Alpha and Beta Diversity Indices of Mushrooms from Different Localities

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The term alpha and beta diversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker.The idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (ã) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity at the habitat level (á) and the differentiation among habitats (â).Fungi of various taxonomic groups producing conspicuous sporocarps are collectively known as macrofungi which include gilled fungi, jelly fungi, coral fungi, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, puffballs, and bird's nest fungi (Bates,2006).The issue of fungal diversity, its extent and conservation, has attracted more attention in the last 10 to 15 years than in any period of history (Hawksworth, 2004).Mushrooms appear to be collected and consumed during almost the entire year, but most fungi are collected during the rainy seasons, suggesting the importance of rainfall patterns in fungal phenology (Dijk et al., 2003).The components most often studied are: (i) alpha (local) diversity; (ii) gamma (regional) diversity, which can be considered as an equivalent to alpha diversity on a larger scale, but reûects the allopatric distribu-tion of related taxa, and; (iii) beta diversity that measures turnover of species between communities, but for which there is no universally accepted measure (Whittaker et al., 2001;Koleff et al., 2003).

Study Area
The main sampling sites in this study were Vansda, Waghai, Kaprada, Aamolia.

Collection
In order to initiate mushroom study, it is necessary to collect healthy specimen in sufficient amount and collection should be collected in all developmental stage.Each species should be hold separately in plastic perforated bags.Mushroom fruit body were carefully detached from host or removed from ground without damaging its entire part.Note papers should be carried out at collection

Collection kit
There are some equipment used for collection includes, Basket-A broad basket with broad base is necessary for transportation of collected mushrooms to the laboratory or work place in proper condition.Plastic bags-Plastic bags with perforated holes used for putting collected mushrooms.Knife-It is required for digging up mushrooms and detaching them from their host and to remove debris attached with mushrooms.Forceps were used for the collection of very small sporocarps.Note papers are required for taking field notes.Other accessories includes hand lens, hand gloves, photographic equipments.

Microbial Diversity Indices calculation
Microbial diversity index was calculated by Past 3 software (Øyvind Hammer, 2001).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present experiment include survey for mushroom diversity in four location Vansda, Waghai, Kaprada, Aamolia region.Their distribution was fluctuated during the survey period.25 samples from Vansda region, 31 samples from waghai region, 20 samples from kaparada region and 16 samples from Aamolia.area as well as grassland of the mushroom.Shannon's diversity and Simpson diversity index was found to be 0.9901 and 0.8903 respectively.Species richness and species evenness of this region was found to be 1.06 and 0.9175 respectively.

CONCLUSION
The presence or absence of fungal species is a useful indicator to assess the damage or the maturity of an ecosystem.Data on their diversity in different vegetation types is important for planning and managing ecosystem biodiversity.Diversity indices compares Dominance of single species under different environmental condition or in same Ecosystem, It can also measure relative abundance of each species from total number of Individual, species richness, evenness.

Table 1 .
Sampling site

Table 2 .
Alpha diversity indices