Indonesian Slang Word Formation Processes in TikTok

: Language changes over time due to social and cultural factors. These changes are evident through language varieties such as standard and non-standard languages, dialects, accents, and registers. This research focuses on one type of language variation, namely slang. Slang words show that language is constantly changing. For example, there are many new slang words that emerge and old ones that are no longer used or replaced. Slang also reflects people’s creativity because through slang we can see how someone can be very creative in making new words or modifying existing words. This research aims to identify the slang words that appear in the comments section of TikTok during June to December 2022 and analyze the word formation process of each slang found. The writers used the qualitative descriptive method in order to present the data thoroughly. This study found that there were 39 slang words that appeared repeatedly and there were six most common word formation processes found in TikTok comments, namely blending, clipping, borrowing, acronym, affixation, and multiple processes. The most frequent processes are blending and clipping. The least frequent word formation processes are affixation and borrowing.


INTRODUCTION
Language keeps changing and evolving over time due to changes in society.These changes can be major or minor (Adam, 2015).The development of language can be influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors.The endogenous factors are factors coming from the human beings themselves and the exogenous or external factors are factors coming from the new technologies, new products, new experiences, trends, and globalization.Language change and development is a hard thing to avoid because it is a part of culture acculturation.
Slang words are often associated with language change because they are faddish or shortlived (O'Grady & De Guzman, 2016).Slang words are often gaining popularity and then later disappear (Holmes & Wilson, 2022).For instance, people nowadays rarely use words such as crib and dope.Indonesian slang words that were popular in the 1970s such as doku and gokil sound strange nowadays.Slang is often associated with novelty (Ruth-Gordon, 2021).Even though not all new words are categorized as slang, slang words are often gaining popularity because of their newness.Many slang words are modified from the existing ones or are invented.
Slang is categorized as a type of non-standard language variety as opposed to standard variety---language we use on formal occasions and are taught in schools.(O'Grady & De Guzman, 2016).Non-standard language is the language used on informal occasions.Slang changes over time because humans are inherently creative.They invent new words or modify existing words that suit the most current situation and condition.Ruth-Gordon (2021) posits that slang definition encompasses slang's characteristics such as novelty, expressions of group solidarity, and tools to achieve social and linguistic goals.
Slang is used by a particular group of people in many social media platforms.Some examples of popular social media nowadays are YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, Line, Twitter, Telegram, Pinterest, etc.Here, the writers wanted to highlight one of the most current trending social media platforms.Among the above platforms, TikTok is a very popular application with over 2.5 billion installs (Bresnick, 2019).TikTok is known as Douyin in China.It was launched in 2016 by Chinese startup company ByteDance.TikTok, a shortform mobile video, joined the ranks of social media giants in record time.The goal of this application is to inspire creativity and bring joy.TikTok is a video-sharing platform focusing on social networking services that host a variety of short-form user videos, from genres like dance, singing, comedy, education, and sports, with durations ranging from 15 seconds to three minutes.TikTok's features are very complete starting from Comment, Share, Save Video, Private Video, Add to Favorite, Auto Captions, Live, Beautify, Filter, Effect, Transition, and Music.Here, the writers are interested in the Comment feature because there are a lot of language variations that can be found there including slang words.In fact, the comments found in TikTok are often more interesting than the video.
Slang words are often created through various word formation processes (Ruth-Gordon, 2016).Previous researchers on slang words investigated the most common types of word formation processes on different texts and discourses such as in social media (Oktavianingsih et al., 2022;Pratama & Imperiani, 2020), and songs (Dewi & Widiastuti, 2020).Pratama and Imperiani (2020) found out that borrowing is the most common word formation process.Meanwhile, a study on K-popers' slang words in TikTok found that the basic word forms are the most common (Oktavianingsih et al., 2022).Out of these current studies on slang words, very few studies investigate the word formation processes in Indonesian Tiktok slang words in Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014) posited that slang is a universal entity.It exists in all languages in the world and changes over time.Furthermore, they suggested that slang is often created due to social needs and reflects human creativity.Slang is not a type of a corrupt language.Many definitions of slang include "social goals of marking informality, conveying creativity or playfulness, displaying irreverence or even a rejection of formal conventions" (Roth-Gordon, 2021: 1).Slang speech is characterized by various linguistic features that reflect the users' way of living and using the language with emphasis on belonging to a particular group of language users.Slang words are characterized by a high degree of informality, familiarity, and vocabulary richness.According to Julie Coleman (2012), slang is creative, vibrant, poetic, and revolutionary.Slang words are realized by a specific group of people whose members are connected with some particular link, such as territory (Indonesia), age (teenagers), subculture (students), and mainly occur in the spoken form of the language.Due to changes in society, it is very likely for slang to change rapidly.Slang words that people are currently using may become obsolete or disappear from the vocabulary entirely (Holmes & Wilson, 2022).To say that some utterance is slang, or contains a slang expression, is to inhabit a metapragmatic stance that evaluates its speaker as deviating from a presumed standard.Such a stance may or may not correspond to social regularities of evaluation (Agha, 2015).

