Enriching of society’s understanding of command -oriented leadership through an interactive virtual discussion

ABSTRACT

In the post-pandemic era, many interactive activities have been flexibly generated through virtual conditions.Accordingly, some problems could appear in terms of leadership, such as difficulties in maintaining the audience's attention during the event.Thus, the utilization of a command-based leadership style that could straightforwardly maintain audience focus ought to be considered to be adopted.However, both the command-based leadership style and its prospective aspects have not been widely understood by society.This community service aims to deliver a proper understanding of the command-based leadership style through interactive virtual discussion between experts in teaching activities of defense-based science and society consisting of Indonesian teachers, high school students as well as academics.Statistical results of pre-test and post-test scores showed enhancement of the participants' understanding of command-based leadership.Hopefully, some relevant aspects of their new perspective of command-based leadership can be properly adopted and effectively implemented to answer current challenges, such as in terms of managing people in virtual conditions.
Copyright © 2024, Fahri, et al This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA license

INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 pandemic, which began to spread in 2020, has had an impact on human activities in the world, especially in gathered-type activities, e.g., classroom learning, office meeting activities, and various types of sport (Burki, 2020;Caraka et al., 2020;Sparrow et al., 2020).During the Covid-19 breakout, activities that cause crowds are strictly prohibited (Olivera-La Rosa et al., 2020).Mass gatherings provide conditions for the transmission of infectious diseases and pose complex challenges to public health (Murphy et al., 2023).Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and health experts called for the suspension of gatherings to reduce social contact via which the virus is transmitted (Zhu et al., 2023).The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in electronic devices and smartphones in education (Kang, 2021;Zancajo et al., 2022), causing students to spend more time on screens.The mobile game market in Indonesia has grown significantly, with 3.45 billion downloads in 2022.Online games can be addictive and psychologically impactful, making it crucial to instill literacy and parental supervision to prevent addiction.
In Bengkalis, Indonesia, a community service activity was conducted to foster online game literacy among students, teachers, and parents.Online learning process using mobile phones (gadgets) and the internet is one of the strategies implemented to keep the learning process going even during the COVID-19 pandemic (Aduba & Mayowa-Adebara, 2021;Azhari & Fajri, 2021).Online learning is a method of learning that involves interaction and uses the internet as its platform and a method of education that leverages internet access to provide several benefits such as accessibility, connectivity, flexibility, and the ability to facilitate different types of interactive learning experiences (de Jong et al., 2014;Singh & Thurman, 2019).Similar to traditional learning systems, online learning also depends on devices like smartphones, laptops, or computers, enabling users to access educational materials anytime and anywhere (Erna et al., 2022;Haleem et al., 2022).This method increases the use of gadgets and the internet in elementary school students which can cause a gadget addiction.However, the policy to study at home is decided to inhibit the spread of COVID-19, it is necessary to refer to the implementation of the national curriculum (Churiyah & Sakdiyyah, 2020).Dependence on these gadgets causes obesity problems, sleep pattern disturbances, decreased brain and eye function, growth and development disorders, and even mental problems.In Addition, many features or applications on mobile devices are not suitable for use by people of an early age.This is exacerbated by the lack of application of norms, ethics, education, and religious values, which can lead to deviant behavior in individuals (Duke & Montag, 2017;Ramjan et al., 2021).
Psychoeducation is a strategy that can be applied to reduce gadget addiction.Psychoeducational activities are carried out by providing material for 45 minutes which is adjusted to the tendency of the five senses used in receiving student information with the Primary System instrument.The goal of psychoeducation is to increase understanding of the use of technology, particularly in an educational context so that students can use devices responsibly and not become overly dependent on them (Iramadhani et al., 2021).Psychoeducation can play an important role in supporting the use of virtual-based activities by providing a better understanding of how to utilize technology effectively.The program aimed to increase student knowledge and critical thinking in interacting with smartphones, fostering understanding between students and parents (Suyanto et al., 2024).As a consequence, virtual-based activities are widely selected by many people who require intense interaction to achieve their targeted goals.Consequently, long-distance meetings are essential tools to efficiently accomplish many tasks.The use of technology in the learning process is referred to as education 4.0, where the learning approach is tailored to the needs of students and makes maximum use of technology in the learning process (Subagiyo et al., 2022).On the other hand, findings related to problems in implementing online meetings are starting to emerge.One of the problems that is often encountered in almost all formal online meeting implementations, is the participants who do not focus on listening, or even pay no attention at all, to the discussion conveyed by the leader or speaker.The process of online learning is a learning process whose success will be greatly influenced by the speaker's ability to use technology to convey information (Assidiqi & Sumarni, 2020).
