THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: FROM CONSERVATION TO PLANNING CONCEPT

: The interpretation of the concept of cultural landscape, as well as the interpretation of the general concept of landscape, depends on the context in which the process takes place. As an antithesis to natural landscape, and as notion of spatial and temporal interaction of man and nature, the cultural landscape is conceptualized in terms of scientific approach. The experi ences prove that the traditional dichotomy in defining the landscape value (natural vs. cultural), as well as the aspect of its protection, evolving into a holistic approach, which is promoted in European Landscape Convention, at the beginning of XXI century. In the modern theory and practice of spatial planning and nature protection, the concept of cultural landscape appears as a holistic, multidimensional and multifunctional entity, which, in times of globalization, should be preserved and developed in accordance with its regional and local identity (character). The question is: what kind of methodological approach should be applied in determining the land scape value in the spatial planning and nature conservation? The aim of the research is to explain the evolution of landscape approach form reductionism to holistic problem-oriented transdisciplinary research that allows appropriate evaluation of the cultural landscape potential and its application in the spatial planning concept. At the same time, the aim is to explain the conceptualization of the cultural landscape in terms of the institutional protection of natural and cultural heritage and spatial planning in Serbia. The purpose of this paper is to point to legal instruments of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia which defining the obligations of de termining the landscape character in the planning concept in spatial and urban plans, as well as the re-evaluation of existing values of cultural landscapes. The subject of the paper is theoreti cal concept of cultural landscape and the character of the cultural landscape Tršić-Tronoša. The value of the landscape character is interpreted and metrically expressed for the purposes of the Study of protection of the landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša – cultural landscape. At the end, the finding of the presented research confirming the applicability of the methods of landscape characterization in the spatial planning concept.


Abstract:
The interpretation of the concept of cultural landscape, as well as the interpretation of the general concept of landscape, depends on the context in which the process takes place. As an antithesis to natural landscape, and as notion of spatial and temporal interaction of man and nature, the cultural landscape is conceptualized in terms of scientific approach. The experiences prove that the traditional dichotomy in defining the landscape value (natural vs. cultural), as well as the aspect of its protection, evolving into a holistic approach, which is promoted in European Landscape Convention, at the beginning of XXI century. In the modern theory and practice of spatial planning and nature protection, the concept of cultural landscape appears as a holistic, multidimensional and multifunctional entity, which, in times of globalization, should be preserved and developed in accordance with its regional and local identity (character). The question is: what kind of methodological approach should be applied in determining the landscape value in the spatial planning and nature conservation? The aim of the research is to explain the evolution of landscape approach form reductionism to holistic problem-oriented transdisciplinary research that allows appropriate evaluation of the cultural landscape potential and its application in the spatial planning concept. At the same time, the aim is to explain the conceptualization of the cultural landscape in terms of the institutional protection of natural and cultural heritage and spatial planning in Serbia. The purpose of this paper is to point to legal instruments of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia which defining the obligations of determining the landscape character in the planning concept in spatial and urban plans, as well as the re-evaluation of existing values of cultural landscapes. The subject of the paper is theoretical concept of cultural landscape and the character of the cultural landscape Tršić-Tronoša. The value of the landscape character is interpreted and metrically expressed for the purposes of the Study of protection of the landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša -cultural landscape. At the end, the finding of the presented research confirming the applicability of the methods of landscape characterization in the spatial planning concept.
Key words: landscape, cultural landscape, protected landscape, planning concept space (Vasilјević, 2012). Since the second half of the XIX century, have been initiatives for institutional nature conservation. In principle, there is a dichotomous attitude towards the values that form the two opposing discourses: natural vs. cultural landscapes. This approach persists in academic research, but also in the planning practice and protection of space, both globally and in Serbia (Vasiljević, 2009;Živkovic, Vasiljevic, 2010;Vasiljevic, 2012). In the modern world, the existence of the natural landscape is part of the academic debates which have less foundation in real space.
As a driving force in landscape changes, globalization leads to the loss of landscape diversity and landscape structure homogeneity. Consideration of the result of a dichotomous tradition in perception as well as protection of landscapes, which is marked by the traditional reductionist approach during twentieth century (natural vs. cultural, urban vs. rural, exceptional vs. ordinary landscape) at the beginning of XXI century has resulted in the definition: landscape is an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/ or human factors (Council of Europe, 2000). The landscape means the entire territory which value is interpreted through unique characters -occur as a result of the complex actions and interactions as well as manifestation of historical legacy and expression of the dynamic. Holistic approach to landscape understanding is not limited to its cultural or natural elements; landscape is considered as a "whole" -the structural unity of all elements and their relationships (Vasilјević, 2012).
