Evaluating the Factors Impact on Rural to Urban Migration - A Study

The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.

INTRODUCTION Migration refers to permanent or semi-permanent change in the place of residence of an individual or a group of individuals from one location to another. Hence, it is different from the more general term mobility, which refers to all types of movements of people (Rubenstein and Bacon, 1990:75). Thus, the term mobility includes both permanent (and semi-permanent) and temporary movements of people over the earth. With regard to temporary movements, the examples of which have already been cited above, a distinction is generally made between a cyclic and a periodic movement. The equivalent terms in respect to internal migration are outmigration and in-migration. In fact, each movement is simultaneously emigration (or out-migration) for the place of origin or departure, and immigration (or in-migration) for the place of destination. Gross migration refers to the total number of migrants moving into and moving out of a place, region or country, while net migration is the balance between the number of migrants coming into and moving out of a place, region or country. Migration can be considered as a significant feature of livelihoods in developing countries to pursuit better living standards. Central to the understanding of rural urban migration flow is the traditional push-pull factors. "Push factor" refers to circumstances at home that repel; examples include famine, drought, low agricultural productivity, unemployment etc. while "pull factor refers to those conditions found elsewhere (abroad) that attract migrants. There are many factors that cause voluntary rural-urban migration, such as urban job opportunities, housing conditions, better income opportunities etc. There is no doubt that, apart from these factors, urban areas also offer a chance to enjoy a better lifestyle. Pull factors have predominated-urban environment provides better employment and income opportunities. But recently, it seems that push factors seem to be increasingly powerful. REVIEW OF LITERATURE  Schultz (1961) finds that the internal migration to take advantage of better job opportunities has the same nature as an investment in education and health. Accordingly cost of migration must be compared with the returns from migration. He suggests a method of computation of present value of earning differentials between locations and comparing these with estimated value of cost of migration.  Shaw (1974) in his study of rural-urban migration finds that in the countries where the structure of land tenure is characterized by a large portion of ruralurban populations belonging to small land owners and landless working class, and where a large portion of agricultural land is owned by big landlords, the existence of high rate of population growth causes and increases high rate of rural out-migration.  Petersen (1975) concludes that migration changes the size of population and rate of growth of two areas involved. He further finds that most migrants are young adults and their out-migration changes the age structure and also the demographic patterns of both the areas. The migration affects the socioeconomic determinants of fertility and mortality.  Bose (1978) finds that there is a push back factor in urban areas. In India, for example, urban workforce is sizable and there is high incidence of urban employment. These factors, together, work as deterrents in further flow of rural workforce to urban area. He terms this phenomenon as push-back factor. According to him, if new employment opportunities are created in the urban area, the first persons to offer themselves for employment are the marginally employed person already residing in urban area unless, of course, specific skill is required for the job. Thus, a rapid urban population growth becomes a factor in slowing down the rate of rural-urban migration.  Majumdar and Majumdar (1978) examine the factors affecting rural urban migration. They find that expanding employment opportunities in the growing city, encouragement by close relatives in the city, offer of employment by the labour contractor in the city, social injustice suffered by the marginalized group in the rural area, expectation of better life in urban area are the main motivating factors in ruralurban migration.  Todaro (1969) formulates a rural-urban migration model which represents a realistic modification and extension of simple wage differential approach commonly found in the literature. He argues that when analyzing the determinants of urban labour supplies one must not look at the prevailing income differential as such but rather at the rural-urban expected income differential i.e., the income differential adjusted for probability of finding an urban job.  Banerjee (1986) observes that reasons for migration articulated by the migrants in do not support the common belief that push factors are mainly responsible for rural-urban migration. He states that two notable motives were to obtain cash or to repay debt, dislike the agriculture work or desire for different jobs. There are some evidences that the cash motive was largely for expenditure on life cycle ceremony. As prevailing social values and attitudes are responsible to a greater extent for rural resident being extravagant in ceremonial expenditure, migration with this motive can be reduced through a programme of social education. He further argues that dislike of agriculture work was reported mainly by migrant who had studied beyond the mid-school level. He concludes that unless curriculum is change expansion of education is likely to increase migration.  Prabhakara's study (1986) shows that migration from rural to urban area is higher among males compared to females in those areas where more job opportunities and educational facilities are available.

II. CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
His study also finds that females mainly migrate in connection with family and other social reasons rather than for employment. Economic factor is found more dominating in the rural-urban migration. D  hindsa and Sharma (1996) arrive at the conclusion that most of the migrant workers have two to three acres of un-irrigated land in their villages which is not sufficient to provide them gainful employment throughout the year and therefore they migrate to the other places for earning their livelihood. Therefore the government should provide them irrigation facilities, modern agricultural inputs and institutional credits at low interest rate so that they can improve their land productivity and thereby income from the agriculture.  Yadava et al. (1996) find that the migration affects a number of socioeconomic, cultural, demographic and political factors both at the place of origin and destination. According to them, population mobility is expected to play an important role in bringing out a change in the economic conditions of rural people. The migration provides a network of expansion of ideas, cultural diffusion and social integration apart from environmental and economic changes.  Bhattacharya (2000) finds that states with a relatively high proportion of Scheduled Tribes in the population have higher rural to rural migration rates, whereas Scheduled Caste populations have the opposite effect on migration. He argues that Scheduled Tribes 'are outside the Hindu caste system and therefore are not "ordained" to specialize in certain specific occupations. Further, unlike Scheduled Castes who are dispersed geographically, STs are concentrated in certain areas within states and in which they usually have a sizeable presence and they may therefore feel freer to move within these areas than SCs do generally.

IV. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of the present study are as follows 1. To identify the socio-economic characteristics of the rural-to-urban migrants 2. To assess the factor causes of rural to urban migration

VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is aimed at finding in stating solutions to rural-urban migrants and facilitating rural development through the process of job creation for the youths, laying emphasis on improving rural economic condition and also to on improving rural economic conclusion and also to make meaningful and sustainable, economic decision necessary for the acceleration of rural development there by reducing drastically rural urban migration in the country.

VII. METHODOLOGY
The process through which the study would be completed is called research methodology. The study is concerned with the factors impact on rural migrants towards urban area, based on there are two types of data i.e. primary and secondary. For the purpose of my research study, there will be requirement of the both data. Primary source of data is collected from the respondents through structured questionnaire and interviews. Secondary data is collected from various Journals, Periodicals such as Magazines, Business newspapers, and from subject related books and websites.

VIII. SAMPLING DESIGN
Convenience sampling method is used for the study, with 110 sample size from the selected area i.e. migrants in Hyderabad. Primary data have been collected from the respondents through structured questionnaire and interviews. The Data collected from Primary and Secondary sources is analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical Package like SPSS 20.0 Version. The Statistical tools used are Mean, Std. Deviation, ANOVA and Multiple Regression Analysis. To test the reliability of the data, Cronbach's alpha test is conducted. The result given the value of the as 0.769 . It indicates that, the data has a high reliability and validity.  Table 1, it shown that the questionnaire is tested for its reliability and presented the results here under. The questionnaire developed is pretested and validated through face validity as it was sent to a carefully selected sample of experts and it also has a sufficiently good reliability score. The result given the value of the as 0.769. It indicates that, the data has a high reliability and validity. In order to understand relationship between the different demographic variables like Age, Gender, Education, Occupation, Income (in rupees), Media exposure, media vehicles, media ads appeal and media strategy, mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis are calculated and presented in the following table. Source: Author finding It is observed from the above table, that dimensions like factors Causes Migration, push & pull drivers of the F value is found to be significant, meaning there by there is significant influenced of dimensions on demographical variables, so null hypothesis rejected but alternative hypothesis accepted. And, whereas decision making factors of the F value is found to be not significant. So null hypothesis accepted but alternative hypothesis rejected.

(b) MULTIPLE REGRASSION
Multiple regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modelling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables (or 'predictors'). it helps to understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'criterion variable') changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. It also helps to determine the overall fit (variance explained) of the model and the relative contribution of each of the predictors to the total variance explained. HO 1 : There is no significant impact of demographical variable on the rural-to-urban migrants. It is observed from the table 5, R-Square is the proportion of variance in the dependent variable (science) which can be explained by the independent variables (rupees, gender, Occupation, age in years, education). This is an overall measure of the strength of association and does not reflect the extent to which any particular independent variable is associated with the dependent variable. Thus, R 2 value is found to be 0.491, meaning there by that 49% of the variation in dependent variable is explained by predictors. Since the F value found to be significant, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted, meaning there is a significant in the variation caused by the predictors.