As a result, the speaker demanded the full attention of all participants, it had difficulty giving instructions that the participants should immediately obey and implement.One of the examples is an online meeting leader who asks participants to turn on their respective video features, sometimes being ignored by the participants.This illustrates that the community needs to be equipped with leadership knowledge to guide them in acting as leaders and parties being led, namely leadership science that has special features that can be implemented in managing the compliance and behavior of participants in remote meetings.The term of "influence" is the essence of leadership, especially in military scope.Leadership is recognized as the act of influencing and motivating others to take action toward achieving objectives (Vuacar, 2015).Leadership is the process of directing and influencing the task activities of an individual in a group (Mulyono, 2018).One way to define leadership is a complex process whereby an individual leader influences the group to carry out and achieve goals, objectives, and tasks, which in turn makes the organization more mature and focused (Syahril, 2019).In other words, leaders should have control in influencing the actions or thoughts of the people they lead, both controlling subordinates to be willing to act to carry out instructions and giving directions to subordinates to imagine the same thing at least close to the thoughts of the leader.Leaders and leaders need to have a comprehensive awareness and understanding to identify the changes taking place and their impact on the organization (Rehardiningtyas et al., 2022).Meanwhile, leaders who are in control in the military realm, or generally called commanders, have authority in leadership in the military realm.A commander must strive to improve his leadership qualities to support the performance of the soldiers (Yudistyo et al., 2020).Leadership with military characteristics can have an impact on the behavior of its subordinates.This is by the results of research conducted by Boney (2015) which found that military leadership can increase the motivation of subordinates which has an impact on performance (Fitriani et al., 2020).
If a commander exercises his leadership appropriately, regularly, fairly, and civilized, the unit he leads will be on its way to achieving organizational goals.Military leadership can increase the motivation of its subordinates which has an impact on performance (Boney, 2015).Military discipline is defined as a set of attributes that enhance a soldier's individual and collective combat effectiveness known as 'The Anatomy of Discipline' authored by MAJ.Those functions are Obedience, Synergism, Attention to Detail, Restraint, Stress Resistance, Courage, Identification, Internalization, Initiative, Respect and Societal Benefit (Amarasinghe, 2023).The authority of military leaders is based on the principle of being killed or killed in military areas, which is regulated by law covering aspects of loyalty, discipline, unity, and span of command (Yogaswara et al., 2023).These values are not only relevant in a military context but can also be adapted and applied in online meeting activities.For example, the authority possessed by the leader or speaker in an online meeting requires participants to comply with established procedures and ethics, even though the interaction is carried out virtually (P.Mallick, 2020).This emphasizes the need for compliance and discipline in maintaining smooth and effective communication and collaboration in an increasingly dominant digital environment.In this session, we can also assess that a leader in military leadership also takes part in the development progress of each member, such as developing systems thinking and capabilities.Apart from that, leaders in military leadership must develop mental, psychological, and physical agility durability (P.K. Mallick, 2020).
Based on the problems, the Military Chemistry Department, Faculty of Defense Science and Technology, Republic Indonesia Defense University proposed alternative solutions related to the management of participant compliance in online meetings of community service activities in the form of exposure to knowledge of military leadership to the general public.The presentation of military leadership knowledge to the general public aims to add insight into military leadership to form individuals who are not only scientifically dynamic but also individuals who have authority in leading as well as individuals who have integrity as the party being led in all conditions and forms of activity.Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of community service activities aimed at increasing community leadership capacity in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Apart from that, this article can provide references for readers and researchers to enrich their understanding of the dynamics of community leadership and develop a better conceptual framework.

