An Exploration of Physics Concepts in Pletokan ( Luthang ) Traditional Game: What is the Potential of a Physics Learning Media in the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum?

This research explores physics concepts in depth in pletokan to be integrated into physics learning in the Merdeka Belajar curriculum. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and data triangulation techniques (observation, interviews


INTRODUCTION
Current learning has shifted from the 2013 curriculum to the Merdeka Belajar curriculum, which places more emphasis on aspects of character development and student soft skills (Cahyono, 2022;Hadi et al., 2023;Irawati et al., 2022;Satiti & Falikhatun, 2022;Solikhah & Purnomo, 2022).In addition, it should be noted that the Merdeka Belajar curriculum focuses on presenting relevant, essential, and in-depth material to build students' creativity (Sihombing et al., 2021).The Merdeka Belajar curriculum was created to provide a pleasant learning atmosphere for students and teachers (Rindaningsih et al., 2023;Sihombing et al., 2021).Because, in essence, the Merdeka Belajar curriculum was created to give students the freedom to determine their interests and talents (Maipita et al., 2020;Pertiwi & Pusparini, 2021;Supriani et al., 2022).Thus, it will facilitate the process of achieving existing learning objectives.
Thus, a supporting tool is needed to realize the goals of the Kurikulum Merdeka.One way that can be applied to create a pleasant learning atmosphere is to use learning media (Puspitarini & Hanif, 2019).
Appropriate learning media is needed to optimally support students' interests and talents in the recovery period (the transition period for changing the curriculum) (Hadi et al., 2023).Good learning media is learning media adapted to students' circumstances or backgrounds and their learning environment (Pratama & Retnawati, 2018;Rahmatullah & Ghufron, 2021;Selwyn et al., 2020;Widodo, 2018).Bearing in mind that learning media used in learning activities will provide relatively large benefits (Febrianto et al., 2020;Lawrence & Tar, 2018;Molina et al., 2018).Therefore, appropriate learning media is very important for facilitating and achieving learning goals (Dwijayani, 2019;Hamilton et al., 2021;Sobaih et al., 2020).
Learning media itself is a tool used in achieving educational goals, a means for educators to transfer knowledge, as well as a learning tool for students (Alfalah, 2018;Rapanta et al., 2020;Widodo, 2018;Windschitl et al., 2020).One of the learning media needed in the Merdeka Learning curriculum is visual aids (Mairizwan et al., 2022;Novia et al., 2023).One example of teaching aids media is that it can be found in traditional games (Alam, 2022).Traditional games as learning media, besides being contextual and able to create a pleasant atmosphere during learning, also preserve local culture (Widiana et al., 2018).
Traditional games are Indonesian local wisdom passed down by ancestors to the next generation (Kurniawan et al., 2022;Sulistyaningtyas & Fauziah, 2019).Traditional games contain high cultural values and are a national cultural heritage that must be preserved (Balletti et al., 2017;Thalib & Ahmad, 2020;Wahyuni et al., 2019;Widiana et al., 2018;Yang et al., 2018).Children play traditional games uniquely, depending on each region (Anggita, 2018;Gomme, 2020).In addition, it should be noted that traditional games vary from one region to another so that they can be used as a source of knowledge, one of which is physics (Aisyah, 2017;Fatmawati, 2021;Wulansari & Admoko, 2021).Traditional games are closely related to physics concepts, such as during operation (Lai et al., 2018;Thalib & Ahmad, 2020).Traditional games are identically operated by making physical contact between players and their props, like pulling, pushing, or other types of business (Dixon et al., 2018).The process of operating traditional games varies from region to region due to various factors such as community habits, thick traditions, and the potential for abundant natural resources in the area concerned (Sulistyaningtyas & Fauziah, 2019).One type of traditional game that utilizes the potential of abundant natural resources is pletokan (Komariah & Salim, 2019;Lathifah et al., 2019).
Pletokan is a traditional game that uses old bamboo sticks (the condition of the bamboo used has an impact on the resilience of pletokan) as a raw material for pletokan frames (Abdulfattah & Putranta, 2020;Ali & Aqobah, 2021;Hadjarati et al., 2021;Sukaesih et al., 2022).This game uses round grains or pulp as bullets (Intani, 2021;Silaban & Bhaskaraa, 2020).This game originates from Betawi, which is played in a certain way by the community and has differences in the mention of names and game rules from other regions (Fitri et al., 2020;Ma'arif, 2021).In general, pletokan games are played by children either in groups or individually (Zayyadi et al., 2018).This game was carried out in groups to create a scene during a war (Pratiwi, 2020).At the same time, pletokan is played individually when the community uses it as a weapon to hunt small animals.
Pletokan is played by pulling a bamboo stick and pushing the bat until two bullets come out of the pletokan casing.The first bullet is near the attacker's end, and the second bullet is at the end of the pletokan sheath (Regiana, 2018).The exit of bullets previously in the pletokan casing is marked by a "pletok" sound (Sunimastuti, 2020).The sound is formed due to the pressure between the pletokan shroud and the bullet inside.In addition to the sound heard, pletokan bullet seeds can cause pain when they hit the opponent's body.The faster the shovel is pushed, the more painful the bullet will hit the opponent's body.Therefore, the process of playing pletokan requires the right skills and strategies to achieve the goals of the game being played.
Pletokan games can train the affective, psychomotor, social skills, and problemsolving skills of someone when faced with a problem in-game activities (Marlina & Pransiska, 2017;Moore, 2017;Warmansyah et al., 2021).However, it should be noted that as time goes on, this game is increasingly being abandoned by children because it has been replaced by games that are more sophisticated in today's era (Eskasasnanda, 2017;Susanto, 2017;Thalib & Ahmad, 2020).What's even worse is that some children nowadays have never played it and don't know about this type of traditional pletokan game (Dewi & Alam, 2020;Trajkovik et al., 2018).
One effort that can be implemented to preserve traditional pletokan games as a cultural heritage is to integrate these games into learning activities, including physics (Anwar et al., 2018;Rizki et al., 2022).This is because the process of playing traditional pletokan games contains a close relationship with physics concepts.Therefore, when pletokan is integrated into physics learning, it will provide contextual learning.This has the intention that the learning carried out can make it easy for students to understand the material because it is related to things that happen in everyday life for students (Laurens et al., 2017;Shadiev et al., 2017).In addition, learning physics that is integrated into a traditional game can provide entertainment for students so that it is easier to deepen existing concepts and increase their learning motivation (Aisyah, 2017;Baran et al., 2018;Chen et al., 2021;Lin et al., 2018).
Integrating pletokan games into learning physics is a form of ethno-physics (Saphira et al., 2022).Through this ethno-physics-based learning process, students are expected to better understand physics concepts and participate in efforts to preserve national culture (Anthony, 2017;Laila et al., 2021;Suastra & Pujani, 2021).Therefore, this study aims to explore the physics concepts of the traditional pletokan game in more detail.This research has an update of an in-depth exploration of physics concepts in traditional pletokan games that have not been identified in previous studies.This is because previous research only focused on using pletokan as a medium for learning physics without exploring physics concepts in depth, and in previous research, pletokan only studied its integration with mathematics (ethnomathematics) (Abdulfattah & Putranta, 2020;Zayyadi et al., 2018).Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide convenience for students in understanding physics concepts in depth and maximizing efforts to preserve Indonesian local culture.

