EXAMINING TRANSLATION PROBLEMS IN INDONESIAN TOURISM BROCHURES: A CASE FROM GORONTALO

The purpose of this study is to examine the English translations of brochures published by the Tourist Board of Gorontalo Province Government in Indonesia. This quantitative study looked at tourism brochures, both in Indonesian and English, as the source of data. The data were analyzed by considering the frequency and percentage to assess the problems of the English translation used as promotional material. The results reveal that the most frequent problems were syntactic problems (61.54%), followed by semantic problems (26.37%) and miscellaneous problems (12.09%) respectively. This study is expected to contribute in the form of feedback and implications regarding the level of problems and effectiveness of the promotional material in English for future improvement. The results of this study can also be used to develop a model for the use of effective and persuasive English to improve the quality of tourism promotion material by the aforementioned party so that there will be an increased number of interest in foreign tourists visiting Gorontalo in the future. The implication in language learning especially in translator training is also considered.


INTRODUCTION
In the last few years, the Tourist Board of Gorontalo Province Government has been trying hard to promote the tourism industry to international visitors. In promoting the tourism industry, the board has introduced a slogan for tourism marketing, "Gorontalo: the Hidden Paradise", which is used for all tourism promotion events and products, both national and
To date, travel brochures are the material most widely used by the office, and this reflects the fact that brochures are the most common strategy in tourism promotion internationally (Agorni, 2012). The main function of travel brochures is to promote and sell tourist destinations using attractive images and the use of persuasive language to present information to attract tourists and help them organize their trips (Dann, 1996;Kelly, 1997;Valdeon, 2009). The brochure produced by the office is written in Indonesian and has been translated into English as part of their strategy to communicate it with the international market.
However, the translations of the brochures have generally been criticized for their poor quality. The study on quality of translation has become of the focuses in translation training and this is evident in the case of tourism texts. This is considered paramount because poor translation quality certainly undermines the ability of tourism promotional texts to achieve their purpose of attracting readers. This has been shown in a number of studies where translation researchers have shown that the translation of tourism texts tends to be of poor quality (Kelly, 1997;Milton & Garbi, 2000;Ko, 2010;Ma & Song, 2011;Muñoz, 2012;Sulaiman, 2018).
Poor translation quality is a result of low translation competence of translators. There are cases where translators involved in translation work, such as in tourist sector, do not qualify as professional translators in which these translators have no sufficient translation competence to execute such texts (Agorni, 2012;Napu, 2018). Translation is often misunderstood as solely a language transfer activity. Consequently, people who are able to speak a foreign language or more than one languages are considered and deemed to have the ability and competence to translate. In fact, to qualify as a translator, one should have translation competences that consist both linguistic and non-linguistic competence (PACTE, 2000) in which language competence is one of these underlying competences needed to qualify as translators.
Unfortunately, this is not the case which is evident in the tourism sectors translation. As shown above that poor translation quality of tourist texts have caused the texts unable to deliver the intended purpose of persuading readers. this is due to the sheer amount of translation problems in the texts which is commonly resulted from the unprofessional This present study is expected to contribute to the form of feedback and implications regarding the level of quality and effectiveness of the promotional material in English for future improvement. The results of this study can also be used to develop a model for the use of effective and persuasive English to improve the quality of tourism promotion material by the aforementioned party so that there will be an increased number of interest in foreign tourists visiting Gorontalo in the future.

METHOD
This study was designed and carried out through a mixed-method, which is "characterized by the combination of at least one qualitative and one quantitative research component" (Schoonenboom & Johnson, 2017). The study particularly examined the nature and percentage of problems of translated tourism texts produced by the Tourist Board of Gorontalo Province Government in Indonesia. The study also considered some locations such as tourist attractions and hotels or inns visited and occupied by foreign tourists in Gorontalo.
The study relied on tourism promotion material in the form of bilingual printed brochures, both in Indonesian as the source language and English as the target language.
The data were collected by visiting all tourism offices from the provincial to district and city levels. The data consisted of five tourism brochures and were all available in the data collection visits. In this study, the analysis of data from the corpus consisted of two different forms of analysis. Firstly, data were quantified to see the percentage of the translation problems and then analyzed qualitatively using content analysis (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005).
This analysis was carried out by comparing the source text and the target text to see linguistics problems. The analysis of the target texts examined the nature of the translation errors found in the target texts because errors have been a central part of studies of the quality of tourism texts and they may prevent the translation from achieving its purpose as a tourism text. The whole process of data presenting and referencing system was a manual one. It employed MS Word, Excel, and Manual System of reference (Turmudi, 2020,p.59).

Results
The results obtained are summarized in Table 1. The translation problems that did not fall into the linguistics categories were classified as miscellaneous problems. The analysis only provided limited to the selection of prototypical examples that are evident in the entire corpus.

