1 week.

Insect Sample Identification
Samples that had been obtained were then identified. Identification was done at the Natural Enemy Laboratory of Cinta Manis Sugarcane Estate of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII by using identification books written [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]. Identification was conducted macroscopically and microscopically using a stereo microscope. The observed insects were made documentation in the form of photographs. Identification was done based on morphological characteristics to determine the Order, Family and Genus of Species.

Data Analyses
Number of species or number of individuals between surgacane plantations aged 2-month-old and 6month-old was done using the analyses Chi-square goodness of fit test. Whereas for the analysis of insect species structure was calculated using (INP) Important Value Index, namely diversity using the Shannon index, dominance, evenness calculated with equations A.1, A.2, and A.3.

a. The Diversity Index
The result of sampling data in the field was done to count species as in the Shanon-Wiener calculation [19]:  [17], can be counted by using the followinf formula:

…..A.2
Note: E = Uniformity Index Hmax = Maximum Diversity (ln S) S = Species Number Evenness Index values have criteria: e< 0,5 = Evenness among species is low, because the individual wealth possessed by each species is very different. e > 0,5 = The relationship between species is relatively even or the number of individuals of each species is relatively equal.

c. Eveness Index
According to [20] species dominance at each station that can be different, then it can be determined by Simpson's dominance index as follows: The criteria of dominance is as follows: D < 0,5 = There are no species that dominate other species or community structures in a stable condition D > 0,5 = There are species that dominate other species or unstable community structures, due to ecological stress.

Results and Discussion
The results showed that the age of sugarcane can effect the diversity of entomophage and phytophage insects in flowering plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months. Phytophage and entomophage insects found on flowering plantations planted on sugarcane plantations aged 2 months were more than sugarcane plantations aged 6 months.

Saida Fitriani Azim et al, 2020 | 30
The results showed that the yellow color of flowers could affect the presence of entomophage and phytophage insects. In the Yellow Cosmos (Cosmos Sulphereus) were more insects found than on the paper flower (Zinnia elegans) and marigold (Tagetes Electra) plants. In Figure 2, it can be seen that (a) yellow cosmos flower is the dominant type of yellow flower, (b) bougainvillea flower has various flower color variants, and (c) marigold flower has a scent that can be a repellent or attractor for insects.
The results showed that insect species found in flowering plantations that were planted near the 2-monthold sugarcane plantations were 42 species and in the 6month-old sugarcane plantations there were 41 species.  In Table 4.1 it can be seen that there were entomophage insect species found in flowering plants that are planted near sugarcane plantations at 6 months and 2 months. There were entomofag insect species which were only found in flowering plants planted near the 6-monthold sugarcane plantations. There were phytophage species that only found in flowering plants planted near 2-monthold sugarcane plantations but were not found in 6-monthold sugarcane plantations or vice versa. It showed that the age of sugarcane plants can affect the presence of phytophage insects that come to flowering plants.

The The Diversity Insect Species found on flowering plants yellow cosmos flower , marrigold flower, and paper flower planted near 2-month-old sugarcane plantations.
The results showed that the number of insect species in the flowering plants yellow cosmos flower planted near the 2-month-old sugarcane crops were 30 species. Insects species that were found in flowering plants marrigold were 13 species, and on flowering plants paper flower were 18 species. The number of insect individuals in the flowering plants yellow cosmos flower was more than flowering plants marrigold and paper flower. (Table 4.2). In Table.4.2 it can be seen that there were ordo coleoptera species Coccinella transversals and Altica aenescens which were mostly found in flowering plants yellow cosmos flower. Otherwise there were insect species that were only found in flowering plants paper flower and marrigold but not found in the flowering plants yellow cosmos flower.

The Diversity Insect Species found on flowering plants yellow cosmos flower, marrigold flower, and paper flower planted near 6-month-old sugarcane plantations.
The results showed that the number of insect species in the flowering plants yellow cosmos flower was more than flowering plants paper flower and marrigold. Insects species that were found in flowering plants yellow cosmos flower were 32 species, and on flowering plants paper flower were 20 species. Insects species that were found in flowering plants marrigold were 18 species. (Table 4.3). In Table 1.3 it can be seen that there were insects only found in flowering plants yellow cosmos flower planted. There were insects species that were only found in flowering plants paper flower planted. The species was Orthertrum tricacria, otherwise there were insect species not found in flowering plants paper flower but found in flowering plants yellow cosmos flower and marrigold.

