ABD AL-RAUF'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO QURANIC EXEGESIS: HISTORICAL CONTEXT, METHODOLOGY, AND MALAY TRANSLATION

This study explores Abd al-Rauf's influence within the geographic and historical milieu of Aceh, focusing on his contributions during the reign of four sultanas and his role as Qadi Malik al-Adil. It underscores his historical approach to Quranic exegesis and efforts to make Quranic teachings accessible to Malay-speaking audiences. Using a systematic literature review, the study analyzes 21 key documents on Abd al-Rauf's contributions. Documents were selected based on relevance to three themes: geographic and historical context, tafsir methodology, and Quranic translation. Findings reveal that 43% of the literature highlights Abd al-Rauf's historical influence, 19% discusses his tafsir methodology, especially in Turjuman al-Mustafid, and 38% examines his translation of the Quran into Malay using the Jawi script. The study concludes that Abd al-Rauf's contributions have significantly enriched the Islamic intellectual tradition in Southeast Asia, enhancing the region's scholarly and cultural heritage and providing a foundation for ongoing research into Quranic exegesis and Islamic teachings in the Malay world.


A. Introduction
In the 17th century, the field of Quranic exegesis was one of the rapidly developing branches of science in the Nusantara region, predominantly in oral form (Putra, 2014).One of the earliest exegetical works in Nusantara was Turjuman al-Mustafid, authored by Abdu al-Rauf al-Fanshuri from Fansur, Sinkil in Aceh, written in Jawi script.It is considered the most comprehensive Quranic exegesis produced by a Malay scholar (Muhajirin & Amin, 2016).After the creation of this work, the activity of tafsir was not evident until the early 20th century (Gusmian, 2015).
The objective of this study is to examine the role of Abd al-Rauf in producing the Turjuman al-Mustafid tafsir using the Jawi script in Malay, tailored to the comprehension level of the Acehnese and Malay Nusantara communities at the time, who found the complex Arabic Quranic exegesis challenging to understand.
Thus, this study will discuss Abd al-Rauf's role as a Malay-Jawi Mufassir through a systematic literature review method covering background, thought, research methodology, findings and discussion, study analysis, and finally, the conclusion.This research is crucial to highlight Abd al-Rauf al-Fanshuri al-Jawi not only as a renowned scholar in the fields of Sufism, Fiqh, and Hadith but also in the field of tafsir.The study opens new avenues of knowledge by revealing Abd al-Rauf's role as a Malay-Jawi Mufassir to the public.Consequently, an initial study on the exegesis methods used by Abd al-Rauf will be discussed in this paper.Additionally, an analysis of the characteristics and uniqueness of the tafsir methodology will be emphasized so that it can be used as teaching material in the community, preserved, and fully utilized in the future.

B. Method
The use of research methodology in producing scientific studies is very important (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).High-quality research results when using methods that are accurate and appropriate to its objectives and goals (Kumar, 2018).Previous research is a systematic and clear process to identify, evaluate, and interpret the results of studies conducted by researchers, scholars, and practitioners in fields related to the issues under study.This research needs to be systematically recorded and easily referenced in the future (Fink, 2019).
This study uses a systematic literature review method to examine the role of Abd al-Rauf al-Fanshuri al-Jawi as a Malay-Jawi Mufassir in the context of geography and situations that shaped his exegesis views and approaches (Riddell, 2001).The review focuses on aspects of Abd al-Rauf's background in compiling his tafsir, analyzing his exegesis methodology, understanding the process of translating the Quran into Malay, and using Jawi script in producing the unique Malay-Jawi tafsir (Azra, 2009).
The documentation method is used in this study (Bryman, 2016).The main goal of previous studies is to understand the researched problem and identify weaknesses in understanding the issue (Krippendorff, 2018).Therefore, the documentation method involves collecting data through document research related to the investigated problem.
The documents studied include writings in books, journal articles, and other printed materials relevant to the study (Blanche et al., 2006).