METHODS
This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach by integrating an exploratory design to map an object relatively (Almeida, 2018;Queirós et al., 2017).The exploratory design in this study reflects the in-depth exploration of physics concepts in Pletokan games.The stages in the research process can be seen in Figure 1 below in more detail.Before collecting data, the researcher conducted a literature review study to strengthen the problem description and then prepared an interview instrument.A literature review was carried out by looking for some credible literature that had been made by previous research so that it had a positive impact in the form of increasing and opening the perspective of researchers (Calabrò et al., 2019;Errandonea et al., 2020;Garousi et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2019).Where the literature used must be by the topic being studied, in other words, the literature review is a technique that is applied to finding ideas or reliable reference sources in research activities, so that it will make it easier for researchers to prepare research instruments (Cooper et al., 2019;Snyder, 2019).
The data collection technique in this study was carried out using the purposive sampling method.The purposive sampling technique was used because it is easier to determine an appropriate sample based on criteria based on research needs and time used more effectively (Campbell et al., 2020;Etikan & Bala, 2017;Klar & Leeper, 2019).The sample was from two Physics Education Study Program students at Surabaya State University.The sample was chosen because the researcher was familiar with and knew the characteristics of the sample, so access to in-depth information was easier.Apart from that, the samples met criteria such as understanding physics concepts in detail (both samples came from the physics study program, so they were familiar with physics concepts), and the samples were familiar with and had played pletokan games before.In this way, the suitability and completeness of the data will be obtained during the research process.
The interview was conducted on March 22, 2023.The interviews were conducted alternately, were structured, and used the same questions for the two samples.The interview instrument was prepared using everyday language to make it easier for the interviewees to capture the intentions desired by the researcher (Roberts, 2020).The list of questions made is adjusted to the physics concepts that are by the pletokan game based on the views of the researchers.The data collection process is carried out in a structured manner by involving a simulation process in playing pletokan for further documentation.After the research data is obtained, explore physics concepts in depth and visualize these physics concepts in graphic design.Then, the data is strengthened using literature studies to obtain relevant information in more depth (literature studies provide references to researchers in strengthening the analysis and obtaining more information based on relevant previous research).
After the three data from the three data collection models were obtained, data triangulation was carried out to strengthen the findings (Farquhar et al., 2020;Nielsen et al., 2020).Data triangulation was done by combining the three data obtained through different methods during the research (Liu et al., 2018;O'Donovan & McAuliffe, 2020;Zhang et al., 2021).This technique is carried out to minimize bias due to using one of the methods or sources used (Fusch et al., 2018;Santos et al., 2020).Apart from that, it should be noted that in the triangulation technique in this research, not all of the data obtained is used, but only relevant data is used involving a classification process (data reduction)(Agustang, 2020; Giyarsih & Marfai, 2018;Hasanudin & Fitrianingsih, 2020;Tohir & Abidin, 2018).
First, the data obtained through interviews will be re-checked to determine whether there is a match between the first and second sample data.If there is conformity in the data provided by the first and second samples, either from the results of interviews or observations, it can be used to reinforce the research findings.Furthermore, a literature review will analyse physics concepts that are appropriate to the traditional pletokan game (from the researcher's point of view).The physics concepts in the traditional pletokan game are explored and analyzed in depth by looking for relevant and credible reference sources that reinforce the analysis.Thus, the data obtained through this kind of data triangulation model will be analyzed descriptively and qualitatively by involving three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and verification (data interference) (Fan et al., 2017;Nurlaily et al., 2019) so that the final data obtained is the result of exploring the final physics concepts in the pletokan game.After that, the advantages and disadvantages of related concepts regarding their relevance in learning activities, especially in the Kurikulum Merdeka, are analysed.In this context, pletokan media is applied in physics learning, which acts as a fun physics learning media and a means to preserve existing local culture (Deta et al., 2021;Soko et al., 2019).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research is exploratory research and in-depth analysis of physics concepts in the traditional game Pletokan.This is because previous research only focused on using pletokan as a physics learning medium without an in-depth exploration of concepts and ethnomathematics studies.Thus, this research provides benefits to the world of education as one of the learning media innovations in the form of teaching aids based on local wisdom, traditional games rich in physics concepts in the Merdeka Belajar curriculum, as well as learning media and preserving existing local culture.Remember that physics learning is based only on solving problems by integrating equations.Thus, this kind of thing causes boredom, so innovation is needed by integrating traditional games as a physics learning media to create a learning atmosphere that is not monotonous.Based on literacy studies, observations and interviews that have been conducted on several discussion topics.Next, we present the results and discussion in the following systematics.