Index of Diversity, Dominance and Evenness of Entomophage and Phytophage Insects on Flowering Plants Planted near Sugarcane Plantation aged 2 and 6 months
The result of the research showed that the diversity index, dominance index, and evenness index of phytophage and entomophage insect species on flowering plants planted near 2-month-old and 6-month-old sugarcane plantation was relatively the same.Based on the diversity index criteria, it can be seen that the diversity of phytophage and entomophage insect species in flowering plants planted near sugarcane plantations was relatively similar. (Table 4 In table 1.4 it can be seen that the dominance index value is smaller than 0.5 and the evenness index is greater than 0.5. This shows that there were no dominant entomophage and phytophage insect species. And it also shows that the spread of phytophage and entomophage insect species in flowering plants was relatively evenly distributed in flower plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 months and 6 months old.
In Table 4.5. it can be seen that the number of individual of entomophage insects in flowering plants near the 2-month-old sugarcane plants was less than the number of phytophage individual insects. However, in flowering plants that were planted near 6-month-old sugarcane plantations the number of entomophage insect individuals was greater than the number of phytophage insect individuals. This shows that sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months planted with flowering plants can affect the number of entomophage insect individuals.
The result showed that the diversity of entomophage insect species on flowering plants in 2-month-old and 6month-old sugarcane plantations was higher than that of phytophage insects. The number of individual phytophage insect species in flowering plants planted near 2-month-old sugarcane plantations was more than entomophage insects. Conversely, the number of individual species of phytophage insects in flowering plants planted near the 6month-old sugarcane crops was less than the entomophage insect species (Table 4.5)

The Effect of Flowering Plants on the Existence of Phytophage and Entomophage Insect Species on Flowering Plants that are Planted near the Sugarcane Plantations aged 2 and 6 months.
The results showed that the type of flowering plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months could affect the species of phytophage and entomophage insects found. The entomophage insects found were higher than the phytophage insect species. In flowering plants that were planted near 2-month-old sugarcane plantations were found relatively similar insect species number. Conversely, insect species found in 6-month-old sugarcane plantations were more than in 2-month-old sugarcane plantations (  In Table 4.6 it can be seen that the insects found on Yellow Cosmos plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months were 55.3% more than on marigolds and bougainvillea flowers. Insect species found on marigold plants were 26.7% smaller than on bougainvillea, predicted it was influenced by the smell or aroma caused by marigold flowers. There were insects using eyes that only attracted to the yellow color. Yellow is a bright and bright color compared to other colors. The results showed that the type of flowering plants that were planted polyculturally near sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months could affect the species of phytophage and entomophage found. The number of entomophage insects was found more than phytophage insect species. In flowering plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 months and 6 months, it was found that phytophage insect species and entomophage insect species were the same in number. (Table 4.6).
In Table 4.7, it can be seen that the insects found in the polyculture flowering plants (Yellowcosmos -Bougainvillea) planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 and 6 months were 25.8% more than the Bougainvillea-Marigold and YellowCosmos-Marigold flowering plants. Phytophage insect species and entomofag insect species found in flowering plants that were planted near the 2 and 6 month old sugarcane plantations were 30.9% greater than the flowering plants above (Table 4.6). It shows that the more flowering plant population can affect the presence of insect species.
The results showed that the diversity index of entomophage species and phytophage insects in flowering plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 6 months was higher with a value of 3.49 than flowering plants planted near sugarcane plantations aged 2 months with a value of 3.43. Research of [21] states that the diversity index can be used to express the relationship of species abundance in the commnity, the higher the diversity index, the better the relationship of species abundance in the community or stable.
The results showed that the dominance index of entomophage and phytophage insect species in flowering plants that were planted near 2-month-old sugarcane plantations and flowering plants that were planted near 6month-old sugarcane plantations were 0.041 and 0.035 or the dominance is smaller than 0.5 which means that there were no entomophage insect species and phytophage insects species that dominate, or community structures were stable [22].
The results showed that the evenness index of entomophage insect and phytophage insects species on flowering plants planted near 2-month-old sugarcane plantations and on flowering plants that were planted near 6-month-old sugarcane plantations were 0.735 and 0.784 or E> 0.5 which means the evenness between relative species evenly distributed or the number of individuals of each species is relatively the same. According to [23] the evenness index ranged from 0 to 0.979, this figure shows that the individual existence of each species in a location were quite balanced.

Conclusion
1. Flowering plants that were planted near sugarcane plantations in 2-month-old and 6-month-old can affect the insect species entomophage and phytophage which comes to flowering crop. 2. The three types of flowering plants that were planted near sugarcane plantations in 2-monht-old and 6month-old, yellow cosmos flower are more effective the presence of entomophage and phytophage insects

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank for the PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Cinta Manis District.