Production approach model for oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq) superior plant materials using artificial pollination studies

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INTRODUCTION
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a significant economic crop that is extensively cultivated in the tropics for its oil and several other derivative products used in industries (Bittencourt, et al., 2022).The oil palm, which originated in Africa and arrived in Indonesia in 1848, was planted in the Bogor Botanical Gardens (Zahari, et al., 2021;Mensah et al., 2022).Seeds as plant materials play a significant role in agricultural development, particularly in Indonesian oil palm commodities.In 1911, when the first oil palm plantations in Indonesia were established, efforts were made to acquire seeds (Dassou et al., 2022).This is accomplished through the mass selection of maternal trees, pollination among the selected trees, and the introduction of new germplasm.Pollination techniques are advancing, as are analyses of bunches and fruits, which are essential components (Suzanti, 2016).However, traditional breeding techniques cannot produce high-yielding plant material with desirable characteristics such as disease resistance, high oil yield, and cluster production (Seyum et al., 2022).The development of palm oil production in the form of CPO illustrates how the level of Indonesian palm oil production has increased since 1980 The export value of oil palm plantations demonstrates that oil palm plantations are a significant contributor to Indonesia's national income and foreign exchange reserves.In 2017, total exports of oil palm plantations amounted to $31.8 billion, or 432.4 trillion Indonesian Rupiah (assuming 1 USD = 13,500 IDR) Indonesia has contributed 58% of the world's total CPO production, according to data released by the USDA in October 2020 (Ahmad et al., 2022).Palm oil, as a plant that generates palm oil and palm kernels, is one of the leading plantation crops that provides Indonesia with foreign exchange outside of oil and gas.The optimistic outlook for palm oil in the global vegetable oil trade has prompted the Indonesian government to encourage the expansion of oil palm plantations (Schouten et al., 2023).
Through artificial pollination studies, this study proposes a paradigm for optimizing the production of superior plant materials for oil palm (Yousefi et al., 2020;Swaray et al., 2021).This model seeks to overcome the limitations of traditional breeding techniques in order to produce oil palm material with desirable traits that can improve the profitability and sustainability of oil palm cultivation (Low et al., 2022;Suzanti et al., 2016).The proposed model can produce populations of high-yielding oil palm materials by selecting superior mother trees based on the desired traits, collecting and storing pollen, carrying out artificial pollination processes, monitoring and evaluating the fertilization process, selecting the desired seeds, and conducting field tests.bigger with improved characteristics such as disease resistance, high oil yield, and cluster production (Lim et al., 2021;Yusop et al., 2022).This model offers a promising strategy for optimizing the production of high-yielding oil palm materials via artificial pollination studies and can contribute to the longterm viability and profitability of the palm oil industry (Myint et al., 2019;Pertanian, 2020).Therefore, optimizing oil palm productivity through artificial pollination research is a promising strategy for enhancing the profitability and viability of oil palm cultivation (Wahono et al., 2022;John et al., 2022).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted at the Seed Processing Unit (SPU), Production Division, Plant Materials Strategic Business Unit, Oil Palm Research Center (PPKS) Marihat Unit, Simalungun Regency-North Sumatra, with an altitude of 369 meters above sea level, at 02o55' North Latitude and 99o05' East Longitude.The research steps can be seen in Figure 1.

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Wrapping bunches of female flowers At least 10 days before the anthesis flower or the end of the sheath flowers (spatha) are still covered with 25% broken sheath condition, the flower bunches are wrapped by tightly enclosing all portions of the flower bunches from the tip of the bunch to the stalk of the bunch (stalk).

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Pollination of female flower clusters When the flower experiences anthesis (at least 70% anthesis interest), pollination occurs.The majority of stigmas are now exposed and colored.This yellowish white is achieved by combining pollen and 4 grams of purified talc. Unpacking Unwrap fifteen days after fertilization.The objective of the packaging is for the blossoms to grow naturally.

 Harvesting
When the clusters are 4.5 to 5 months old, they are harvested by cutting their stalks. Parameter Observation Carried out by observing the bunch weight (kg), number of seeds (grains), seed weight (gr), seed diameter (mm) and the number of seeds suitable for seed (grains) Use of Seed: Seed processing is the physical transformation of harvested seeds into clean, homogenous seeds according to predetermined standards.On oil palm the seed processing procedure begins with the extraction of seeds from fresh fruit clusters to obtain oil palm sprouts of high-quality (Ruiz-Alvarez et al., 2021).The study used seedlings from 2020 to 2023; data are available in tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Ahmadi et al., 2022).

PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH 
Testing 1 The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with two factorials.The mathematical model for this research is Belt et al., (2023).
=  +   +   + ()  +   +   Information: : Effect of the number of doses of pollen - ()  : The interaction effect of pollen source to- and total pollen dose to-- U k : Effect of repetition to -   = effect of experimental error If the analysis of variance indicates that the treatment has a significant effect, the DMRT test is conducted at a 5% significance level.

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Testing 2 This investigation is a two-factor experiment.The first factor is the duration of time pollen (pollen) can be stored.The second factor is the time of pollination.This research's mathematical model is Fadda et al., (2022) : Effect of treatment to - ()  k: Effect of interaction treatment to -j and treatment to - : Effect of experimental error on treatment - and to - on repeat to - If the analysis of variance reveals that the treatment has a significant impact, the DMRT test at the 5% significance level is conducted.

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Testing 3 The mathematical model for this research is Daza, et.al : Effect of trial error If the analysis of variance reveals that the treatment has a significant effect, then the DMRT test at the 5% significance level is conducted.

Tesing 1. (Polen Sources and Dosage on Success of Formation Oil Palm Fruit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.:
Oil palm trees are monoecious, which means that both male and female blossoms exist on the same plant.Male and female flowers mature at distinct times, thereby reducing the probability of self-pollination and promoting crosspollination.To assure fruit formation, it is necessary to have a sufficient amount of pollen from the male flowers.The pollen source is oil palm trees that have been planted nearby.Maintaining a suitable ratio of male to female trees ensures that sufficient pollen is available during the flowering period of the female inflorescences (Yarra et al., 2019).The efficacy of fruit formation can be affected by the amount and quality of pollen deposited on the stigma of the female flower.Pollen concentrations vary based on environmental factors and the cultivar of oil palm grown.In order to enhance the likelihood of successful fertilization and fruit set, a sufficient amount of live pollen is required.Too little pollen can lead to imperfect fertilization and decreased fruit formation, while too much pollen does not inherently increase fruit set and can lead to resource waste (Kamil et al., 2019).Pollen management entails harvesting pollen from male inflorescences, storing it under suitable conditions to preserve its viability, and applying it to female inflorescences using the proper techniques (Gorea et al., 2023).The following are the results of rainfall, water production, excess water and water deficit from 2018-2022 which can be seen in the Table 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Overall, the results indicate effective water production for a balanced oil palm yield, which includes irrigation practices, rainwater harvesting, soil moisture management, and other water conservation measures.Sustainable water management practices not only contribute to higher oil palm yields, but also to their long-term viability.Can be seen in the Fig. 2.