International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH)
[  It is evident from the above table, B -These are the values for the regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from the independent variable. So it is indicated that age (0.204) emerged as the most important factor, followed with Education (0.191) and gender (.186). It concluded that higher influence of age, education and gender will have higher positive evaluation on migration peoples. finally, which concluded that there is a significant impact of demographical variables on migrants. It is observed from the above table, R-Square is the proportion of variance in the dependent variable (science) which can be explained by the independent variables (Climatic factor, Educational factor, Economic factor, Social factor). This is an overall measure of the strength of association and does not reflect the extent to which any particular independent variable is associated with the dependent variable. Thus, R 2 value is found to be 0.418, meaning there by that 41% of the variation in dependent variable is explained by predictors. Since the F value found to be significant, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted, meaning there is a significant in the variation caused by the predictors. most important factor influenced, followed with Educational factor (0.277) and Social factor (.244). It concluded that higher influence of Economic factor, Educational factor and Social factor will have higher positive evaluation on migration peoples. And also results shown that there is a negative impact of climatic factors on the migrants. finally, which concluded that there is a significant impact of above (table 4) factors on the rural to urban migration. Since the F value found to be significant, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted, meaning there is a significant in the variation caused by the predictors.  concluded that there is a significant impact Push & Pull factors on the rural to urban migration. It is observed from the above table, B -These are the values for the regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from the independent variable. So R-Square is the proportion of variance in the dependent variable (science) which can be explained by the independent variables (Family members decisions, Individual decision). This is an overall measure of the strength of association and does not reflect the extent to which any particular independent variable is associated with the dependent variable. Thus, R 2 value is found to be 0.211, meaning there by that 21% of the variation in dependent variable is explained by predictors. Since the F value found to be significant, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted , meaning there is a significant in the variation caused by the predictors. .000

HO 4 : There is no significant impact individual & family decisions on rural to urban migration.
The principle component analysis of the data has extracted the communalities for the different variable and the same is presented in the following table  Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Source: Author findings
The Communalities indicate the amount of the variance in each variable that is accounted for initial communalities are estimates of the variance in each variable accounted for by all components of factor . Extraction communalities are estimates of the variance in each variable accounted for by the factor ( or components) in the factor solution.
In the table above , the variable of migration driver i.e. employment opportunity has extracted highest communality with 0.867, followed with , individual decision and poverty factor have extracted highest communality with 0.865, 0.862 respectively. Lowest communality is extracted by demographical factor with a communality 0.631.   The Principal Component Analysis has been extracted for eighteen factors. In order to identify the factor 0.40 is taken as the cut-off point and taken those variable which have extracted the variance for more than 0.40 is taken into consideration to include in the respective factor. Thus , the first factor includes the variable like "factor causes migration" i.e. Educational factor, and pull factor like Higher educational facilities so on. Similarly, Second factor includes the variables like Pull factor like Future prospects, Better living condition, Better Health services. Equally, Third factor includes variable like Poverty, lack of work and family member decision made by migration. Correspondingly, Fourth factor includes variable like Un employment, crop failure and Employment opportunities. Similarly, fifth factor includes the variables like Economic factor and Employment opportunities. Likewise, Sixth factor includes the variables like Poor education and Better living condition.

X.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY  The study will be carried out to understand the influence of the factors on migrants from rural to urban area.  As the geographical area of the study is limited to Hyderabad area alone, the finding of the study may not be reflect the entire state of Telangana.
Here, sample of respondents are, who are coming from rural area to Hyderabad city.  A convenience sample was used for the data collection which makes the results not readily generalizable.  The research questions and questionnaires disturbed were limited, and its related to impact of factors on rural to urban migrants.

XI. CONCLUSION
The present study concluded that, The major theme of the research was to study factors impact on migrants from rural to urban. There are four major objective and data were collected through questionnaire. It was analysed by the percentages, ANOVA and multiple regression. As per the results 39% (31-40 years) and 34% (21-30 years) of respondents migrated from rural to urban, 71% (male) and 29 (female), followed with 27% (PG) and 24% (above PG), 37% (Private Employees) and 33% (Agriculture) of respondents migrated from rural to urban. As results of the ANOVA, only two dimensions like influencing factor, push -pull drivers significant impact on migrants from rural to urban, but impact of decision are not significant impact on migrants. The results of the multiple regression analysis found that there is significant impact of demographical variables on the migrants of rural to urban area, and followed by there is a significant influenced of economical, social, educational and demographical factors on the rural to urban migrants, and also push-pull factors significant impact on migrants, but whereas, there is a significant impact of individual and family members on migrants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thankful and grateful to the earlier contributions as a references of the journals for their extremely useful suggestions to improve quality of the article for carryout this task.