Pletokan Game Overview
The following is an overview of the traditional pletokan game made of old bamboo along with bullets made of papiermâché, as shown in Figure 2 below.Pletokan is a traditional game from bamboo (Abdulfattah & Putranta, 2020).The bamboo used is generally old bamboo because it has a higher level of resistance (does not break easily when played) compared to young bamboo (Sunimastuti, 2020).Old bamboo with a diameter of approximately 0.5 to 1 cm is cut along 25 cm, which functions as a shell bullet.Inside the bullet casing, there is a pounder (piercer) that is smaller in size than the diameter of the bullet casing.The smaller diameter of the plunger, when compared to the casing, aims to allow the plunger to enter the casing.In this type of game, please note that a sheath is provided at the end of the connector (which is held) to make it easier for the players to hold and play it.The following illustrates some of the pletokan components, as the information described previously is shown in Figure 3.The following are the steps that are applied in the process of making pletokan: 1.Old bamboo with a length of 30 cm and a diameter of 0.5 cm to 1 cm is cut into two parts.The first part serves as a bullet casing with a length of 25 cm, and the second part functions as a gun grip (grip) with a length of 5 cm, as shown in Figure 3 above.2. Bamboo that has been cut and then smoothed the surface using sandpaper.This is done to make it easier for the players to hold the instrument and maintain their safety so that there are no injuries to their hands when playing Pletokan.
3. The next stage is to cut a piece of bamboo to be used as the fill (poker) of the bullet casing by adjusting the size needed.4. The next step is to ensure that the dent is not separated from the sheath of the handle.The stick handle can be glued together with the stick using the help of glue. 5.The last step is to prepare newsprint or other types of paper to be made into pulp.
Next, the pulp is formed to resemble bullet balls.The choice of raw material for paper as a bullet is due to its softer texture, so if a bullet hits an opponent, it will not cause excessive injury or pain.