Spatial planning concept express, in synthesized form, through word and the images, ideas about the current and desired spatial organization (Waterhout, 2008according to Zonneveld, 2007. Synthesized form of the landscape character represents description and visualization of temporal (historical) dynamics of change in the landscapes structure, gives the current and desired elements within landscape pattern.
The reductionist approach to understanding landscape values, as well as their institutional protection in Serbia, means conservation of landscape of exceptional features defined by the Nature Protection Act. Ratification of the European Landscape Convention in 2011 was a prerequisite for implementation of a holistic landscape conceptualization, as well as introduction of landscape character as an integral value in the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia in 2020 (SPRS 2020).
The existing methodology for the processing document of Study of the natural resource protection, which is developed and established in the Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, does not include the exploration of landscape character as an integral value. The Study on the protection of the landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša -cultural landscape (Cvijić et al., 2014) applied the first phase of the landscape characterization in order to re-evaluate the values in accordance to the legal measures for the implementation of the SPRS 2020. The application of method was limited to the existing documentation, without the possibility of additional research which are not the part of conventional methodology of the Study on the protection of the landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša -cultural landscape. Regardless of the type of constraints, the results of the landscape characterization are sufficiently illustrative to provide an idea of the current and partly the desired distribution of elements within landscape pattern (landscape character).
The idea of this research is to explain the evolution of the theoretical concept of cultural landscapes and to indicate the landscape character as an integrated value of natural and cultural elements, as well as to propose landscape character assessment as a method by which it is possible to determine the landscape value and its potential for the process of landscape planning, protection and development.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study of the theoretical concept of cultural landscapes is based on finding a "general in the special", respectively, seeking and finding the elements of general knowledge about the landscape as the part of the concept of cultural landscapes. This research is based on analysis, systematization and classification of landscape values in the field of humanities and natural sciences. At the same time, it was analyzed the legal and institutional relationship to values, concerning aspect of the landscape through different periods: from reductionism to holism. Special attention is given to the analysis of papers and documents in which the authors deal with the modern conceptualization of the landscape in the context of spatial development, among which a special place takes European Landscape Convention.
In the second part of the research it was applied legal measures of implementation of the SPRS 2020 which, during the first phase, proposed to prepare Studies of the landscape for the pilot areas that have the status of protected natural and cultural areas. The goal of applying the method of characterization is to determine landscape character which defines the values. Landscape character is consistent and clear pattern of landscape elements which makes landscapes different and recognizable. A special combination of relief, vegetation, land use, schemes of fields and settlements creates a variety of landscape patterns giving it a distinct identity, or character (Vasiljević, 2012by Swanwick, 2002Selman, 2006Van Eetvelde, Antrop, 2007;Vasiljevic 2009). Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) is a method which is used in contemporary practice of landscape planning and protection. Landscape characterization includes the classification and description of the landscape, in order to distinguish landscape types and their varieties which differ by their character 1 .
Landscape assessment is based on the principles of landscape quality (stability and sensitivity), the value and status of the landscape with the objective of making decisions about the future development of the landscape (Cvejić et al., 2008, Vasiljevic et al., 2014. In order to make the results of the landscape characterization applicable 1 The method of determining and assessing the value of landscape, which was used in this study was largely based on the techniques and criteria for establishing landscape capacity and sensitivity that are segment of the Guidelines for the landscape character assessment for England and Scotland in 2002 (Landscape Character Assessment -Guidance for England and Scotland, The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage, Department of Landscape University of Sheffield and Land Use Consultants, 2002). to the spatial planning process, Botequilha and Ahern (Botequilha Leitão, Ahern, 2002) showed that, in simple terms, the information on landscape pattern can be presented by means of two basic components: composition and configuration. Composition includes landscape characteristics such as proportion, richness, uniformity or domination, diversity of landscape elements, whereas landscape configuration deals with their geometry and spatial distribution (Botequilha Leitão, Ahern 2002;Vasiljević, 2009Vasiljević, , 2012Vasiljević et al., 2014).