1.
Eponym: This process is a similar process with coinage called eponyms.It uses people's name to describe scale or events related to the people's role, e.g., boycott, watt, and richter.

Coinage:
One of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage, that is, the invention of totally new terms.For example, kodak, dacron, and teflon.The most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product.

Borrowing:
The taking over of words from other languages, e.g., dope (Dutch), piano (Italian), tattoo (Tahitian), jewel (French), pretzel (German), glitzy (Yiddish), ski (Norwegian), yogurt (Turkish).In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.

Compounding:
In some of those examples we have just considered, there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form.For example, good-looking, low-profile, bad-mood, etc.

5.
Blending: The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending, e.g., bit (binary/digit), brunch (breakfast/lunch), motel (motor/hotel), frenemy (friend enemy) However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.

6.
Clipping: The element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping.For example, ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), fan (fanatic), flu (influenza), perm (permanent wave), etc.

Backformation:
A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation.Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb).

Conversion:
A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion.Other labels for this very common process are 'category change' and 'functional shift'.A number of nouns such as water, butter, and chair have come to be used, through conversion, as verbs: Do you mind water my plant?; Have you buttered the toast?; Someone has to chair the meeting.

9.
Acronym/Initialism: Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words such as ATM ("automatic teller machine") and the required PIN ("personal identification number").

Derivation:
In our list so far, we have not dealt with what is by far the most common word formation process to be found in the production of new English words.This process is called derivation and it is accomplished by means of a large number of small 'bits' of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries.The familiar examples are the elements un-, mis-, pre-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism and -ness which appear in words like unhealthy, misunderstand, preorder, mouthful, cashless, boyish, terrorism and madness.
11. Prefixes and Suffixes: Looking more closely at the preceding group of words, we can see that some affixes have to be added to the beginning of the word.These are called prefixes.Other affixes have to be added to the end of the word and are called suffixes.All English words formed by this derivational process have either prefixes or suffixes, or both such as mislead that has a June 2024, pp.89 -111 https://doi.org/10.24167/celt.v24i1;ISSN: 1412-3320 (print); ISSN: 2502-4914 (online); Accredited; DOAJ prefix, disrespectful that has both a prefix and a suffix, and foolishness that has two suffixes.
12. Infixes: There is a third type of affix, not normally used in English, but found in some other languages.This is called an infix and, as the term suggests, it is an affix that is incorporated inside another word.The examples are outfreakinstanding!and absogoddamlutely! 13.Multiple Processes: Although we have concentrated on each of these word-formation processes in isolation, it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word.The example is Yuppie.It was made possible as a new word by analogy with the earlier word hippie and another short-lived analogy yippie.The word yippie also had an acronym basis ("youth international party") and was used for some students in the USA who were protesting against the war in Vietnam.One joke has it that yippies just grew up to be yuppies.Burdova (2009) stated that in the process of shortening, so-called abbreviations, new words are created by shortening of existing words.
The main aim of abbreviations is the economy of language.Next is Acronyms, it is aimed at initial letters of words which can be pronounced either as sequences of letters.Clipping, in which new words are created by shortening of polysyllabic words, is a good example for terms of special groups.Blends are compounds in which enough of each component is retained so that new words are readily analyzed (Burdová, 2009).Reverse, the reverse of letter order of a word.
Here are some examples: SNAG (Sensitive New-Age Guy), SNAFU (Situation Normal All Fucked Up).