Syntactic Problems
Syntactic problems in the translation are deviation at the level of structures of the target language norms as the results from the insufficient translation competence. This problem becomes the most frequent problem (Table 1) in the study. The category later is divided into four subcategories (Table 2).
The second example reveals the omission of plural 's' in the word of lover. This is due to the word para in Indonesian is a collective noun that refers to more than one person and so the word lover should be plural.
Further, a problem with word order is found in example number 3. The translation of 'hall meeting' is a literal translation of 'balai musyawarah' where the phrase has been treated as if it is two independent words and translated each in the order it occurs in the source text.
The term is, however, a lexical compound that equates with 'meeting hall' in English.
Further, the underlined phrase in sample number 2 is problematic as it is a literal translation where the source text has been a word for word translated into the target language.
This literal translation 'on the back side' is however not an idiomatic expression in English referring to relative space and it may have unintended humorous consequences in the target text as it refers idiomatically to a person's bottom. Therefore, a different translation such as 'at the back of' or 'at the rear of' would be more suitable as the appropriate idiomatic expression in the context.
Sample number 3 shows the inconsistency in the way the text is written as it is mostly in formal English. But the phrase 'take a rest' is less formal and would have been a more consistent register choice.
Besides, sample number 4 reveals that the official name of the country has not translated into its official English translation; the United States of the Republic of Indonesia. As the phrase is left untranslated, it is not accessible to an English speaker that resulting in misinterpretation of the significance of the text.  1, April 2021, e-ISSN: 2442-482x, p-ISSN: 2089-3345, page 65- This study also finds other kinds of translation problems that could not be categorized into either syntactic or semantic problems. Therefore, these problems are categorized as miscellaneous problems. The problems consist of some subcategories which are provided in Table 6. The following section will describe the sample of the aforesaid problem. Olele.
This intervention has created a loss of information from the original message and provides less information about the significance of the site than in the original version.

Discussion
Out of six promotional brochures discussed in this study, it reveals that syntactic problems are the most prominent problems found in the text which followed by semantic problems. These findings indicate that the translator has insufficient competence in the target language. The discussion above has shown that there are a number of translation problems in the texts. Most of the linguistic problems identified have also been found in other tourist translation studies (eg., Ma & Song, 2011;Muñoz, 2012;Permadi & Prayogo, 2012;Hartati, 2013;Puspitasari, et.al, 2013;Liu & Wen, 2014). This problem may be caused by the translator's limited English skills. Problems with translation are also caused by the literal (word-for-word) translation strategy that has been used throughout the text and this demonstrates the competence of the translator (Kelly, 1997;Muñoz, 2012).
Further, it is very likely that these two limited competencies (English and translation competencies) can be linked to one another. This is because translators have inadequate skills in translating into the target language so they tend to translate the source text word for word.
As a result, the target text is literally translated text. On the one hand, this literal (word-forword) translation approach is caused by the limited ability of the translator to interpret the text. Due to poor English competency, the translator may be less able to distinguish the appropriate words for the context because s/he tends to translate each word from the source language text using a dictionary. This is evidenced in the misuse of lexical choice of six texts, in which the translator has not recognized the polysemous word and has chosen an inappropriate word for a certain context that actually changes the original meaning and message in the target text.
Furthermore, translation does not go through a quality assurance system to translate into a target language, such as having reviewed by other translators or readers in the target language prior to publication (McAlester, 2000;Adab, 2005). Newmark (1991) argues that low-quality tourism text translations may be caused by translators who are not competent enough in translating, especially when translating into the target language. As a result, the low  (1992,2009) and Kelly (1997), in an effort to allow full understanding, interventions in the form of adding new information and eliminating redundancy or repetition that can change the meaning in the text can be carried out by translators. Therefore, some additional information achieves the purpose of the text by making implicit information from the source text to be explicit in the target text; these interventions are great for providing complete understanding and producing quality translations for the intended audience.

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Nevertheless, not all intervention work discussed in this study achieves a successful mediation; instead, it creates problems in the text. Some of the omissions have abandoned the original message and significance of the site. Meanwhile, additional information contained in the text looks like new information that is not contained explicitly or implicitly in the source text. As a result, the function as a mediator that clarifies and helps target readers to understand the source text is not achieved. Rather, these additions tend to distort the function and purpose of the text as they change the significance of the site depicted in the original text. Therefore, it is difficult to say whether or not this intervention is really a translation or a new text.
In order to achieve communicative goals and be able to attract readers (tourists), the ideal translated text should be able to present original text information in an informative, persuasive manner and free from translation problems or errors (Kelly, 1997;Newmark, 1991). As suggested by the functional approach, the quality of translation is seen from the way the text is translated to achieve the functions and goals of the target text reader. However, the problem of translation errors that are often seen in this study may reduce the persuasive and attractive purposes of the text. Furthermore, translation errors and problems caused by translator intervention might also change the designed communicative functions in the sourcelanguage text. Evidence of problems in these texts has reflected the inability of the translator to perform or transfer the functions of the text required by the target audience. These problems, then, undermine the achievement of translation objectives and consequently lead to an unprofessional image and low quality of translation; as the result, it impacts the effectiveness of the text as a promotional text to attract tourists.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The discussion of the six texts reveals that the most frequent problems were syntactic problems (61.54%), followed by semantic problems (26.37%) and miscellaneous problems (12.09%) respectively. The analysis also shows that most of the translation errors occur due to the overuse of a literal translation approach, which copies the structure and stylistic features of the source texts into the target texts. The sorts of problems found in these Indonesian texts are typical of problems found in low-quality translations of tourism materials. The sorts of translation errors found in the texts indicate that the translator has insufficient target language competence and translation competence. This indicates that translations were done by target language speakers of English and that there was a limited quality assurance to overcome the limitations of the translators. The study recommends the government employ target language translators as a practical solution in situations where the demand for translators does not match the availability of translators who can work into their source language.
Furthermore, the findings of this study may have an implication in terms of language learning especially in translator training. This is true when it comes to beginning translator training at university. Tourist texts can be used as materials for translation exercises as a way to raise awareness of translation problems and to improve translator competence (Kelly, 1997).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is funded through the Socio-Cultural Research of Universitas Negeri Gorontalo PNBP funds for the fiscal year of 2020. Furthermore, the researchers would like to express their great gratitude to the Tourist Board of Gorontalo Province Government and the other parties that have been involved in this study.

BIO-PRFILE
Novriyanto Napu is a lecturer at the department of English education at Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. He received his PhD from the University of South Australia. His research mainly focuses on Translation Studies and Applied Linguistics. His corresponding emails: n.napu@ung.ac.id