The area of research encompasses 1368 ha and extends the boundaries of a protected natural resource -natural memorial monument "Tršić-Tronoša" which covers the northern part of the village Tršić, with a central zone of the birth house of Vuk Karadžić, and south part that surrounding the monastery Tronoša, with the area of the village of Prnjavor. The area of village Tršić and monastery Tronoša are the first nature protected area that, through the process of re-evaluation, should receive protection status as the landscape of exceptional features -cultural landscape.
In relation to the available information data base and the existing methodology for processing document of Study of protection of the landscape of exceptional features, landscape character types are determined by using the method of landscape characterization 2 . Analysis of selected landscape types is interpreted by using parameters of landscape composition and configuration metrics. The parameters of the landscape composition are defined in relation to the value of the landscape diversity i.e. the heterogeneity of the landscape structure (NumP -number of patches [1] and standard deviation in patch area [2]), and the parameters of the landscape configuration in relation to the specific and unique forms of landscape elements (TE -total edge length of all patch types).

Landscape
The landscape interpretation is changing in relation to the temporal, spatial or professional context. Depending on how the various scientific disciplines perceived landscape, Turner (Turner, 1982) distinguishes three categories: artistic scenery (scene), geographic region (piece of land), and landscape design (planned park or garden). Similarly to Turner's categorization, Relph (1981) identifies six different meanings that they bind to different disciplines; landscape as an object, phenomenon in space, the historical record, urban landscape, the environment and property, and Meinig (1976) develops the list of the ten meanings "versions of the same scene." A wide range of different scientific approaches Antrop (2004) consists of three basic: natural sciences (in which ecology plays a major role), social sciences (geog-raphy, history and semiotics) and applied science (with landscape architecture, architecture and spatial planning). Ogrin (1999) simplifies the classification and raises two conceptual phenomenon of landscapes: physical and metaphysical.
The transition to the new century is characterized by attempts to form a new, synthetic definition which emphasizes the landscape which has a holistic, dynamic and perceptive properties. In the previous context, a qualitatively new definition opens new possibilities for landscape understanding and interpretation in spatial planning. The European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000) provide a clear and broad definition: "Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors" (Antrop, 2005;Vasilјević, 2012).
Traditional approach to understanding and evaluating landscapes was aimed to perceive the landscape of exceptional features and their protection based on assessment by experts and state  , 2004). Basically, there are two discourses: biocentric and anthropocentric.
In the practice, this approach has given only limited results, which leads to a change in the approach to the understanding and evaluation of the landscape. At the same time, it is necessary to define the subject of landscape protection and conservation if landscape manifests itself in every dimension of life (Phillips, 1998;Pedroli, 2000;Živković, Vasiljević, 2010;Taylor, Lennon J. 2011).
As the impacts of man increasingly widespread, the existence of natural landscapes have become domain of academic and theoretical debate. Common messages is that essentially all landscapes are cultural, subject to cultural influences, and a source of cultural knowledge (Tress et al. 2001).
According to contemporary conceptualization, landscape is a multifunctional value that provides and preserves the conditions for a large number of different needs for both human and non-human lives. It may include the preservation of a historical landscape image, but it may create as well some radical new landscape features, emerging from the realization of a sustainable land use in combination with new landscape design ideas (von Haaren, 2002). It is necessary to determine the value of cultural landscapes as well as methodology for landscape conceptualization, analysis and evaluation in the field of spatial planning.

Cultural landscape
As the antithesis to the natural landscape, the landscape which is changed by human activities received its interpretation through the concept of cultural landscapes. The last decade of the XX century were a period of different interpretation of the cultural landscape. In addition to the existing dualism in the value system, it was necessary to review the concept of heritage which, during the sixties and seventies, had focus on great and important monuments, archaeological sites, architectural or historical places which reflected the wealth and prestige.
During this period, from the geographical schools of thoughts, appeared a large number of works in which the landscape is interpreted as the "cultural products" (Kulturlandschaft) which was, in the late nineteenth century, Otto Schlütter creation (Lowenthal 1985(Lowenthal , 1997Meining, 1976;Jackson, 1984;Cosgrove, 1989). The authors of the papers are based their approach on the research of American geographers Carl Sauer which states that "geography have to explain the evolution of the cultural landscape [...] starting from the premise that culture is an agent, the natural area is media and the cultural landscape is the result of an interactive relationship that takes place between the nature-society-culture [...] whose research is applied elements of system analysis: historical and genetic methodological procedure and chronology, on whose foundation has allocated specific physiognomic areas incurred through interaction between nature and society, i.e. regions " (Tošić, 2012). Landscapes and cultural landscapes are synonyms, but it is important to note that the approach to landscape research involves analysis of natural and cultural elements that create structure.