Testing 2. (The Influence of Polen Storage Long Time and Polilation Time on Successful Establishment of Palm Oil
Fruit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.):Pollen viability is essential for successful oil palm pollination and fertilization.Pollen storage time refers to the length of time pollen is stored prior to its application to female inflorescences.Pollen loses its viability and its ability to fertilize female blossoms as it ages.
Pollen that has been recently collected typically has the maximum viability and is more likely to result in successful pollination.The optimal method is to use fresh pollen or to store it for a comparatively brief period of time under suitable conditions to preserve its viability.Pollen's expiration life is affected by factors such as temperature, humidity, and storage medium.Pollen is preserved for a limited amount of time by storing it in a cold, dry environment and on specialized storage media.Pollen viability can decrease with prolonged storage, resulting in diminished fruit formation (Suardi et al., 2022).Pollination Time: Pollination time influences the effectiveness of oil palm fruit formation.Oil palm flowers have a brief window during which they can be effectively pollinated.During this receptive period, pollination occurs for optimal fruit formation.Male and female flowers of the oil palm mature at distinct times; therefore, synchronization of the pollination process is crucial for successful fertilization.
To ensure that viable pollen is available when female flowers are receptive, precise timing is required.Monitoring blossoming patterns in oil palm plantations is necessary for determining the optimal pollination time.Observing the developmental stages of the male and female flowers and coordinating the application of pollen during the receptive phase of the female flowers may be required.In addition, environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can influence the timing of oil palm flowering.Understanding the specific blossoming patterns and climatic conditions of a specific region is therefore essential for efficient pollination management (Li et al., 2022).The materials used are bunches of female oil palm flowers, packing bags bunches (pollination bag), palm pollen, liquid insecticide, flour, cotton, alcohol, tire rubber, wire gauze, insulation and other supporting materials.This research consists of 2 experimental facts namely: The first factor is the powder's shelf-life pollen: 0 = ≤ 1  1 = ≤ 2  2 = ≤ 3  3 = ≤ 4  4 = ≥ 5  The second factor is the time of pollination: 0 = 07.00− 08.00  1 = 08.00− 09.00  2 = 09.00− 10.00  3 = 10.00 − 11.00  4 = 11.00 − 12.00  From these two factors there were 25 treatment combinations, each treatment combination repeated 3 times, so there are 75 experimental units.The design used in this study was a randomized block design with parent trees as a group.Model mathematics for this research can be seen in equation 2. Observations were made by harvesting the bunches ≥ 4.5 months after pollination and observed the ratio of normal fruit, parthenocarpy, to total fruit per bunch, number of spikelets in one bunch, bunch weight and stalk weight.On the basis of the framework described above, the following results were achieved: 1.There are differences in the effect of pollen storage time on oil palm fruit formation.2. The effect of different pollination times and the formation of oil palm fruit is different.3.In the formation of oil palm fruit there is an interaction between the length of pollen storage and the difference in pollination time.At the Oil Palm Research Centre (PPKS) breaking of seed dormancy has been carried out routinely by heating at 38° -40° C for 60 days it worked out fine.However, in line with the development of the palm oil business, there is a change in demand from consumers.high consumer demand results in no seed shelf life due to Seed consumers need sprouts in a short time, while processing germination takes a long time.so that a variety study was carried out on the germination power of oil palm seeds of each variety at each heating date.The research on oil palm seed germination varieties was conducted with two factors and eight treatment combinations, each replicated three times, resulting in a total of twenty-four seed bunches serving as experimental material (Gintoron et al., 2023;Setiawan et al., 2023).The experimental design can be explained as follows:  Factor Varieties of oil palm seed (considered a single factor with different levels representing distinct varieties) is the first factor.Repetition (number of times each treatment combination was repeated) is the second factor.

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Combination Treatment The combination of these two parameters produced eight distinct treatment combinations. Replication Each treatment combination was repeated three times, i.e., the experiment was conducted three times with the same factors and conditions. Experiment Materials Entire With eight treatment combinations, each replicated three times, 24 seed bunches were utilized as experimental material.This study involved germination trials for various varieties of oil palm, and the data acquired included germination rate, germination time, seedling vigor, and other pertinent measurements.The data were then analysed to determine the germination performance of the various oil palm seed varieties under the experimental conditions.The Yabani, R.A. Kuswardani, A.Susanto and R. Syah.2023.Production approach model for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) superior plant materials using artificial pollination studies.Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences 11:587-594.[Received 2 Nov 2023; Accepted 21 Dec 2023; Published 22 Dec 2023] Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Pollination:
Among the environmental factors that affect the efficacy of pollination are temperature, precipitation, and the presence or absence of flower-infecting pests and diseases.Several factors influence the production of fruit sets in oil palm plants, including the availability of water, nutrient content, and pollination quality.Palm oil production is determined by the sex ratio.Sex ratio is a comparison of the proportion of female flowers to total flowers (Adusei-Fosu et al., 2022).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Germination Optimization Results for Each Area Conclusion: By utilizing the dura method for cultivating tenera, producers can cultivate seeds with a high oil content and optimal yield potential.Tenera seeds are in great demand in the palm oil industry due to their superior yields and oil quality compared to other varieties.Optimization was carried out by carrying out three stages of research, namely Polen Source and Dosage on the Success of Oil Palm Fruit Formation, Effect of Pollen Storage Time and Pollution Time on the Success of Oil Palm Fruit Formation (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq), and Study of Oil Palm Seed Germination Varieties.through good agricultural practices and sustainable management strategies.Oil palm plantations can be made more productive and profitable by continuously monitoring and adapting to changing environmental conditions.

Parameter Research Implementation and Observation  Field preparation Identify
and document trees Observing the emergence of female floral clusters led to the selection of the broodstock as the research location.

Testing 3 (Variety Study on Coconut Seed Germination Power Palm Oil):
This research was conducted at the Seed Processing Unit (SPU), Production Division, Plant Materials Strategic Business Unit, Marihat Unit at the Palm Oil Research Centre (PPKS), Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra, with an altitude of 369 masl, at 02 o 55' North Latitude and 99 o 05' East Longitude.

Table 9 . Coconut Seed Germination Results Palm Oil
model for this research can be seen in equation 3. Results can be seen in the Table9. mathematical