METHOD A. Type of Research
In this research, the writers employed descriptive qualitative research because this type of research is aimed at describing a phenomenon and its characteristics.Creswell & Creswell (2018) defined qualitative research as "an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem (p.41)".The process of research involved emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant's setting, data analysis inductively built from particulars to general themes, and the writers made interpretations of the meaning of the data.The final written report had a flexible structure, and the focus is on the individual meaning and the importance of reporting the complexity of a situation.

B. Data Source
The data for this study was taken from the For You page of the writers' TikTok account.TikTok is a short video sharing application that allows users to create and share videos starting from 15 seconds to 3 minutes, on any topic.TikTok has interesting features such as Like, Share, Duet, Stitch, Comment, Add to Favorite, Save Videos, Report, and Not Interested.In the TikTok https://doi.org/10.24167/celt.v24i1;ISSN: 1412-3320 (print); ISSN: 2502-4914 (online); Accredited; DOAJ Comment feature we can find a lot of slang words.The data in this study was taken from Indonesian TikTok comments.

C. Research Procedure
Data were collected and analyzed through some steps.First, the writers collected the comments from the Comment feature found in TikTok videos in June to December 2022.Next, she took the comments from TikTok's Comment feature from the For You page.The data were the slang words that were used by the Indonesian TikTok user.The data that had been collected was analyzed using O'Grady & De Guzman's word formation process (O'Grady & De Guzman, 2016).The data were analyzed thoroughly, and the results were described and classified into thirteenth word formation basic processes; eponym, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, inflection, prefixes and suffixes, infixes, and multiple processes.

A. Findings
The purposes of this study are to make an inventory of some slang words used by TikTokers in Indonesia and analyze how these slang words are formed.To address those research questions, the writers collected the slang words in Indonesia's TikTok.The data were taken from June to December 2022.In this part, the writers present the findings.

Slang Words Used by Indonesian TikTokers
From the data collected from TikTok videos, the writers found 39 slang words.The following table presents the slang words, their meanings, and the examples of the words in sentences.

The Word Formation Process of Slang Words
From the data collected, the writers analyzed the data using the theory of O'Grady & De Guzman (O'Grady & De Guzman, 2016).Based on the theory, there are 13 word formation processes.They are derivation, compounding, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronym, onomatopoeia, coinage, inflection, affixes, borrowing, and etymology.The result of the analysis showed that there are 6 word formation processes: borrowing, clipping, prefixes, blending, mixed process, and acronyms.Meanwhile, coinage, eponym, compounding, derivation, infixes, conversion, and backformation are not found.This word is used to tell that somebody is being controlled with love all the time.'Bucin' can express that someone wants to be with their loved one all the time.

Mabar (main bareng)
Play together A: "Lagi apa nih?Mabar game online yuk!" (Are you busy?Let's play a mobile game!) B: "Yuk!" (Let's go!) 'Mabar' stands for main bareng.This word is used when someone asks to play a mobile game together.

Salting (salah tingkah)
Blushed A: "Dia salting banget diliatin sama si cewek."(He blushed when the girl stare at him.)B: "Tatapannya bikin jatuh cinta."(The way she look at him made him feel in love.)Salah is wrong and tingkah is behaviour so the literal meaning is wrong behaviour.But the colloquial meaning of 'salting' is acting funny or weird or blushed because of something.It is used in the context of love.For example, you act weird/funny or blush because someone you like chats you.

Fail to move on
A: "Aku masih kepikiran mantan terus nih kalo denger lagu ini.Anjing means bitch/asshole in English.To sound less rude, people make it shorter to 'anj'.