In the eighties of XX century, holistic analysis of the landscape structure, as well as analysis of functioning and changes by which they are exposed, has become a research approach in landscape ecology (Forman, Godron, 1986).
In relation to the degree of landscape modification, specific landscape patterns that have emerged as a result of various human impacts, Forman and Godron made landscape typology in which they define a natural, managed, cultivated, suburban and urban areas (Forman, Godron, 1986).
The contemporary landscape conceptualization was created in an attempt to explain the properties of metastructure. It is usually interprets and explains the forms, images, pattern, mosaic, structure, holon, connectedness and connectivity, context. At the same time, these interpretation are often used as synonyms or as a lack of clearly defined terms, causing further confusion. Geometrically speaking, it is about points, lines and areas (Rossi, 1978;Norberg-Shultz, 1980;Lynch, 1974) as in the interpretation of landscape ecologists' patch-corridor-matrix (Forman, Godron 1986), which is defined landscape pattern. Referring to holistic paradigm and the principles of gestalt theory, ecologist Naveh and Liberman (1983) are suggested a useful concept. They emphasize the holon property of landscape character as the bioecosystem, which means that lower holon level is a depending part of its upper holon level, but, at the same time, also a self-contained whole towards its lower subsystem holon (Naveh, Liberman 1983). Holistic and holonic landscape conceptualization was a model for the methodology of landscape character assessment which creator is professor Swanwick with associates (Swanwick et al. 2002). Landscape Character Assessment is the transdisciplinary research method that can interprets landscape patternlandscape character at the national, regional and local spatial level. Landscape character behaves as an autonomous territorial unit in the system at a higher level, but also as a system of smaller units of the landscape character at a lower spatial level. Interpretation of the processed form occurs in metric statement compositions and configurations which can be determined by the structure and condition of the landscape, or the value of the existing and the desired form of the landscape as part of the planning concept (Vasilјević, 2012;Radić, 2014).

Protection of Cultural landscapes value
The evolution of perceptions of the cultural landscapes values and their protection can be seen through a different categorization: a) the category of World Heritage (World Heritage Convention), b) protected natural area (IUCN Protected Area category) and c) common European heritage (European Landscape Convention).
According to the Operational objectives for Convention on World heritage implementation (UNESCO, 1994(UNESCO, , 2012, cultural landscapes are recognized as part of World Cultural Heritage (World Heritage List) in the categories of organic (vernacular and relict), designed and associative cultural landscapes.
The International union for conservation of nature (IUCN, 1994) systematize protected areas into six categories. Protected landscape present fifth category which is defined as "protected region mainly managed for landscape conservation of and recreation". Key values of protected landscapes are: high aesthetic quality, highlighted connections of diversity habitats, elements of flora and fauna along with distinctive, unique or traditional landscape patterns in which social activities recognized in human settlements, local customs, beliefs and mechanisms of survival (IUCN, 1994).
At the beginning of the XXI century, awareness about the threat of globalization forces on local identity and regional diversity has been arising. Several initiatives have been taken to reorient research and policy concerning the landscape values as a cultural heritage has been emerging again (Vos, Klijn, 2000;Pedroli, 2000;Ahern, 2005). The conclusion is that: • The various areas have different but unique characters that are the result of continuous interaction of natural processes and social activities. Historical and ecological processes are essential in both creating and understanding the landscape. • Changes to which contemporary landscapes are exposed presents a threat that leads to the disappearance of diversity, coherence and identity that are considered as essential of the landscape values. Under such circumstances, the Council of Europe in 2000 created a European landscape convention, that offer different view on landscapes as the part of Europe's common heritage (Council of Europe, 2000). The Convention promotes unique approach to the landscapes no matter are they "exceptional" landscapes (protected natural or cultural heritage), "ordinary" landscapes (natural, rural, urban and suburban (peri-urban) regions) or "degraded" landscapes (surface mines, waste, etc.). The objectives of the European Landscape Convention Convention are: the preservation of the regional diversity of the landscapes and the areas of unique character, as well as improving the quality of the landscape by re-evaluation of existing or creation of new landscape values, which implies previous identification and assessment of landscapes. By this document landscape planning is defined as "a comprehensive, long-term and far-reaching actions aimed to improve, restore or create landscapes" and the protection of the landscape as "actions to preserve and maintain the landscape character as well as the characteristic features in landscape" (Council of Europe, 2000). Planning is directed toward pro-tection and development of landscape pattern that enable sustainable functioning of ecosystems, satisfy needs of society and respects its values" (Vasiljević, 2012).