How to Play Pletokan
After the pletokan has been completed, then the pletokan is ready to be played.Playing pletokan is easy, as shown in Figure 4 below and described in the following steps.The first stage carried out by players is to prepare pletokan as the main tool in this game.Next, the player prepares pulp, which will be formed into small balls as pletokan bullets.After the bullet is ready, the next step is to insert the bullet from the pulp that has been formed into the two holes of the bullet casing (both ends are filled with bullets from the pulp).When the bullets are ready to be placed in the two casing holes, the player simply inserts the pounder and then pushes it as fast as possible until the bullet inside comes out with a "pletok" sound.The following is an illustration of the platoon work system, as shown in Figure 5 below.Based on Figure 5 above, it shows the working system of pletokan.Pletokan starts to work when the bullet grower is pushed as fast as possible by the player's hand into the pletokan sheath.The collider will hit the first bullet, causing it to withdraw in volume.After that, the first bullet, which has decreased in volume, will be pushed to hit the second bullet, located at the end of the pletokan casing hole.When the first bullet hits the second bullet, the second bullet will be pushed out of the pletokan sheath and released by the first bullet.The exit state of these two bullets will cause an increase in the volume of the first bullet (the volume of the first bullet will return to its original state before being pushed by the grower), and the second bullet will be thrown a certain distance by forming a parabolic trajectory of motion.

Exploration Results of Physics Concepts
The following results from exploring the physics concepts in the pletokan game are presented in Table 1.The pletokan game is played standing or in other positions against the earth's surface, like a policeman conducting surveillance of his target.This situation can be studied using the concept of potential energy.Potential energy depends on the object's position on the earth's surface (Abdullah, 2016).The greater the distance between the pletokan and the earth's surface, the greater the potential energy generated.The amount of potential energy pletokan possesses can be determined using the following equation.
The frictional force in the pletokan game is created due to the good interaction between the two loaded bullets and between the attacker and the shell (Berman et al., 2018).When a bullet from a paper bullet is fired, there will be friction between the bullet casings, both from the first and second bullet.In addition, friction also occurs between the bullet grower and the casing.The amount of friction (kinetic) can be determined using the following equation.fk = µk x N (2) In addition, when the bamboo ripper is pushed so that it hits the bullet contained in the pletokan sheath, it will cause its volume to decrease.The force that causes the loss of volume is the friction force by the pletokan sheath.The magnitude of the frictional force can be determined using the following equation.