Search Strategy
The search was conducted using specific Malay terms, namely Abd al-Rauf and Turjuman al-Mustafid.This combination of terms was used, limiting the publication year to the last 33 years, from 1990 to 2023.Databases used include ResearchGate, Academia, Google Scholar, websites, and titles and abstracts were carefully reviewed to identify related questions.The use of a systematic literature review (SLR) helps in obtaining literature that aligns with the study objectives (Andriani, 2022).After screening search criteria in the SLR method, only 21 documents related to Abd al-Rauf's role were analyzed, excluding other aspects beyond this research.To obtain comprehensive information on a subject, the Publish or Perish database was used by entering the thinker's name and the acronym of each identified study word.
This study uses a systematic literature review method encompassing the author's studies along with publication year, background, discussion, methodology, and study findings referring to literature review references.This method uses a systematic search to identify Abd al-Rauf's role as a Malay-Jawi Mufassir.The selected journal arrangement follows the latest to earlier years based on the specified year limit, from 2023 to 1990.By using keywords Abd al-Rauf and Turjuman al-Mustafid, 400 related documents were found.Of these, 102 documents were identified as relevant to the study objectives after careful review, but only 21 documents were accepted for analysis using the systematic literature review (SLR) matrix principles.

C. Results and Discussion 1. Result
A total of 21 articles were found related to the study of Abd al-Rauf's role as a Malay-Jawi Mufassir.The findings have been systematically summarized as shown in Table 1: Turjuman al-Mustafid is unique not only for using Malay in Arabic-Jawi script but also for starting its interpretation with certain keywords.Abd al-Rauf showed caution in explaining the concept of monotheism, which is a creative process to find the right expressions in the local language while adhering to the concept of monotheism.8.

Qualitative Document Analysis
Abd al-Rauf, known as Teungku Syiah Kuala, was a prominent scholar in the Nusantara.He was educated in Singkil, Aceh, and later in the Arab lands.Turjuman al-Mustafid is recognized as the first tafsir produced in Indonesia in Malay and has been published several times in various places worldwide.The writing method of Turjuman al-Mustafid is analyzed from the tafsir perspective, explaining the structure of the verses and their content using the tahlili approach.
In terms of meaning, the tafsir writing is described using the ijmali approach.This tafsir is very special, not only because it was written by a great scholar but also as the first complete tafsir in Malay, covering 30 juz of the Quran.9.
Tafsir Based on Table 1, a systematic literature review selected and arranged according to the period from 1990 to 2023 shows that only 21 journals are relevant to the research study.Nearly 99% of the literature discusses the role of Abd al-Rauf as a Malay-Jawi Mufassir with the following divisions: 1) The role of Abd al-Rauf in the geographic context and situations shaping his tafsir views and approaches is discussed in 43% (9/21) of the journals.Rusmana (2022) shows that Abd al-Rauf used Marshall G.S Hodgson's approach focusing on events that explain past situations as experiential and instructive.This study recognizes the need for further research on Abd al-Rauf's role as a local Mufassir.Usman (2021) examines tafsir in Aceh after Turjuman al-Mustafid, noting it did not develop as much as fiqh and even experienced a void.Some time later, scholars' works began to focus on studying and writing about Quranic tafsir.2) The analysis of the characteristic methodology of his tafsir is detailed in 19% (4/21) of the journals.Uyesi (2022) finds that as-Sinkili's work from the 17th century is crucial to study in terms of method, language, style, content, and sources.Syahni (2019) analyzes Turjuman al-Mustafid's writing method from the tafsir perspective, explaining the structure of verses and their content using the tahlili approach.Regarding meaning, the tafsir writing is described using the ijmali approach.This tafsir is special not only because it was written by a great scholar but also as the first complete tafsir in Malay, covering 30 juz of the Quran.Rahman (2018) studies the methodology and model of Turjuman al-Mustafid using specific keywords, and the Malay language and Jawi script used in the tafsir make it richer.Abdullah (2017) concludes the characteristics of Turjuman al-Mustafid's tafsir using intertextuality, a linguistic interpretation style, and a textual approach.
3) The interpretation and translation of the Quran into Malay and the use of Jawi script produced a distinctive Malay-Jawi tafsir, discussed in 38% (8/21) of the journals.Wahyudi (2023) studies Abd al-Rauf's interpretation model encompassing three key elements: avoiding interpretations based solely on word meanings, providing context through asbab al-nuzul, israiliyat, historical stories, and explanations of surah benefits, and reconciling meanings to avoid controversial interpretations in law or creed.Therefore, Turjuman al-Mustafid is not a translation of classical tafsir but a reproduction of Abd al-Rauf's original tafsir and not a translation from Arabic tafsir to Malay.His tafsir provides solutions to meet the need for understanding the Quran among the general public.Riddel (2017) explores the 17th-century context in the Aceh Sultanate, emphasizing that political, social, and religious factors provided significance to the content and approach of Quranic exegesis, such as transliteration of Malay Jawi texts and the interpretation of Surah Al-Kahfi verse 18. Hendriani (2017) states that the entry of Malay kingdoms into Islam led to the acceptance of Arabic and Jawi scripts by the Malays as a medium for writing.Ibrahim (2011) depicts the chronology of the development of Quranic exegesis and its writing since the arrival of Islam, introduced indirectly since Islam arrived in Aceh and the Malay world.However, in reality, it was Abd al-Rauf who introduced the Quran, its exegesis writing, and its translation.Nurtawab (2007) studies translation theory from a hermeneutic perspective, concluding that Riddell considers Abd al-Rauf's work as a Jalalayn-style translation because the interlinear method shows the Malay style mimicking Arabic grammar.Meanwhile, Johns considers Turjuman not only a translation but also an interpretation reflecting Malay scholars' views, resulting from Abd al-Rauf's oral tradition in teaching Quranic exegesis.Yussof (2005) discusses the theory of intertextuality in Malay tafsir, stating that the first tafsir written in Malay in the 17th century by Abd al-Rauf is known as Tafsir Baydawi Melayu.Analyzing the master text and its hypo texts enables examining the absorption of internal and external dialogues in Turjuman al-Mustafid, evaluating the balance between the two, and identifying which dominates.Overall, this literature analysis not only strengthens Abd al-Rauf's role as a prominent Mufassir in the Islamic intellectual tradition of Nusantara but also highlights the importance of further research to understand his rich intellectual legacy in the cultural and historical context of the Malay-Nusantara region.

