Markedly Elevated Tumor Markers with a Benign Epidermoid Cyst of Spleen

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Lee J, Sherman J, Katz LB (2016) Markedly Elevated Tumor Markers with a Benign Epidermoid Cyst of Spleen. Int J Surg Res Pract 3:048 Received: July 01, 2015: Accepted: October 13, 2016: Published: October 17, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Lee J, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Markedly Elevated Tumor Markers with a Benign Epidermoid Cyst of Spleen


Introduction
Serum tumor markers are used to detect various cancers and monitor response to therapy, however, they can also be elevated in various benign conditions.Cancer antigen 19-9 is mainly used to monitor response to therapy or recurrence of pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, or adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater and may be elevated in ovarian cancer.Cancer antigen 125 is mainly used as a biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer.It is a large transmembrane glycoprotein derived from the epithelia of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix [1,2].The level also varies slightly with the menstrual cycle [3].Carcinoembryonic antigen is a protein found in embryonic/ fetal tissue and serum levels diminish after birth.However, it can be elevated in malignancies especially mucinous cancers of the colon and ovaries.Breast, pancreas, thyroid, or lung cancers can also exhibit elevated CEA [4].CEA can also be elevated in other conditions such as smoking, cholecystitis, cirrhosis, diverticulitis, IBD, pancretitis, and pseudomyxoma peritonei [4].
We describe a case of a young healthy female presenting with abdominal pain and elevated tumor markers with CT findings significant for ascites, ovarian cysts and enlarged spleen with a large cystic lesion.The full work up and surgical management is described in detail.

Case Report
A 25-year old female presented with left upper quadrant pain of several weeks duration, which became more intense for 2 days prior to admission.Her past medical history was significant for a benign

ISSN: 2378-3397
Lee et al.Int J Surg Res Pract 2016, 3:048 albendazole and mebendazole.Nonparasitic cysts are classified into primary/true cysts or secondary/pseudocysts by the presence or absence of cell lining.Epidermoid cysts account for approximately 90% of all primary cysts.8 Majority of pseudocysts are post-traumatic cysts accounting for 70-80% of nonparasitic cysts [8].
Treatment depends on the size of the cyst as well as symptoms.Asymptomatic cysts < 5 cm can be observed.However, splenic cysts > 5 cm in diameter have greater risk of rupture and surgery should be considered [8].Size of the cyst, location in relation to the hilum as well as within the parenchyma can all be contributing factors in deciding on the type of surgery, which can involve marsupialization for simple, superficial cysts, and laparoscopic or open partial or total splenectomy for multiple or large splenic cysts.Splenic tissue preservation is a desirable goal and may be pursued in cases where at least 25% of the spleen can be salvaged for proper function [8].
In cases such as ours with a young female presenting with elevated tumor markers and splenic cyst, the diagnosis of epidermoid cyst of the spleen should be considered high on the differential and immunohistochemical staining can be performed on the specimen to confirm the diagnosis.The tumor markers are expected to decrease and return to normal after splenectomy.discharged the following day.Postoperative labs showed significant decrease in tumor marker levels, CA 19-9 of 12902.5 U/ml, CA 125 of 208 U/ml, and CEA 9.8 ng/ml.She was doing well without any issues on postoperative follow-up.

Pathology
Specimen consisted of splenic tissue and cyst wall tissue (measuring 13 × 13 × 4.5 cm in aggregate) weighing 294 g.Pathology examination of the specimen confirmed epidermoid cyst of the spleen.Immunohistochemical stains showed cyst lining cells to be positive for CEA.Ascites fluid cytology was negative for malignant cells.Peritoneal and omental biopsies showed reactive histiocytic/ mesothelial hyperplasia, negative for malignancy.

Discussion
We described a case of symptomatic non parasitic large splenic cyst presenting with elevated tumor markers and treated with laparoscopic splenectomy.Few cases of splenic cysts presenting with elevated tumor markers have been described in the literature.Takagi, et al. reported a 36 year old female with enlarged spleen discovered on routine physical exam [5].CA 19-9 was 244 and she underwent an exploratory laparotomy revealing a splenic cyst 8 cm in diameter with necrosis and bleeding.Pathology showed splenic epidermoid cyst with staining positive for CA 19-9.Hoshino, et al. presented a 33-year-old female with abdominal pain with CA 19-9 of 3,347, and CT findings of a 10 cm splenic cyst [6].Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed and pathological examination showed a benign true epidermal cyst of the spleen with positive immunohistochemical staining for CA 19-9.Yigitbasi, et al. described a similar case of a 30-year-old woman with splenic cyst and elevated CA 19-9 of 268 [7].Patient underwent a splenectomy and the serum CA 19-9 level decreased to normal within 6 weeks.Splenic lesions are becoming more commonly diagnosed with enhancements in current imaging technology.Asymptomatic splenic cysts may be incidentally found on imaging.Symptomatic splenic cysts are not very common, and occur mostly when the cyst is infected, ruptured, or enlarged causing mass effects.Patients may present with left upper quadrant pain, referred pain to the left shoulder, early satiety, and/or nausea/vomiting.Splenic cysts can be classified into parasitic and nonparasitic cysts.Parasitic cysts are mostly hydatid cysts caused by Echinococcus, and account for approximately 5% of all splenic cysts in the U.S [8].These cysts are treated by surgical resection as well as medications such as