Work and Energy
The thrust of the hand on the collider so that the bullet can be pushed forward The work in the pletokan game is seen when the paper bullet moves out due to the thrust of the player's hand.The amount of work created in this pletokan game is largely determined by the force exerted by the player's hand (force is directly proportional to effort) (Abdullah, 2016).The amount of work created can be determined using the following equation.
W = F x S (4) Ideal Gas Compression Shot Hits the Bullet While Inside the Pletokan Sheath When pletokan is played, gas compression occurs because the volume of gas in pletokan is reduced.So there is pressure inside.When the air volume decreases, the same number of air molecules remain in the tube but are forced to congregate in a smaller space.This kind of situation causes the gas pressure in the tube to increase.Therefore, gas compression in pletokan can be explained as applying the ideal gas law to a gas system that experiences changes in volume and pressure.The amount of gas compression can be determined using the equation in Boyle's Law (Chandan & Cascella, 2019).
P1 V1 = P2 V2 (5) Bulk Modulus Throwing Bullets from the Pletokan Sheath (Bullit Velocity) When the bullet (wet pulp) inside the pletokan sheath is pressed, volume will be reduced (because it contains Bulk modulus).The reduction in volume is similar to that of a spring when compressed (Brown et al., 2018;Guo et al., 2017).The magnitude of the Bulk modulus can be determined using the following equation.The sound waves in this pletokan game are because when the bamboo gun is played, vibrations are generated in the sound of a pulp bullet being shot, producing sound waves.These sound waves propagate through the air and are heard as popping sounds.The high and low sound waves generated depend on the gas pressure in the pletokan.The greater the pressure, the louder the sound produced, and vice versa.The intensity of sound waves can be determined using the following equation (Abdullah, 2017).

Dynamics of Motion
Throwing Bullets from the Pletokan Sheath (Bullit Velocity) When leaving the bamboo tip, the compressive force is lost, and this state is similar to a spring that was initially compressed and suddenly released.As a result, the bullet will be ejected and return to its initial volume.Thus, the speed of throwing bullets can be determined using the following equation.When the bullet exits the pletokan, the bullet will make a parabolic motion (Meena & Sharma, 2022;Shtulman, 2017).Under these circumstances, the bullet experiences two kinds of motion on two different axes: the x-axis and the y-axis.On the x-axis, the bullet experiences GLB, and on the y-axis, the bullet experiences GLBB.The magnitude of the bullet velocity on each axis can be determined using the following equation.V0x = V0 cos θ (9) Equation 9 above is the equation used to determine the bullet's velocity on the x-axis.The velocity of the bullet on the y-axis is as follows.

Bullet Shooting by Pletokan
Bullets thrown out of the pletokan casing hit another object (opponent), and a partially inelastic collision will occur.This partially elastic collision causes the initial and final velocity of the bullet to be different, and some of the energy is converted into another form, which is sound energy.The magnitude of the coefficient of restitution at the time of this collision is 0.5, which can be determined using the following equation.Figure 6 above shows that there are differences in height in the process of playing pletokan, which, of course, will have an impact on the size of the potential energy generated.Potential energy is the energy associated with a force that depends on the position or configuration of an object (or objects) relative to the environment (Serway & Jewett, 2018).The greater the height value of an object, the more potential energy it has will increase.The amount of potential energy can be determined using equation 1 as follows.
=  ×  × ℎ In pletokan games, the concept of potential energy occurs when pletokan is to be played.In addition, at this stage, the pletokan player needs a lift force to create potential energy.The lifting force that the player does against the pletokan requires the strength of the muscle force from the player's hand.With this muscle force, players can change the position (change in height) of the pletokan against the earth's surface.The higher the player in lifting the pletokan against the earth's surface, the greater the required muscle force, which will cause an increase in the potential energy produced.The closer the pletokan's location to the earth's surface, the muscle force needed to change the position of the pletokan is not too great so that the potential energy it has will be smaller.