Discussion
In this discussion, the author focuses on three main topics regarding Abd al-Rauf al-Singkili.
First Discussion: This section focuses on Abd al-Rauf's role and influence in the geographic and historical context, as well as his views and approaches in tafsir.Abd al-Rauf, also known as Teungku Syiah Kuala, played a significant role in the spread of Islam in Aceh and the Nusantara region and served as Qadi Malik al-Adil during the reign of four sultanas of Aceh.Authors such as Rusmana and Usman emphasize Abd al-Rauf's contributions to tafsir (Haecal & Rusmana, 2022;I Usman, 2021;Mohammad, 2009), while Kurrahman highlights Abd al-Rauf's moderate interpretation and his knowledge in tasawuf and fiqh that are reflected in his tafsir (Kurahman & Qudsy, 2021).Studies by Siraj and Igisani also acknowledge Abd al-Rauf's contributions to Islamic education and Quranic interpretation in the Nusantara (Arif & Siraj, 2020;R Igisani, 2018).
According to Said, Abd al-Rauf is an integral part of the network of Nusantara tafsir scholars, whose works continue to influence media and Islamic thought in the region (HA Said, 2017).Basri, in his thesis, reveals that through the manuscript Umdat al-Muhtajin, Abd al-Rauf not only presented his tafsir but also openly shared the author's identity (Basri et al., n.d.).Johns observes that Abd al-Rauf's influence as a 17th-century Islamic scholar extends beyond local understanding, having a broader impact in the cultural context of the Malay world (Johns, 1998).Overall, Abd al-Rauf not only enriched the intellectual and scholarly tradition of Islam in Nusantara but also made significant contributions to building extensive scholarly networks and enriching Islamic understanding in the cultural and historical context of the Malays.
Second Discussion: This section examines Abd al-Rauf's tafsir methodology, particularly in his renowned work Turjuman al-Mustafid.Studies by Uyesi, Syahni, and Rahman analyze the writing methods, language, and approaches in the tafsir, which utilize the tahlili and ijmali methods (Rahman, 2018;Syahni, 2019;Üyesi, 2022).Abdullah concludes that Turjuman al-Mustafid possesses intertextual characteristics and linguistic interpretive patterns as well as a textual approach (Abdullah et al., 2017).
Third Discussion: This section explores the tafsir and translation of the Quran into Malay and the use of Jawi script that resulted in a distinctive Malay-Jawi tafsir.Wahyudi and Masrury study the key elements in Abd al-Rauf's interpretation model, emphasizing contextualization and avoiding literal interpretation (Masrury, 2020;Wahyudi & Anggraini, 2023).Zainal examines Umdat al-Muhtajin, which contains literal translations and detailed explanations (Zainal et al., 2018).Riddell and Hendriani highlight the historical and cultural context that influenced the writing and interpretation of the Quran in Nusantara (Hendriani, 2017;Riddell, 2017).Ibrahim states that Abd al-Rauf was the figure who actually introduced the Quran and the tradition of writing tafsir and its translation (Ibrahim et al., 2011) result of oral tradition and deep interpretation (Nurtawab, 2007;Yusoff & Abdullah, 2005).

