Role of gender, professional level, and geographic location of artists on how they represent a story: the case of Little Red Riding Hood

Little Red Riding Hood is a widely known classic story and its text has been abundantly analyzed, but no detailed statistical studies have been published about how it has been illustrated. We analyzed 554 images from the public artists’ site DeviantArt (January, 2015); classified them according to how the wolf, Little Red, and the environment were represented by the artists; and applied non-parametrical statistical tests to check several hypotheses. When compared with professionals, amateur artists tended to present a more neutral environment, and to humanize the wolf. Female artists were more likely to represent the wolf as a dressed man. Men were more likely to set the story outside of forests, to eroticize Red and to show her confused, scared or uninterested when first meeting the wolf. The neutral attitude of amateurs towards nature suggests indecision, while professional artists seem more used to produce family-friendly images. The female tendency to present the wolf as a man forces them to dress him and may reflect a stronger awareness about the moral of the story, meant to warn young women about men’s sexuality. Men deviate more from the forest setting because they feel safer in new environments, and also appear to see Red as a sexually attractive partner and the wolf as a competitor. Artists tended to show no sexual intent between the characters, but those who did were mostly amateurs. The global similarity in art about Little Red Riding Hood indicates that all modern audiences are familiar with the standard representation of the story in books, films and television. This article presents a rigorous quantitative approach to the study of art that can be applied to many other stories and subjects.

Even though the origin of the Little Red Riding Hood story is obscure, according to Perrault's 1697 version, a beautiful little girl is sent to visit her grandmother.On her way there, she speaks with a wolf and gives him directions to the woman's house.When he arrives, he pretends to be Red to be allowed in and eats the grandmother; and then plays the same trick on Red and devours her as well.The story ends with a lesson for young, beautiful girls to stay away from the charming and handsome wolves, the most dangerous of all.
Although it is a well known story, it has in fact been adapted and readapted many times to teach the same lesson in different sociocultural contexts (Zipes, 1983).Tehrani (2013) applied biological software to some versions of the story and produced a similarity tree.Even though the effect of the missing versions, and of how well biological algorithms reflect cultural transmission, is unknown, the attempt is a valuable innovation in literary research.
The reasons for its creation, popularity, and the way the story affects its public have only began to be studied with some rigor, and traditional psychological interpretations have mostly been discarded by recent researchers.For example, children under five years of age are unable to understand the feelings of some characters (Bradmetz & Schneider, 1999); and Blecourt's (2012) argued that printed versions, not oral versions, are the most influential.The role of such stories in societies has been discussed by recent authors like Sterck (2014) and Fazio, Brashier, Payne and Marsh (2015).A good case of adaptations that fulfill a social need are those by Spanish language writers, who presented Reds that live their sexual desires, reject maternal fears and fight the oligarchy (Vekić, 2009).
There are several well known interpretations of the meaning of the color red in the story, but they lack factual bases and ignore the fact the red cape was not part of the original story (Zipes, 1983).Another problem with ethnographic, sociological, anthropological, historical and psychological interpretations is that each ignores a wealth of data on the historical and geographic variants of the story, which is very old (Jones, 1987).This became more obvious with a recent reconstruction based on biological software (Tehrani, 2013).
Fairy tale illustrations affect how the characters are perceived (Mendoza & Reese, 2001) and in the case of Red, they have been even less studied than the story itself, and thus are in even more urgent need of analysis.The earliest attempt may have been that of Zipes (1983), who summarized his impressions of nearly 500 illustrations and concluded that the industrial production of books had homogenized the representation of Little Red Riding Hood as an un-erotic story of a disobedient girl who endangered herself and needed to be rescued by a man (the woodsman).Beckett (2002) analyzed illustrations in more than 60 versions published before the year 2000 and found that the color red was key to story reinterpretations and that historically, illustrations reflected new audiences and new cultural contexts.A study published a few years later, based on how three artists interpreted the story, found a tendency to subvert and change the values of the original tale, by presenting Red as a transvestite, the wolf as a victim, and the grandma as a wearer of wolf furs (Bonner, 2005).Nevertheless, no statistical studies have been published for illustrations of the story along the line of Robinson and Wildermuth's (2016) recent analysis of Cinderella.
In this article, we present a quantitative study of a large sample of illustrations and go beyond the method of Robinson and Wildermuth (2016) by using a list of hypotheses and non-parametric statistical tests to check the strength of those hypotheses.