Frictional Force
The following illustrates the concept of friction in the traditional pletokan game, as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 above explains that in traditional pletokan, there is the concept of friction.The frictional force is an interaction between the surfaces of two or more objects whose direction of motion is resistant to the direction of the applied force (Emgin et al., 2018).When an object moves either on a surface or in a viscous media such as air or air, there is resistance to movement because the object interacts with its environment (Li et al., 2021;Newman, 2018;C. Yu et al., 2017).The frictional force in the pletokan game is kinetic friction, which is a force in the form of friction that occurs on objects with a tendency to move (friction between the first and second bullets as well as friction between the surface of the bullet and the sheath whose direction of motion is opposite to the direction of the applied force) (Sridharan et al., 2017).The magnitude of the frictional force experienced by the bullet and the pletokan casing cavity can be determined using gun two as follows.
fk = µk x N Information: fk : Kinetic Frictional Force (Newton) µk : Coefficient of Kinetic Friction N : Normal Force (Joule) In addition, when the bamboo scoop is pushed to hit the bullet contained in the pletokan sheath, it will reduce the volume of the bullet derived from the pulp.The force that causes the loss of volume is the friction force by the pletokan sheath.The magnitude of the frictional force can be determined using equation 3 as follows.

Work and Energy
The concept of work and energy in this game is illustrated in Figure 8.The work in the pletokan game is seen when the paper bullet moves out due to the thrust of the player's hand.The amount of effort created in this pletokan game is largely determined by the force exerted by the pletokan player's hand.The greater the thrust exerted by the pletokan player's hands and the greater the distance traveled, the greater the effort created.This also applies vice versa; the smaller the thrust given and the distance travelled, the smaller the effort created.Thus, it can be said that the effort is directly proportional to the style and distance travelled.The amount of effort created can be determined using equation 4 (Abdullah, 2016).4. Ideal Gas Compression An ideal gas compression will occur when a pletokan bender pounds the bullet, as shown in Figure 9. Pletokan is a game that involves fast and strong gas pressure to produce a loud sound.The physics concepts associated with pletokan are gas compression and gas pressure.When the air in the pletokan tube is compressed by the user by pushing the handle inward, the volume of air in the tube will decrease (as shown in Figure 9 above).When the air volume decreases, the same number of air molecules remain in the tube but are forced to congregate in a smaller space.This causes the gas pressure in the tube to increase.When the clamp is released, the gas in the tube suddenly releases the accumulated pressure.The gas escapes quickly and forcefully, producing a loud sound like a "pletok".This process occurs because the gas tries to return to its original, more stable state and balances the pressure inside and outside the tube.In physics, a concept related to pletokan is the ideal gas law, which states that a gas's pressure, volume, and temperature are interrelated in a closed gas system.When a gas is compressed, the pressure increases because the volume decreases, and conversely, when the gas is expanded, the pressure decreases because the volume increases (Rimkus et al., 2018;Shanmugam et al., 2021).Therefore, pletokan can be explained as applying the ideal gas law to a gas system that changes volume and pressure.This concept can be solved using buying and selling five, which is Boyle's Law, buying and selling as follows (Lashin et al., 2018;Rodger, 2018).