D. Conclusion
This study underscores the significant role of Abd al-Rauf al-Singkili in the development of Quranic exegesis in the Nusantara region, focusing on three key areas: geographic and historical context, tafsir methodology, and the translation of the Quran into Malay using the Jawi script.The findings reveal that 43% of the literature emphasizes Abd al-Rauf's influence within his geographic and historical milieu.His use of historical approaches to elucidate past contexts and practical values is a recurring theme.Abd al-Rauf's contributions during the reign of four sultanas of Aceh and his role as Qadi Malik al-Adil highlight his pivotal position in the spread of Islam in Aceh and the broader Nusantara region.Approximately 19% of the reviewed literature delves into the methodological characteristics of Abd al-Rauf's tafsir, particularly in his seminal work, Turjuman al-Mustafid.The studies discuss the structural, linguistic, stylistic, and substantive elements of his exegesis.Abd al-Rauf's rich and varied interpretative approach, encompassing both tahlili and ijmali methods, underscores the depth and breadth of his scholarly contributions.
The research highlights the unique process of translating and interpreting the Quran into Malay using the Jawi script, which is covered by 38% of the literature.This segment of Abd al-Rauf's work underscores the cultural context and the necessity for the general public to understand Quranic teachings.His works, notably Turjuman al-Mustafid, serve as a bridge between classical Arabic tafsir and the local Malay linguistic and cultural landscape.The study suggests several avenues for future research, including a deeper exploration of Abd al-Rauf's historical approach in Quranic exegesis, further analysis of his methodological innovations, and an expanded study of his contributions to the translation and cultural adaptation of Islamic texts in the Nusantara region.In conclusion, Abd al-Rauf al-Singkili's multifaceted contributions have left an indelible mark on the Islamic intellectual tradition in Southeast Asia, enriching the region's religious and cultural heritage and providing a foundation for continued scholarly inquiry.***

Masrury ( 2020 )
states that Turjuman al-Mustafid is a unique tafsir, using Malay in Arabic-Jawi script and several keywords, showing Abd al-Rauf's caution in translating the Quran related to monotheism.Zailani (2018) shows that Umdat al-Muhtajin is an important work by Abd al-Rauf in Malay, containing Arabic quotations translated into Malay, such as Quranic verses and Hadith, divided into three sections: introduction, content discussion, and conclusion.Each section begins with Arabic text then translated into Malay.The study shows Abd al-Rauf tends to use literal translation methods.

Table 1
Systematic Literature Review of the Keyword Turjuman al-Mustafid Turjuman al-Mustafid, tafsir studies in Aceh did not develop as much as fiqh and even experienced a void.However, some time later, scholars' works began to focus on studying and writing about Quranic tafsir.Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial dan Budaya pp.146-154 https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/sinthopDOI: 10.22373/sinthop.v2i2.4165 Hak Cipta © 2024.Owned by the Author, published by Sinthop | 13 Buya Hamka, and Quraish Shihab.The tafsir style in Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial dan Budaya pp.146-154 https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/sinthopDOI: 10.22373/sinthop.v2i2.4165The first two works in the field of Quranic exegesis in the Malay world were analyzed by Riddell, examining the 17th-century context in the Aceh Sultanate, where political, social, and religious factors provided significance to the content and approach of Quranic exegesis.This includes transliteration of texts in Malay Jawi and the interpretation of Surah Al-Kahfi verse 18.The entry of the Malay kingdoms into Islam led to the acceptance of Arabic and Jawi scripts by the Malays as a medium for writing Malay.Jawi script shows variations in certain dialects.The presence of Arabic letters without vowels facilitates different pronunciations.Malay literature, the biography of the author is often difficult to find because most authors' identities are hidden.In the manuscript Umdat al-Muhtajin, at the conclusion, the author Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial dan Budaya pp.146-154 https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/sinthopDOI: 10.22373/sinthop.v2i2.4165Hak Cipta © 2024.Owned by the Author, published by Sinthop | 15 Johns considers Turjuman not only a Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial dan Budaya pp.146-154 https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/sinthopDOI: 10.22373/sinthop.v2i2.4165Hak Cipta © 2024.Owned by the Author, published by Sinthop | 16 HakCipta © 2024.Owned by the Author, published bySinthop | 14This article examines the influence and contribution of Abd al-Rauf of Singkel, a prominent Islamic scholar in the Malay world in the 17th century.It emphasizes his work in translating and interpreting the Quran, especially his significant tafsir, which played a key role in the religious and intellectual history of the region.The study also reflects on the impact of Abd al-Rauf on Malay Islamic thought and broader implications for understanding the integration of Islamic teachings in the cultural context of the Malay world.