Anthropometry in the immunotherapy of cutaneous and ocular melanomas

The height of the adult individual is a balance of the expression of some genetic factors (especially the Y-M 170 haplotype of the Y chromosome) and the environment (nutrition and morbidity during childhood). Higher height is associated with a low risk of developing coronary heart disease, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux, diaphragmatic hernia, but with a higher risk for atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, intervertebral disc pathology, vasculitis and cancer. The research consisted of a retrospective observational study on patients who received immunotherapy (IT) with nivolumab for cutaneous and ocular melanoma neoplasms. We intended to highlight the associations between the duration of immunotherapy and sex profiles, age, anthropometric data (height, weight). Even though the number of available cases was relatively small (42), an inverse association between the body mass index of the subjects and the duration of immunotherapy could be proved, a more expressed association in case of male patients.


Introduction
The height of the adult individual is a balance of the expression of some genetic and environmental factors. The most important nongenetic factors that determine the height of the adult individual are nutrition and morbidity during childhood (factors related to socioeconomic, educational conditions). A lower height correlates with a lower average educational level and a lower social position as an adult [1].
The IM170 Y chromosome haplotype correlates with a higher average (unusually high) height of male individuals in a given population. The determinations reveal the highest proportions for this haplogroup in the countries of northern and south-eastern Europe. The average height for men in Sarajevo is 184 cm [2].
The average height of European populations in the Paleolithic (<9,000 BC) was estimated at 177 cm for males and 166 cm for females (higher than today's European average), to gradually decrease to averages of 161 cm for men and 154 cm for women in the late Neolithic (5000-3000 BC) [4]. The change seems to coincide with the shift from hunter-gatherers to farmers.
Also, the average life expectancy seems to have decreased from 33 years in the Paleolithic to 26 years in the Bronze Age and the Iron Age (3000 BC -650 BC). However, given the high infant and pediatric mortality, the average life expectancy at birth does not give a fair overview of the historical situation. It is considered that people who reached the age of 15 (only 60% of those born) had a life expectancy of another 39 years (a total of 54 years) [5].
The historical evolution of the average height of European populations reveals an increase of 11 cm for males, born in 1870 and 1980, respectively, correlated with the improvement of the health status of the population expressed by the value of infant mortality [6].
However, after reaching maximum heights, around 2000 (the generation born in 1982), the average heights at 18 years old for both women and men suffered stagnation and even a modest decrease, which is true even for Romania and the country with the highest average height of the population -the Netherlands [7].
Until the introduction of immunotherapy, melanoma was considered a refractory disease marked by the lack of effective options in the treatment of metastatic disease. It was only after 2010, with the introduction of immunotherapy (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies), that a breach in the status of an unapproachable disease of metastatic melanoma was achieved. Immunotherapy response rates in metastatic melanoma can exceed 40%, with a remarkable percentage of long-lasting responses and good tolerability [8].
The rarity of cases of ocular melanoma makes it more difficult to assess the benefit of immunotherapy in this situation. Published data for cases of metastatic uveal melanoma reveal response rates of the order of 7% with disease control rates of 43%, and progression-free survival between 4 and 105 weeks (median 10 weeks). All these data describe uveal melanoma as relatively refractory to nivolumab immunotherapy [10].
Another study for patients with uveal melanoma using the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab obtained response rates of 17% with disease control rates of 70%, with progression-free survival of 26 weeks, median survival of 83 weeks. However, the presence of immunotherapyspecific side effects was noted in 83% of the patients, with 40% of cases with grade 3 or 4, with 10% of the cases having treatment stopped due to side effects [11].

Materials and methods
The research consisted of a retrospective observational study in patients who received immunotherapy (IT) with nivolumab for lung cancer, renal cancer and melanoma, seeking to highlight the associations between the duration of immunotherapy and sex, age, anthropometric data (height, weight). Out

Discussions
Fixed-dose administration of nivolumab in the immunotherapy of metastatic melanomas (and other cancers) would be expected to be more beneficial for anthropometrically less prominent individuals. Although a higher BMI does not automatically mean a higher clearance of the active substance, statistically we demonstrated an advantage over 10% per 1 unit increase of BMI for a longer duration of immunotherapy and implicitly for better survival. It should be noted that after the progression on treatment with immunotherapy it might be possible to continue with BRAF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (only for cases with documented BRAF mutation and if not already tried) and possibly chemotherapy (with uncertain effects on survival). A beneficial and more pronounced association of increased BMI throughout immunotherapy for male patients has been noted.
Without being able to reach statistical significance, other favorable predictors could be younger age, male gender and smaller height of the subjects but the p-value for these is between 0.19-0.25.
It seems that the dosage of immunotherapy still hides some mysteries.

Conclusion
In the case of cutaneous and ocular melanomas, the subject's body mass index is positively correlated with the duration of IT, with statistical significance (p <0.05).
Prolonged surveillance or a pool of cases of immunotherapeutic melanomas could statistically prove the value of other anthropometric determinants in terms of their correlation with the duration of immunotherapy.