P1 V1 = P2 V2
Information : P1 : Gas Pressure 1 (Pa) P2 : Gas Pressure 2 (Pa) V1 : Gas Volume 1 (m 3 ) V2 : Gas Volume 2 (m 3 ) 5. Bulk Modulus A bullet made of wet pulp has a length of L when pushed with a shovel; the length decreases by ∆L and has a large velocity due to the pressure element in the pletokan sheath.The bullet is under pressure, so its volume will decrease.The magnitude of the volume change can be determined using the following equation.The volume reduction is due to the bulk modulus acting in it.However, when the bullet has been thrown out of the pletokan casing, it will return to its original size (volume), as shown in Figure 9 above.When the bullet has succeeded in getting out of the pletokan casing, the bullet will automatically get an elastic thrust due to changing the size of the bullet.Therefore, the magnitude of the bulk modulus can be determined using equation 6 as follows.: The cross-sectional area of the cavity wall of the Pletokan casing 6. Sound Waves When we play pletokan, a sound is produced, which is heard as a "pletokan" in response to the process carried out when playing the previous pletokan.The following illustrates the sound produced in pletokan games, as shown in Figure 10.Sound waves require a medium to propagate (Cheeke, 2017).In the pletokan game, the media used to propagate sound waves is the space inside the pletokan and the air around it.The sound waves in this pletokan game are because when the bamboo gun is played, vibrations are generated in the sound of a pulp bullet being shot, producing sound waves.The sound source is generated from stationary waves in pletokan or wind in pletokan.The high and low sound waves generated depend on the gas pressure in the pletokan.The greater the pressure, the louder the sound produced, and vice versa.The intensity of sound waves can be determined using equation 7 (Abdullah, 2017).7. Dynamics of Motion Thrown bullets will experience a change in speed.This change in velocity is evidenced when launching a bullet from the pletokan shroud to hitting another object (velocity always decreases, but it is not known for sure whether the velocity at point x is the same because other factors influence it, such as the wind factor).It should be noted that the thrown bullet has a velocity that is still affected by the Bulk Modulus as there is a change in the volume of the bullet.Thus, the magnitude of the bullet's velocity can be determined using equation 8 as follows.Parabolic motion can be studied by analysis of its union vector (Ain et al., 2018).Vector analysis of the motion of the parabola on the pletokan is given in the figure above.The parabolic motion of the pletokan can be seen when the second bullet comes out of the pletokan as a result of the compressive force from inside the pletokan, which is considered when the bullet (pulp) is fired (Chirame et al., 2019).Thus, the trajectory resembles a parabola formed, as shown in Figure 11 above.
Based on Figure 11 above, the bullet experiences two types of motion.On the yaxis, the bullet experiences GLBB (uniform acceleration); on the x-axis, the bullet experiences GLB (uniform speed).These two types of motion do not affect each other, but both only form a path resembling a parabola.
In this case, the bullet starts to be thrown at the top point position so that the highest value of the bullet position relative to the ground surface is known as the maximum Y.In addition, bullets thrown from the shot will experience GLBB, as evidenced by a decrease in velocity while on the y-axis trajectory.The magnitude of the bullet velocity on the y-axis can be determined using the following equation.So, to determine the velocity of the bullet on the y-axis, you can use equation 10, as presented in Table 1 above.On the x-axis, the bullet will experience uniform, straight motion, which shows that the bullet's velocity on the x-axis is constant.The magnitude of the bullet velocity on the x-axis can be determined using the following equation.In this case, it should be noted that the V0x value shown by Equation 9in Table 1 is the same as Vx in Equation 14 above.In addition, in the study of parabola motion, the magnitude of the farthest throw distance when the bullet moves out of the pletokan casing can be determined.The magnitude of the value of the distance the bullet throws against the x-axis can be determined using weapon 15 as follows.
Thus, the value of t can be determined using the following equation.A partial loan collision is an impact event between two or more objects, which causes a change in kinetic energy (Astarita & Giofré, 2019;Dahnuss et al., 2021;Young-S & Adhikari, 2022).The bullet's kinetic energy before the collision is greater than the kinetic energy after the collision (P.Yu et al., 2020).In the case of this collision, the law of conservation of energy no longer applies, but the law of conservation of momentum still applies.This type of collision has a coefficient of restitution of 0.5, which can be determined using equation 11 as follows.After the bullet hits the body of another pletokan player, the bullet will bounce towards the direction of the Pletokan player (the player who threw the bullet himself).The following illustrates the occurrence of a partial loan collision when playing pletokan.

