Comparative Study on Human Development Index ( HDI ) : Indonesia and Bangladesh Context

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a development indicator since 1990, operated by the United Nations Development Programme. Our entitled “Comparative Study on Human Development Index (HDI): Indonesia and Bangladesh Context” paper will focus on comparison of both countries situation. In common scenes Indonesia is in advance than Bangladesh but what is the real situation are exist in both countries will be explained by our study. Here we will compare series data (1980-2011) & its trends, value comparison (20112012), of two countries. In this paper we have analysis following segments of two countries named Inequality-adjusted HDI(IHDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and Cross-Analysis of Indonesia & Bangladesh related to others relevant data like: Demographic Situation, Education Condition, Health Situation, Gender Observation etc. In our paper we have used New method for 2011 data onwards that Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), starting with the 2011 Human Development Report the HDI combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth, Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling, A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$). Hopefully this paper will give us a clear idea about two countries current socio-economic condition as well. Keyword: HDI, Gender, Poverty, Demographic, Indonesia, Bangladesh etc. Background of the Study The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was created by economist Mahbubul Haq, followed by economist Amartya Sen in 1990, and published by the United Nations Development Programme. The 2011 Human Development Report presents 2011 Human Development Index (HDI) values and ranks for 187 countries and UN-recognized territories, along with the Inequality-adjusted HDI for 134 countries, the Gender Inequality Index for 146 countries, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index for 109 countries. Country rankings and values in the annual Human Development Index (HDI) are kept understrict embargo until the global launch and worldwide electronic release of the Human Development Report. Let us see the Concepts related to Human Development Index (HDI). Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 for details on how the HDI is calculated. (UNDP: 2012) Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing


Background of the Study
The Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index (HDI)
The HDI is a summary measure for assessing long-term progress in three basic dimensions of  The supplied illustration provides information on given by the difference between the HDI and the IHDI, and can be expressed as a percentage.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects  Female participation in the labour market is 52.0 percent compared to 86.0 for men.On the other hand, Bangladesh has a GII value of 0.550, ranking it 112 in the same period of time.In Bangladesh, 18.6 percent of parliamentary seat share held by women, and 30.8 percent of adult women have reached a secondary or higher level of education compared to 39.3 percent of their male counterparts.For every 100,000 live births, 340 women die from pregnancy related causes; and the adolescent fertility rate is 78.9 births per 1000 live births.
Female participation in the labour market is 58.7 per cent compared to 82.5 for men.
From the above mentioned information we can easily say that in the context of maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate progress is good in Indonesia than Bangladesh while the female seats in parliament, population at least secondary education especially female context Bangladesh made a fantastic effort on those than Indonesia.