METHODS
We extracted all images and associated data found with the search tool of devianart.comfrom the year 2000 to January, 2015.DeviantArt is an open web community where artists can post their work and interact with others with opinions and ideas; it has more than 200 million art pieces (Sartori et al., 2015).
We recorded artists' declared sex, country and skill level (amateur or professional).Most use fictitious names so we do not have any reason to think that any significant number of users reported false sex or country data.We inserted the images into an Excel file and the main author (KB) classified them according to how the wolf, Little Red, and the environment were represented by the artists.Other characters like the grandmother, the mother, and the lumberjack were not included because they rarely appeared in the illustrations.
Attitude: Red's and Wolf's attitude were considered positive if they were smiling, or looked happy or otherwise pleased.They were considered negative if they were smirking, looked angry, confused, scared, doubtful, sexually aggressive, or something similar.When the face was not visible, or had no negative or positive expression, it was classified as neutral.The Environment was classified as positive when it was sunny, a forest with flowers and nice foliage, or similar.It was negative if it looked cold, dark, dangerous, unpleasant, or similar.When texts described one of them with praise, insults, etc. they were also used to decide if the overall representation was positive, negative or neutral.
Activity: Red's activity was considered positive when she was acting friendly, enjoying candy, protecting nature and similar; negative when she was violent, deceitful, holding weapons, preparing poison, or similar.When she was just standing, sitting, walking or doing nothing in particular, her activity was considered neutral.
Representation: while classic artists normally represented the wolf as a wolf and Red as a girl, modern artists have explored many other options, in which -for example-the wolf is represented as a human, or Red as a boy, or the forest itself is a live animal.For this reason we also analyzed forest representation.Considering the sexual element that was there in the earlier known versions, we also recorded if Red or the wolf appeared nude, dressed, or partially dressed.Later, as recommended by one reviewer, we reanalyzed the images for sexual intent (see below).
Sexual intent among characters: This analysis classified the images according to whether Red, or the wolf, were shown to have a sexual interest in each other (defined by erotic kissing, facial expression, body contact and removal of clothing).We excluded from this category many illustrations that sexualized one or several characters, but did not show any sexual intent among characters.
Red was classified as child if she looked prepubescent, as young when she looked in her teens, and as adult otherwise.
The whole dataset, including original art and our ratings, is freely available for other researchers to corroborate and reanalyze (see additional files in the online edition of this journal).
We applied parametrical and non-parametrical statistical tests to check the following hypotheses: 1. Professional artists represent the wolf, Red, and the environment differently from amateurs (c 2 ).
2. Female and male artists represent the wolf, Red, and the environment in different ways (c 2 ).
3. Artists from different geographic regions differ in how they represent the wolf, Red, and the environment (ANOVA).
4. The use of color varies according to the gender of the artist (c 2 ).
5. The minority of artists who sexualize Red are mostly amateurs (c 2 ).
When there was no statistically significant difference between sexes, levels (amateur or professional), or geographic regions, they were merged and presented as single categories in the figures.When the difference was statistically significant, we included the contingency c 2 results in the graph and the goodness of fit results in the text.
Data analyses were performed with the JMP statistical software package (SAS Institute Inc.; http://www.jmp.com/en_us/software/jmp.html).We used a 5% level of significance.
Ethics: We only used material that was publicly available, and do not include any information that identifies individual artists.We do not have any conflict of interest with the company Devianart.com

RESULTS
We analyzed 554 images and found that women and amateurs had similar results, so we checked the possibility that most women were amateurs, but it was not the case, so here we analyze them separately.
Red is represented mostly as an adult and girl is the second most common representation in most cultures (Fig. 16).
Independently of sex, training and nationality, warm and cold colors appeared in equal proportions in the paintings (i.e.50/50).Most artists illustrated the characters in a way that showed no sexual interest towards each other (c 2 :1359.34;p<0.0001).Nevertheless, those who show either Red or the wolf as rapists (26 out of 554), or showed both characters engaged willingly in sexual activities (16 out of 554), were mostly amateurs (c 2 =6,56; p= 0,0104).