Potential Applications in Ethnophysicsbased Physics Learning
In learning physics, physics concepts related to pletokan can be integrated with the learning achievement elements of the Kurikulum Merdeka shown in Table 2 below.Apart from making it easy for students to understand physics concepts in depth, this approach model can be used as a step in preserving Indonesian local culture.Based on the opinion (Khoiriyah & Suprapto, 2021;Putri et al., 2021;Rizki et al., 2023;Sholahuddin & Admoko, 2021;Suprapto et al., 2022) states that learning by integrating it through local culture makes it easier for students to understand the material being taught because the learning provided is contextual.In addition, learning physics, which is related to ethnoscience, has the advantage that students understand more about science itself when they apply it in everyday life and makes it easier for them to appreciate the richness of the nation's cultural treasures.
This pletokan game-based learning can be implemented into physics practical activities.One of these is parabolic motion, which is used to find several components, such as the maximum throwing distance of a bullet.Thus, this kind of learning activity can create a pleasant learning atmosphere, and students' understanding of concepts will be easier to improve.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on the data and analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the traditional pletokan game can be integrated into the Merdeka Belajar curriculum.This is because traditional game-based physics learning can create a contextual learning environment (one of the goals of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum itself is to create contextual learning) to increase student motivation and learning outcomes.Apart from that, in this research, we obtained physics concepts that have been explored and analyzed in depth in the traditional game of pletokan, including gravitational potential energy, friction force, work and energy, ideal gas compression, mass modulus, sound waves, motion dynamics, parabolic motion, and partially elastic collisions.The results of this research show that there is potential in the traditional pletokan game as a physics learning media based on local Indonesian wisdom.
Ethnoscience-based physics learning provides benefits in learning to understand the material more easily, increase students' learning motivation, improve learning outcomes, and participate in efforts to preserve national culture.This research is new.It is an in-depth exploration of physics concepts in the traditional game of pletokan as a learning medium in the Merdeka Belajar curriculum, where research of this kind was previously limited.However, this research has limitations.The number of samples used is limited, documentation for the second sample was not recorded properly, and journal references regarding the pletokan game are very limited.Future researchers should study the physics concepts in the traditional pletokan game in more depth, look for more references to strengthen the data analysis and carry out documentation activities at each research stage.Apart from that, researchers also suggest exploring physics concepts in other types of traditional games to enrich new findings in the world of research and expand efforts to preserve the nation's local culture.

Figure 2 .
Pletokan with the Shot (a) and the Bullet in the Hole in the Pletokan Sheath (b)

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The pletokan is pulled (a) and then pushed (b) so that it will eject the bullet

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Illustration of the Pletokan Work System Potential EnergyIn the traditional pletokan game, the concept of gravitational potential energy is used, as shown in Figure6below.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The Concept of Gravitational Potential Energy in the Pletokan Game

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The concept of friction in pletokan games

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The concept of work and energy in pletokan games

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Sound Waves in Pletokan Game The parabolic motion in the pletokan game is very real when the fired bullet moves out of the pletokan casing.The following illustrates the concept of parabolic motion, as shown in Figure11.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Concept of Parabolic Motion in Pletokan Game

V0y
velocity of the bullet on the y axis (m/s) V0 : Initial velocity of the bullet (m/s) θ : Elevation angle (•)

Vx
in the x-axis (m/s) V0 : Initial velocity of the bullet (m/s) θ : Elevation angle (•) g : Acceleration of gravity (m/s 2 ) velocity of the bullet in the x-axis (m/s) V0y: The initial velocity of the bullet in the y-axis (m/s) y : Object's position on the y axis (mInelastic Collision When the bullet is thrown out of the pletokan casing, it will hit the object in front of it.This kind of process contains the concept of glass called partially elastic collision.The following illustrates a partially elastic collision, as shown in Figure12below.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Partly Inelastic Collision in Pletokan Game of object B after the collision (m/s) vA : the speed of object A before the collision (m/s) vB : The speed of object B before the collision (m/s) the concept of the kinematics of rectilinear motion and identify the characteristics of objects moving in a straight line with constant speed constant acceleration through investigations, collect data, analyze and present the research results in various representations such as tables or graphs and communicate the relationship between force, mass and acceleration in the concept of dynamics of motion and its application to solve problems in everyday life 11 the concepts of impulse, momentum and the law of conservation of momentum in everyday events and experiment with the application of the law of conservation of momentum, such as a falling ball or simple rocket, analyze the experimental results and present them 11 the concept of sound waves, sound wave intensity, wave intensity quadrants and the Doppler effect through investigation using the available tools, analyze the investigation results and present them.

Table 1 .
Exploration Results of Physics Concepts in Pletokan Games

Table 2 .
Basic Knowledge and Skills Competency in Physics with Exploration of Physics Concepts in Traditional