Kek (kayak)
Like/ be like  Yes "Aduh, sabar ygy.Jangan cemburu jangan iri." (Please be patient guys.Don't be jealous.)This acronym functions as plural pronouns.SD (Sadar diri) Self-aware A: "Eh cantik banget tu.Kamu ngga mau deketin dia?" (Woah she is so pretty.Why don't you approach her?) B: " SD plis!Aku ngga seganteng itu." (I have to be self-aware, bro.I am not that handsome you know.)This acronym is taken from the new TikTok celebrity named Fajar.He was invited to one of the national TV shows and he was given a chance to have a conversation with an Indonesian famous artist and so he said that he has to be self-aware or sadar diri in Indonesian language.Sadar diri is shortened as 'SD'.

YTTA (Yang tau tau aja)
For those who know A: "Eh kok kamu sinis sih sama si B?" (Why are you so cynical with B?) B: " Ya ada deh... .YTTA." (Uhm it's a secret... .It's just for those who know.)When the topic is only known by some of the people they will say 'it is just for those who know.' To make it shorter, people usually just say it as 'YTTA' (Yang tau tau aja).TBL (Takut Banget Loh) Ter-is a prefix in Indonesia that is used to make a word as an intransitive verb.Colloquially 'Ter-Ratu-Ratu' means that we are addicted to the thing/person we put after the prefix ter-.The word after the prefix ter-can be any noun, such as people's name, city, country, plants, couple's name, and many more.Overthink "Jangan bikin ovt deh.Aku jadi kepikiran hal yang engga-engga kalau kamu lama bales chatnya terus."(Don't make me overthink please.If you slow respond you will just make me overthinking.)'Overthink' is the word borrowed from an English word.It literally means that a person over-thinks about something.People in Indonesia then make it into an acronym, 'OVT', to sound more sociable.

