Skip to main content
Log in

Arab Students and English: The Role of Implicit Culture

  • Published:
Behaviormetrika Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As one learns a language, she or he learns to view the world as one’s culture views it. Krober and Kelly claim a culture contains “implicit” designs for living. The objective of the study is to uncover “implicit” dimensions of the Arabic and English languages by using survey data gathered in Amman and Cairo.

First, we have found that respondents answer the same questions differently depending upon the language in use. For example, we observed shifts in the use of primary group relations rules as opposed to second group relations rules in the workplace. Second, when the Arab students are answering questions in English, they may not think of only the Arab world but a greater part of the world—perhaps a sign of greater cognitive flexibility and diversity. Third, on the basis of these and other findings in the present study we would posit that a key reason for our inability to grasp certain elements in English grammar that are incomprehensible to the Arabs or the Japanese, no matter how expertly explained, may be caused by implicit dimensions of the concept inherent in English language that defy explication.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aellen, C. and Lambert, W.E. (1969). Ethnic identification and personality adjustments of Canadian adolescents of mixed English-French parentage; Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 1, 69–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arsenian, J.M. (1937). Bilingualism and Mental Development; New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balkan, L. (1970). Les effets du bilinguisme français-anglais sur les aptitudes intellectuelles; Bruxelles: Aimav.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Zeev, S. (1972a). The influence of bilingualism on cognitive development and cognitive strategy; Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Zeev, S. (1972b). The influence of bilingualism on cognitive strategy and cognitive development; Child Development, 48, 1009–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berelson, B. and Steiner, G.A. (1964). Human Behavior: An Inventory of Scientific Findings; New York; Harcourt, Brace, & World. Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, F. (1911). The Mind of Primitive Man; New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boey, L.K. (1980). Bilingual Education; Singapore: Singapore University Press for SEAMEO Regional language Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (1987). The effects of language teaching on young people’s perception of other cultures; Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 8, 293–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Child, I.L. (1943). Italian or American?: The Second Generation in Conflict; New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, R. (1986). The language proficiency and acculturation: An investigation of the effects of language status and individual characteristics; Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 5, 271–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, C.H. (1929). Social Organization; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J. (1978). Metalinguistic development of children in bilingual education programs: Data from Irish and Canadian Ukranian-English program. Aspects of Bilingualism (M. Paradis, ed.); Columbia, S.C.: Hornbeam Press, 127–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • East-West Journal. (1989). A Japanese language paper published semimonthly in Honolulu, 14, No. 309, (September)