DISCUSSION
When compared with professionals, amateur artists tended to present a more neutral environment, and to humanize the wolf.These results need an explanation but, in the absence of previous literature, we can only compare them with less directly related studies.The neutral attitude of amateurs towards nature, shown by the fact that they are less likely than professionals to paint the forest as a welcoming or as a menacing environment, indicates uncertainty.They do not seem to have made their minds either way; perhaps they have received less environmental education than professionals.A similar case was reported by Müller and Job (2009), who wrote that tourists had a neutral attitude towards the bark beetle if they knew little about the species, and a positive attitude if they had a better knowledge about it.
Although most artists showed no sexual intent in either the wolf or Red, a small number of them, who were mostly amateurs, did give the characters sexual interests in each other like in the original tale, as predicted by Zipes (2012).
The reason why amateurs humanize and sexualize the wolf more than professionals may have the same origin: in their daily work for companies, professional artists are under pressure to produce images that are acceptable to the general public.Amateurs, on the other hand, do not need to please customers and thus are freer to paint whatever comes to their minds.This can explain why they dare to venture farther from the accepted family-friendly version, as previously discussed by Zipes (1983), who proposed that the representation of Red as a bland, asexual character, arose with industrial book production.Free of such pressure, amateurs in our sample represented Red in the most varied conditions, from ghettos to futuristic cities, and the wolf as an attractive man, reflecting erotic interpretations always subjacent in this story (e.g.Hanks & Hanks, 1978;Zipes, 1983;Vekic, 2009) and in many others about women and animals (see Sterck, 2014, for aquatic animals;and Monge-Nájera, 2016, for the case of King Kong).
When compared with men, female artists were more likely to humanize and dress the wolf.Men, in turn, were more likely than women to present the story in non-forest settings; and to eroticize Red and show her confused, scared or uninterested in the wolf (quite in contrast with her reaction in the story).Why were there such marked gender differences?
The female tendency to present the wolf as a man probably made it necessary to dress him, because it seems natural and realistic to represent a wild animal without clothes and a man with them while moving through a forest, so these two characteristics are correlated.Furthermore, in comparison with men, women have a stronger social pressure to avoid public nudity and to avoid the implications that sexuality has for them (Berrington & Jones, 2002;Choi, Yoo, Reichert & LaTour, 2016).The fact that women are more likely to represent the wolf as a man may reflect a stronger awareness about the moral of the story, meant to warn women who reach reproductive age about men's desires and seduction skills (Perrault, 1697).
The higher probability that male artists will paint an environment that is not the forest of the original story, may reflect the fact that men feel safer in new environments than women (Berrington & Jones, 2002).In comparison with women, men also represent Red's first reaction to the wolf as negative and strongly eroticize her, and the possible reasons are multiple and also in need of further research, but the possibilities include that they fantasize with red as a sexually attractive partner and see the wolf as a competitor (Hanks & Hank, 1978;Zipes, 1983;Vekic, 2009;Monge-Nájera, 2016).
Finally, there were no geographic differences in any of the characteristics that we studied, possibly because, independently of where they are, media technology have familiarized all modern audiences with the standard representation of the story in books, films and television.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Red's attitude in illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood in DeviantArt (2000-2015) according to amateurs and professionals.

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Environment in illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood in DeviantArt (2000-2015) according to amateurs and professionals.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Wolf's clothing in illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood in DeviantArt (2000-2015) according to amateurs and professionals.

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Wolf's representation in illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood in DeviantArt (2000-2015) according to the artist's gender.

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Red's clothing in illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood in DeviantArt (2000-2015) according to amateurs and professionals.

Fig. 16 .
Fig. 16.Red's representation in illustrations of Little Red Riding Hood in DeviantArt (2000-2015) according to the artist's cultural origin.Saxon means United Kingdom and former colonies of dominant Anglo-Saxon culture (Australia, New Zealand, etc.).