Cultural Landscapes within the institutions of planning and protection in the Republic of Serbia
The initial idea of the concept of cultural landscape are matched in terms of protection of cultural heritage and protected surroundings of an immovable cultural property. Protection of cultural landscapes in Serbia evolves in accordance with the implementation of integrated protection of natural and cultural assets. Integrated protection of the monument and its immediate surroundings was introduced into the National Law on the Protection of Cultural Property 1977, in which it is regulated that the Act on the protection contains the border of "immediate surrounding", including requirements of its protection. The protected immediate surrounding is the surface with all the individual natural characteristics that makes the functional and visual framework (Vasiljević, 2005).
The Law of Nature Conservation 1981, was defined natural surroundings of immovable cultural property as a kind of protected natural areas, with special values important for the overall protection of cultural property, which creating the ambiance that reflect cultural heritage.
The fact that the natural landscape and its ambient value was of crucial importance for the selection of sites for the erection of cultural monuments, and that a small number of cultural property preserved its original natural frame in which they occurred, were a sufficient basis for the creation of a methodology for determinate natural space around immovable monuments. The methodology is based on an analysis of the basic characteristics of cultural property and the analysis of natural features of the area. Final results was the types of landscape which surrounding cultural property (urban, rural or natural landscape) divided into zones with proposed nature protection measures (Vasilјević, 2005according to Radovanović, 1982. According to Nature Protection Act ("Off. Gazette of RS", no. 36/2009RS", no. 36/ , 88/2010, the landscape is defined as "an area whose character is a specific combination of natural and man-made values which are characteristic for the given region". Natural and cultural landscapes of outstanding features are legally protected areas. The Spatial Plan for the Republic of Serbia 2020 considers diverse and unique landscapes as the basic characteristics of the territory of Serbia; one of the spatial development imperatives is landscape protection and management in relation to its value. The value of the landscape in Serbia is diversity, historicity, natural and cultural heritage, biodiversity and landscape character as an element of local, regional and national identity ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 88/2010). In the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia 2020 (SPRS 2020), spatial concept covers all landscapes which are, in relation to the degree of modification, divided into natural and cultural. Cultural landscapes representing the combined works of man and nature, illustration of the evolution of human society under the influence of the physical constraints and / or opportunities that are created by its natural surroundings and is influenced by social, economic and cultural conditions. In relation to the type of modification, dominant land use and density, landscapes are classified on rural and urban cultural landscape.
In the context of spatial planning at all levels, it is necessary to enable the preservation and improvement of characteristic structures and landscape images through the preservation of the landscape pattern, i.e. landscape character which is based on the land use, relation of the built and open space and character of building (Vasilјević, Živković, 2009;Živković, Vasiljević, 2010). Finally, the realization of spatial plan is depending on the implementation of the legal instrument which is defined, inter alia, through the integration of landscape issues, among other laws, in the Nature Protection Act as well as establishing the landscape characterization as an integral part of the spatial planning at all levels ("Off. Gazette of RS", no. 36/2009RS", no. 36/ , 88/2010.

Landscape character of landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša
Application of legal measures for the implementation of SPRS 2020, relating to the protection and renovation of cultural landscapes, pre-dicts the Study of landscape and determining the value of the landscape, as well as their re-evaluation in accordance to the contemporary landscape conceptualization.
For the purposes of the Study of protection of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša -cultural landscape (Cvijić et al. 2014) it was performed re-evaluation of the values that are established under the first phase of landscape characterization -defining the preliminary types without determining stability and sensitivity of the landscape. In the absence of information data base, which includes the landscape characterization at the local level, the application of characterization methods and landscape metrics is reduced to a general morphological diversification in which vernacular structure -composition and configuration of the vernacular structure of cultural landscapes "Tršić-Tronoša" build three classes of landscape elements: vernacular cultural complex, a complex of agricultural land use and forest complex.