B. Discussions
In this study, there are six word formation processes occurring in the data.They are borrowing, blending, clipping, acronym, prefixes and suffixes, and multiple processes.
Borrowing is taking over words from another language.In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.So, borrowing is the process of borrowing words from one language to another.In these findings, all slang words are borrowed from the English language.For example, the word 'spill' in English is not translated or modified.The literal meaning of 'spill' is reveal, such as revealing a place, brand, tips, trick, and many more.In some context, 'spill' also means reveal someone's secret/ disgrace, like "Spill dong cowok yang kamu suka."("Spill the name of your crush, please.Another example is 'mood', literally it has the same meaning but contextually the slang word 'mood' is only used when someone is feeling happy towards something, "Astaga!Video random tentang khayalan jadi orang kaya gini aja mood banget ya." (Omg just this random video about imagining becoming rich really made my day.)Blending is the combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term called blending.However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.In this finding, the writers found 'cepmek' (cepak mekar), the name of an Indonesian haircut that is popular lately.This is one of the example, "Potongan rambut aku cepmek, cepak mekar."("My haircut is open out buzz cut.").Another example is 'ngabrut', "Hahahaha ngabrut, liat deh video ini! Aneh-aneh aja warga +62." (Hahahaha LOL, look at this video!Oh my +62 citizens are funny.).'Ngabrut' is taken from the word ngakak brutal that means laughing out loud.Besides that, 'gamon' is also an example of blending words.It is taken from the words gagal move on which means failed to move on, here is the usage of the word 'gamon', "Aku masih kepikiran dia terus nih, gamon oh gamon."(I keep thinking about him... oh my I have failed to move on.).
Clipping is the element of reduction that is noticeable in blending.It is even more apparent in the process described as clipping.For example, ad (advertisement).In this finding, the writers found 'bund', the reduction of bunda means mother in English.The reduction process here is because bunda is used to greet young mothers.So, usually the word bunda is shortened to 'bund'.This is one of the example, "Mau kemana, bund?" (Where are you going, mom?).Another example is 'bat' which means banget (really).This is the example of to use 'bat' in a sentence, "Tadi temenku ngeselin bat deh." (My friend was so annoying you know.).The other example is 'pen' from the word pengen (want), "Aku lagi pen banget makan kentang goreng."(I am craving for french fries right now.).
Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words such as PIN ("Personal Identification Number").The writers found TBL that stands for Takut Banget Loch, which means frightened.This is one example, "TBL!TBL!TBL!Takut Banget Loch! Mamaku marah tau gara gara nilaiku jelek."(Oh no!I'm really frightened!My mom is mad at me because I got a bad score.).Another example is 'VT', the acronym of Video TikTok.This is how to use the acronym 'VT' in a sentence, "VT yang kamu share kemarin bikin enggak bisa tidur tau."(The TikTok Video that you shared yesterday kept me awake.).'YGY' or known as ya guys ya is also one of the examples, "Aduh, sabar ygy." (Oh my please be patient guys.)".
Affixes that have to be added to the beginning of the word are called prefixes.Other affixes have to be added to the end of the word and are called suffixes.All English words formed by this derivational process have either prefixes or suffixes, or both such as mislead that has a prefix, disrespectful that has both a prefix and a suffix, and foolishness that has two suffixes.In this finding, the writers found only prefixes.The example is 'ngereog' means going crazy, "Eh apaan TikTok https://doi.org/10.24167/celt.v24i1;ISSN: 1412-3320 (print); ISSN: 2502-4914 (online); Accredited; DOAJ sih malah ngereog, hahaha."("Why are you acting crazy?Hahahaha.").Another example is 'mengkaget' means shock, A: "Udah liat beritanya belum kalo si B nikah lagi?Mengkaget sih asli."(Have you seen the news?B is married again.Unbelievable!I am shocked.").'Ter-Ratu-ratu' is also another example that means addicted to Ratu (name)."Cantik banget sih kak Ratu! Jadi ter-Ratu-Ratu deh." (Oh my!You are so pretty!I'm addicted to you Ratu.).
It is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word.The example is 'ril no fek', "Ini enak banget sih ayamnya, ril no fek."(Wow this chicken is really good, no fake.)This phrase is borrowed from an English phrase, real no fake, but the vocal letters are changed to make them sound more Indonesian.So, the first word formation process is borrowing and the second process is internalization because it shows the process of adjustment for the Indonesian people.Another example is 'bilek' which means something like, "Mahasiswa semester akhir bilek kantung mata hitam banget."(This is what senior year college students are like, having very dark eyebags.).
The findings in this study are different from those of other studies.Out of the 13 word formation processes, only six of them appeared, with blending and clipping being the most commonly occurring word formation processes.Meanwhile, borrowing and prefixes/suffixes being the least occuring word formation processes.In other studies, the findings revealed that slang words are commonly formed by borrowing, coinage, basic word form, and reduplication (Dewi & Widiastuti, 2020;Oktavianingsih et al., 2022;Pratama & Imperiani, 2019).These differences might be due to the different theoretical framework employed and data source in each study.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
This research was intended to explore the occurrence of slang words used by TikTok user in Indonesia and analyze how these slang words are formed.Based on the data collected from TikTok under this study, there were 39 emerging slang words that TikTokers commonly used.Those 39 slang words were used repeatedly, and they are still being used frequently.However, it is impossible to tally the total occurrence of each slang word found because they might occur more than hundreds of words each day.
Out of the 13 word formation processes, six word formation processes are represented.They are borrowing, clipping, blending, acronyms, prefixes and suffixes, and multiple processes.It is obvious that not all word formation processes are represented.The most common is blending.Meanwhile, borrowing and prefixes/suffixes being the least word formation processes.
The phenomenon of blending as the most common word formation process is due to the habit of Indonesian youth to mix or blend words.By blending two or more words, the words become easier to pronounce and shorter to say.It is in line with the theory of utterance simplification (Agha, 2015).This phenomenon refers to the pragmatic style of nowadays youth's language style.The data of this research were collected from TikTok comments.It is recommended that future research focuses on the slang words appearing on the caption and the slang words that occurred in TikTok video posts.In addition, future researchers can analyze slang words and each A: "Eh kita cobain koreo tarian TikTok ini yuk! keknya asik ya." (Let's try this dance!It looks so fun.)B: "Iya keknya."(Yes, I think it is.)'Kek' is the shortened version of kayak.Kayak means like or be like.People shorten it so that it will be easier to pronounce.Pen (pengen (ingin)) Want A: "Aku pen ikut grup pertemanannya deh.Asik banget keliatannya" (I want to join their circle please.It looks so fun) B: "Iya nih aku juga pen banget."(Me too.) 'Pen' is the shortened version of pengen.Pengen means want.People shorten it so that it will be easier to pronounce.Bat (banget) Really A: "Asik bat deh tariannya!"(The dance is so entertaining.)'Bat' is the shortened version of banget.Banget means really.TikTok https://doi.org/10.24167/celt.v24i1;ISSN: 1412-3320 (print); ISSN: 2502-4914 (online); Accredited; DOAJ