METHOD
This activity was conducted in three hours of interactive discussion.The subjects of this community service were targeted as people from various regions that are spread evenly in Indonesia from Aceh to Papua.Before the main session, the respondents filled out the pre-test to display a basic understanding level of their general leadership knowledge and understanding of national defense-related activities.The pre-test is a non-graded assessment tool used to determine participants' pre-existing knowledge (Berry, 2008).The respondents then listened to a learning material of commandoriented leadership delivered by an experienced expert in the teaching activities of applying science to strengthen national defense.Afterwards, a comprehensive and interactive Q&A session with the participants was conducted to broaden insight regarding command-oriented leadership and related aspects.This is an important skill for all students to acquire because real-life problems are transdisciplinary and do not come with labels (Ying, 2020).
Afterward, the posttest was carried out by the respondents.The posttest questions are the same as the pretest questions.The test instrument contained questions that must be answered by the participants during the pre-test and post-test in the form of multiple-choice questions that integrate insights related to defense-based activities, general leadership, and command-oriented leadership.Quantitative data was obtained from the results of the pre-test and posttest.Quantitative data analysis techniques include assessing test instruments in the form of percentage values followed by data analysis on defense-based insights, general leadership, and command-oriented leadership.Furthermore, statistical tests were carried out using the t-test on the measured indicators with a 95% confidence level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we explain the findings according to activity and discuss them for further study.177 people attended this community service with a diverse distribution of expertise, including high school students and teachers as well as students and lecturers of higher education institutions from various regions that are spread evenly in Indonesia from Aceh to Papua. Figure 1 shows that 177 participants actively listened to the speaker who explained the importance of military leadership, participants showed high interest in the material presented by actively participating in the session.
This forum discusses various aspects of military leadership, including strategy, tactics, ethics, and the challenges faced by leaders in military organizations.Some of the topics discussed in this Zoom meeting on military leadership were Military strategy, Leadership Ethics, Leadership Development, Communication and Collaboration, Crisis Management, Transformational Leadership, Case Studies and Practical Experiences, and Technology Adaptation.Military leadership is critical in keeping the community of military leaders connected, exchanging ideas, and increasing knowledge and leadership skills in the face of ever-evolving challenges in the modern military environment (Wong et al., 2003).There were 122 participants fully involved in pre-test and post-test sessions.The result of the tests shows the score profiles of the three indicators after giving the webinar material to the participants.Figure 2 shows a score comparison graph between the results of the pre-test and the results of the post-test from the webinar participants.Based on the graph in Figure 2, the participants tended to have relatively high leadership insights, while the participants' initial military leadership insights reached half of the achievements.In indicator 1, participants initially had a sufficient understanding of defense-based defense activities after the post-training test, there was an increase indicating a better understanding of the ability to face challenges in the defense field.In addition, on the second indicator, almost all participants already had a good understanding of leadership.However, on the third indicator, initially, participants did not fully understand the insights of military leadership.After the material was delivered, there was a significant increase, indicating a better understanding of designing and responding related to defense strategies that will support advanced Indonesia.At a glance, it appears that there has been an increase in scores on all three indicators.To obtain valid findings regarding the impact of the webinar on the participants' understanding, statistical tests were carried out to information on indicators that were categorized as experiencing an increase.Table 1 displays  interest also showed positive results regarding the material presented for future learning.Of course, this will be a solution to the basic problems that occur and will affect the understanding of participating students later.1, only two indicators significantly increased, i.e., national defense-related activities insight and command-oriented leadership insight, while the general leadership insights obtained by webinar participants did not significantly increase.Abundant participants who were predominantly composed of high school students showed that the use of Zoom Meetings could increase self-motivation (Katkar et al., 2022).The results found that the training program had a positive effect on students' knowledge.After attending the training, there will be a significant increase in students' knowledge regarding the importance of information regarding command-oriented Leadership.The training program will provide speakers with the opportunity to inspire students about leadership.They can apply this knowledge through innovative and effective teaching methods.If students already know about leadership, especially in the increasingly complex era of globalization that demands the presence of national leaders who have the credibility and integrity to prioritize national interests over personal or group interests (Nurdika, 2019), then Indonesia will soon realize an advanced Indonesia.
The science of leadership is important to be mastered by all levels of society so that community service content that raises the theme of leadership needs to be carried out periodically and consistently.Within the scope of professionalism, the science of leadership plays a vital role in one's performance commitment, as studies show that transformational leadership has a positive effect on work behavior (Sisdiyanto, 2021).Concerning the scope of resilience, these findings indicate that dissemination through virtual meetings can help convey a message and information optimally to support aspects of national resilience, for example, as studies have been conducted on information dissemination to support water resource resilience (Yunita & Sekarningrum, 2021).The findings on community service also indicate that education on military leadership insights is greatly facilitated by the existence of Zoom Meetings to raise awareness to hone leadership skills and provide awareness to the public in terms of original and elegant obedience to a leader that massively has prospects in supporting system stability.national defense.

CONCLUSION
Community service activities that have penetrated the scope of digital technology of society.It has proven to be able to introduce and provide more comprehensive insights regarding command-oriented leadership for society which in this study were mostly experienced by people with secondary to higher education backgrounds with many already having sufficient stock of knowledge and leadership skills.Continuous community service activities are needed in providing education and improving knowledge and skills related to leadership both to professional staff and to the community in general so that the improvement in attitudes and quality of society can be measured more comprehensively.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) Appearance of organize committees; and (b) participants of the virtual meeting (bottom) the results of statistical tests on the insight indicators studied.The results of the pre-test and post-test showed that the participants'

Table 1 .
Statistical significance of the understanding at each level