Vernacular cultural pattern build parts of settlement Tršić, which is broken up into smaller units, as well as monastery Tronoša with its economy parts and immediate surroundings. In this mosaic vernacular structure, system of landscape patches form edges with forest complexes, which is one of the element of a specific configurations i.e. landscape geometry at this spatial and organization level. In the structure of the vernacular landscape, it was identified two types of landscape characters whose landscape metric explains the difference in the local landscape character: the settlement Tršić with protected unity with memorial character and the monastery Tronoša with its surroundings.
The first type of landscape character is agroforestry complex with the vernacular structure of a settlement Tršić. In the composition of landscape dominates elements which are carriers of traditional land use (vernacular complex of pro-  tected unit of memorial character and complex of arable land that both form a spatial and functional matrix which influences the stability of the landscape. Edges of elements of transportation infrastructure, the edges of the vernacular complexes and complexes of arable land form organic pattern configuration (Figure 1, Table 1). Character of this variety of vernacular cultural landscape is in open form and specific distribution of elements of landscape structure. The second type of landscape character is forests complex with vernacular structure of monastery Tronoša. Forest complex, which represents the functional and spatial matrix, dominates in composition of this landscape type. Primordial character of this landscape is partly modified by establishing monastery Tronoša and its later spatial activities. In this way vernacular complex was formed, which by the object of monastery and its supporting facilities includes the physical structure of surroundings that traditionally operates in the service of the monastery. The organic geometry i.e. landscape configuration, form closed lines of contrast between forest and vernacular complex with arable land (Figure 2, Table 2). The landscape character carrier of this cultural landscape type is closed form and typical position as well as functioning the monastery and its surroundings.
According to results of landscape metric, both types of landscape characters belong to regional landscape quality objective of west part of Serbia.

CONCLUSION
One of the main properties of the landscape is changeability, which in time and space creating different values of cultural landscapes. At the end of XIX and beginning of XX century, the evolution of the theory and practice of planning and protection of space starting from the reductionist approach to the landscape values (natural vs. cultural, urban vs. rural, exceptional vs. ordinary  landscape) but, at the beginning of the XXI century, the approach received frames of holistic landscape conceptualization: the landscape is an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and / or human factors (Council of Europe, 2000). Determination of landscape value are not limited to its cultural or natural elements: landscape is considered as a "whole" -the structural unity of all elements and their relationships. On that way, the concept of cultural landscape appears as a holistic, multidimensional and multifunctional entity, which, in times of globalization, should be preserved and developed in accordance with its regional and local identity (character). The value of the landscapes is their specific character that arises and survives according to the mutual relationships that they form within a particular territory. The values appearing in the form of landscape identity and landscape diversity as an element of cultural identity of the entire territory.
Spatial planning is directed toward protection and development of landscape pattern, which is "holder" of the unique character at the regional and local level. Spatial planning concept express, in synthesized form, through word and the images, ideas about the current and desired spatial organization. Synthesized form of the landscape character represents description and visualization of temporal (historical) dynamics of change in the landscapes structure, gives the current and desired elements within landscape pattern.
Landscape character assessment is the method, which is used in contemporary landscape planning, based on the principles of quality (stability and sensitivity) as well as the value and status of the landscape with the aim of making decisions about the future landscape development.
The reductionist approach to the landscape values, as well as their institutional protection in Serbia, has evolved into a holistic landscape conceptualization in the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia in 2020. Spatial concept covers all landscapes and planning solutions have to enable the preservation and improvement of characteristic structures and landscape images through the preservation of the landscape pattern, i.e. landscape character which is based on the land use.
Legal instrument for implementation of planning solution is the establishment of landscape characterization as an integral part of the spatial planning at the national, regional and local level.
In relation to the available information data base, time and the existing methodology for processing document of Study of protection of the landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša -cultural landscape, the method of characterization are defined landscape character types that are interpreted in metric statement of compositions and configurations. Identified landscape elements are the holders of a regional landscapes character of the western part of Serbia, as well as the landscape quality objective for spatial development and protection.
The Regional spatial plan for the area of Kolubara and Mačva district, provided the developing of a new Spatial Plan for special purpose for the landscape of exceptional features Tršić-Tronoša. As the given value of the vernacular cultural landscape, this spatial plan should define the landscape character, its stability and sensitivity, and should apply the method of landscape characterization by which it is possible to determine the landscape value and its potential for the spatial development and protection.