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
The is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development.It was created by economist Mahbubul Haq, followed by economist Amartya Sen in 1990, and published by the United Nations Development Programme.The 2011 Human Development Report presents 2011 Human Development Index (HDI) values and ranks for 187 countries and UN-recognized territories, along with the Inequality-adjusted HDI for 134 countries, the Gender Inequality Index for 146 countries, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index for 109 countries.Country rankings and values in the annual Human Development Index (HDI) are kept understrict embargo until the global launch and worldwide electronic release of the Human Development Report.Let us see the Concepts related to Human Development Index (HDI).Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development-a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.See Technical note 1 for details on how the HDI is calculated.(UNDP: 2012) Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant's life.Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of agespecific enrolment rates persist throughout the child's life.Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP) rates, divided by midyear population.GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in rankings by GNI per capita and by the HDI.A negative value means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by the HDI.Non income HDI Value of the HDI computed from the life expectancy and education indicators only New method for 2011 data on wards Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), starting with the 2011 Human Development Report the HDI combines three dimensions: 1.A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth 2. Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling 3. A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$) In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI.The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25year-old person or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5year-old child will spend with his education in his whole life) GNI pc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita (UNDP: 2012) Objectives of the Study: Here we want to explore the comparative study on between Indonesia & Bangladesh HDI current situation (2011) in our paper.In general, Bangladesh is still belongs to low HDI rank however Indonesia is Middle HDI rank.But we want to see the gap & trends between two countries of development regarding the indicators of HDI up to 2011.
human development: along and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.As in the 2010 HDR along and healthy life is measured by life expectancy, access to knowledge is measured by: i) mean years of adult education, which is the average number of years of education received in a life-time by people aged 25 years and older; and ii) expected years of schooling for children of school-entrance age, which is the total number of years of schooling a child of school-entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates stay the same throughout the child's life.Standard of living is measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita expressed in constant 2005 PPP$.(UNDP: 2013) To ensure as much cross-country comparability as possible, the HDI is based primarily on international data from the UN Population Division, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and the World Bank.To allow for assessment of progress in HDIs, the 2011 report includes recalculated HDIs from 1980 to 2011.(UNDP: 2012) HDI trends based on consistent time series data in Indonesia and Bangladesh for a period of 30 years.As far as is seen, HDI trends in two countries are gradually increasing but in comparison their rate of increase is different.According to presentation, Indonesia's HDI value for 2011 is 0.617-in the medium human development category-positioning the country at 124 out of 187 countries and territories.Between 1980 and 2011, Indonesia's HDI value increased from 0.423 to 0.617, an increase of 45.9 percent or average annual increase of about 1.2 per cent.At the same time & situation Bangladesh HDI value is 0.500 -in the low human development category at 146 ranks.Bangladesh HDI value increased from 0.303 to 0.500, an increase of 65.0 per cent or average annual increase of about 1.6 per cent.So we can say that trend of increase rate in Bangladesh is better than Indonesia.According to the chart reviews, Indonesia's progress in each of the HDI indicators Between 1980 and 2011, Indonesia's life expectancy at birth increased by11.8 years, mean years of schooling increased by 2.7 years and expected years of schooling increased by 4.5 years.Indonesia's GNI per capita increased by about 181.8 percent between 1980 and 2011 and at the same stage Bangladesh's progress in life expectancy at birth increased by 13.7 years, means years of schooling increased by 2.8 years and expected years of schooling increased by 3.7 years & GNI per capita increased by about 162.0 per cent.Here we can see life expectancy & means years of schooling increased in Bangladesh than Indonesia while expected years of schooling & GNI per capita increased in Indonesia than Bangladesh.But in general we can say the progress rate of Indonesia is better than Bangladesh from the last 30 years as well.Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) The HDI is an average measure of basic human development achievements in a country.Like all averages, the HDI masks inequality in the distribution of human development across the population at the country level.The 2010 HDR introduced the 'inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)', which takes into account inequality in all three dimensions of the HDI by 'discounting' each dimension's average value according to its level of inequality.The HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development and IHDI as an index of actual human development.The 'loss' in potential human development due to inequality is economic activity.Reproductive health is measured by maternal mortality and adolescent fertility rates; empowerment is measured by the share of parliamentary seats held by each gender and attainment at secondary and higher education by each gender; and economic activity is measured by the labour market participation rate for each gender.The GII replaced the previous Genderrelated Development Index and Gender Empowerment Index.The GII shows the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in the three GII dimensions.(For more details on GII please see Technical note 3 in the Statistics Annex.) deprivations in the same households in education, health and standard of living.The education and health dimensions are based on two indicators each while the standard of living dimension is based on six indicators.All of the indicators needed to construct the MPI for a household are taken from the same household survey.The indicators are weighted, and the deprivation scores are computed for each household in the survey.Acut-off of 33.3 percent, which is the equivalent of one-third of the weighted indicators, is used to distinguish between the poor and nonpoor.If the household deprivation score is 33.3 percent or greater, that house hold (and everyone in it) is multidimensionality poor.Households with a deprivation score greater than ore qual to 20 percent but less than 33.3 percent are vulnerable toor at risk of becoming multidimensionality poor.

Table E :
Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Philippine& China's MPI for 2011 relative to selected countries (UNDP: 2012) Expenditure on health, public (% of GDP) (%) is 1.2 percent where the rate of Bangladesh is 1.1 only.In Indonesia Under-five mortality (per 1,000 live births) are 39 where the rate is too high in Bangladesh and the number is 52.And in the context of Life expectancy at birth (years) indicators, 69.4 in Indonesia where 68.9 in Bangladesh.(2011) and we saw that in general Bangladesh is still belongs to low HDI rank however Indonesia is Middle HDI rank.we also saw that the gap & trends between two countries are so high.Indonesia is chronologically going to developed countries line while the Bangladesh is trying to overcoming its major challenges in daily life like poverty, health, education, discrimination, gender and quality as well.The paper is fully describing author own views and perspective so any types of criticism are well come as well. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index/2.00P.M/14/02/2013