    Google Scholar 

  • Feibleman, J. (1946). The Theory of Human Culture; New York: Humanity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, C. and Shen, M. (1971). Some language-related cognitive advantages of bilingual 5-year-olds; Journal of Genetic Psychology, 118, 235–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J.A. (1976). Bilingual Education: An International Sociological Perspective; Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J.A. (1978). Positive Bilingualism: Some Overlooked Rationales and Forefathers. International Dimensions of Bilingual Education (J.E. Alatis, ed.); Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 42–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, P. (1989). Language, ideology, and political economy; American Anthropologist, 91, 295–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, J. and Nishimura, F. (1983). Structure, culture and languages: An essay comparing the Indo-European, Chinese and Japanese languages; Social Science Information, 22, 892–925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillin, J.L. and Gillin, J.P. (1942). An Introduction to Sociology; New York: The Macmillan Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, V.T. (1925). The intelligence of Italian and Jewish Children in the Habit Clinic of the Massachusetts Division of Mental Hygiene; Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 20, 371–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartford, B., Valdman, A. and Foster, C.R. (1982). Issues in International Bilingual Education: The Role of Vernacular; New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, C. (1988). Nihonjin no kokoro o hakaru (A Quantitative Approach to Japanese Social Attitudes); Tokyo: Asahi shinbunsha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoijer, H. (ed.) (1954). Language in Culture; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ianco-Worrall, A. (1972). Bilingualism and cognitive development; Child Development, 43, 1390–1400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kachru, B.B. (1982). The Bilingual’s Linguistic Repertoire; Issues in International Bilingual Education: The Role of Vernacular (Hartford, B., Valdman, A. and Foster, C.R. ed.). New York: Plenum Press, 25–52.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, C. and Quinn, M.E. (1982). Cognitive Development in Bilingual Environments; Issues in International Bilingual Education: The Role of Vernacular (Hartford, B., Valdman, A. and Foster, C.R. ed.), New York: Plenum Press, 53–80.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, C. (1957). Mirror for Man; Greenwich: Conn. Fawcet Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, C. and Kelly, W.H. (1945). The Concept of Culture; The Science of Man in the World Crisis (Linton, R. ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, 78–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroeber, A.L. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions; Papers of the Peabody Museum, 47, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, Y., Hayashi, C. and Suzuki, T. (1986). The role of language in cross-national surveys: American and Japanese Respondents; Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, 2, 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, Y. and Suzuki, T. (1988). Preliminary Report on the Arab Student Survey (in Japanese); submitted to the Toyota Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, Y. and Suzuki, T. (1989a). Language and Attitude: A Study in Arabic, English, and Japanese on the Role of Language in Cross Cultural Thinking; Thinking Across Cultures (Topping, D.M., Crowell, D.C. and Kobayashi, V.N. ed.), Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 147–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, Y. and Suzuki, T. (1989b). A Comparative Attitudinal Analysis of Rationalism: Arab, American, and Japanese Students; delivered at the International Conference of Urbanity in Islam. Tokyo, October 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, W.E. (1978). Some Cognitive and Sociocultural Consequences of Being Bilingual; International Dimensions of Bilingual Education (Alatis, J.E. ed.), Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 214–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, W.E. and Anisfeld, E. (1969). A note on the relationship of bilingualism and intelligence; Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 1, 123–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landry, R.G. (1974). A comparison of second language learners and monolinguals on divergent thinking tasks at the elementary school level; Modern Language Journal, 58, 10–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmon, C.R. and Goggin, J.P. (1989). The measurement of bilingualism and its relationship to cognitive ability; Applied Psycho linguistics, 10, 133–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liedtke, W. and Nelson, L. (1968). Concept formation and bilingualism; Alberta Journal of Education Research, 14, 225–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L.G. (1989). Reasoning and Representation Across Cultures: A Comparison of Chinese and American Thinking; Thinking Across Cultures (Topping, D.M., Crowell, D.C. and Kobayashi, V.N. ed.), Hillsdale, New-Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, M. (1927). Group intelligence tests and linguistic disability among Italian children; School and Society, 25, 465–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (1983). Many Voices: Bilingualism, Culture and Education; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peal, E. and Lambert, W.E. (1962). The Relation of Bilingualism to Intelligence; Psychological Monographs, 76, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Research Committee on the Study of Honolulu Residents. (1986). The Third Attitudinal Survey of Honolulu Residents, 1983. Tokyo: The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, distributed through the University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapier, E. (1929). The status of linguistics as a science; Language, 5, 204–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaff, A. (1973). Language and Cognition (Introduction by Noam Chomsky, Cohen, R.S. ed. and translated by Wojtasiewicz, O.); New York: McGraw-Hill Company.

  • Scott, S. (1973). The Relation of Divergent Thinking of Bilingualism: Cause or Effect; Unpublished Research Report, McGill University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saer, D.J. (1923). The effect of bilingualism on intelligence; British Journal of Psychology, 14, 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, E.P., Gowan, J.W. and Aliotti. N.C. (1970). Creative functioning of monolingual and bilingual children in Singapore; Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 72–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanikar, R. (1985). Crossing cultural bridge: A model for mapping the extent of bicultural awareness; Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 6, 437–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, D.A., Spratt, J.E. and Ezzaki, A. (1989). Does learning to read in second language always put the child at a disadvantage? Some counterevidence from Morocco; Applied Psyckolinguistics, 10, 31–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whorf, B.L. (1949). Linguistics as an exact Science; Four Articles on Metalinguistics, 6–12, Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whorf, B.L. and Carroll, J.B. (ed.). (1956). Language, Thought, and Reality; Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zintz, M.V. (1969). Education Across Cultures, Second Edition; Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

About this article

Cite this article

Kuroda, Y., Suzuki, T. Arab Students and English: The Role of Implicit Culture. Behaviormetrika 18, 23–44 (1991). https://doi.org/10.2333/bhmk.18.29_23

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2333/bhmk.18.29_23

Navigation