Table 1 : Occurrence of Slang Words in TikTok No Slang Words Meaning Example
(Wait wait wait, I think I focus on the wrong thing.I know that you asked me to look at the clothes, but, look at the hair!, they're so dry.) 4.

Table 2 : Type of word formation found
Jadi keinget mantan aku deh." (Oh my the song is for a love's slave song.I miss my ex now.) A: "Baju aku bagus kan... murah loh!" (My top is pretty, isn't it?and this is very cheap you know!) B: "Beneran?Spill dong!" (Really?please spill, where did you buy it?)'Spill' is an English word that means opening up a secret in an informal way.'Spill' in Indonesian slang is also inspired from the idiom "Spill the beans?" which means to share and reveal something (usually about gossip).Generally, Indonesian people use the slang word, spill, to ask someone to share the brand or the place to buy their outfits, skincare, body care, gadget, and many more.Mood Made my day A: "Astaga!Video random tentang khayalan jadi orang kaya gini aja mood banget ya." (Omg just this random video about imagining becoming rich really made my day.)'Mood' literally means the way you are feeling at a particular time.But colloquially, it means that you have made someone happy or you have made someone's day.Slay Cool A: "Keren banget mantel kamu!Slay!" (Wow, your coat is so cool!Act/move fast A: "Ayo dong!Udah terlambat nih! Gercep dikit.Jangan lama-lama siapsiapnya."(Come one!It's late already, please be ready quickly.)B: "Iya sabar."(Yes, please wait.)People use the word 'gercep' to quicken and shorten the phrase gerak cepat.This word is used to ask other people to move and act quickly for some purposes/ reasons.Ngabrut (ngakak brutal) Laughing out loud A: "Hahahaha ngabrut, liat deh video ini! Aneh-aneh aja warga +62." (Hahahaha LOL, look at this video!Oh my +62 citizens are funny.)B: "Omg!Ngabrut wkwkwk."(Omg!LOL hahahaha) 'Ngakak' means laugh out loud.A: "Coba liat bajunya cewek itu deh... bagus yaa..." (Hey!Look at her top... it's cute.)B: "Yang mana sih? cewek yang lagi berdiri pake baju hitam itu?" (Where?Do you mean the girl standing there with black top?) TikTok https://doi.org/10.24167/celt.v24i1;ISSN: 1412-3320 (print); ISSN: 2502-4914 (online); Accredited; DOAJ A: "Iya, aku suka deh bajunya."(Yes, I love the top.)B: "Eh bentar deh, kok aku malah salfok sama rambutnya ya, kering banget."(Wait wait wait, I think I focus on the wrong thing.Look at the hair!They are so dry.) Gamon oh gamon.Kenapa sih move on susah banget?" (I keep thinking about my ex when I listen to this song.Oh my I have failed to move on.)B: "pasti berat ya..." (It must be very hard for you.")Gagal is fail and move on is leaving, starting on something new, or making progress.People shorten this term to 'gamon' so it can be shorter and easy to say.
The first conversation describes the slang word, 'ril no fek' as a phrase to state an agreement.While, the second conversation describes the slang word, 'ril no TikTok as a phrase to convince something.'Ril no fek' literally means authentic or genuine.