Isolation of biologically active and anticoagulant components from the venom of the snake Macroipera lebetina obtusa and honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica

The paper presents experimental data on the separation, identification and isolation of anticoagulant components of the snake venom and of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica, harvested from the ecologically clean zone of Azerbaijan. The protein components of venom snake and bee venom with molecular masses 20 kD, 32kD, 35, 79 , 101, 132 kD and 41kD, 20 kD, 15 kD, corresponding to glycoprotein, toxic component, growth factor, protease that activates the clotting factor of the blood, glycoproteins and hyaluronidase and phospholipase was isolated from venom by the method of gel chromatography on a column with Sephadex G-750 eluting with 0.4 M sodium phosphate buffer, followed by spectrophotometric measurement of the unit optical density of the fractions at =280 nm on a Hitachi-557 spectrophotometer. Keywords— snake, venom, Macroipera lebetina obtuse, honey bee, Apis mellifera Caucasica, anticoagulant.

The activated clotting time (ACT) and clot rate were used for screening procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of 28 snake venoms.Crude venoms from Daboia russellii siamensis, Bothrops asper, Bothrops moojeni, and one Crotalus oreganus helleri from Wrightwood, CA, had procoagulant activity.These venoms induced a significant shortening of the ACT and showed a significant increase in the clot rate when compared to the negative control.Factor X activator activity was also measured in 28 venoms, and D. r. siamensis venom was 5-6 times higher than those of B. asper, B. moojeni, and C. o. helleri from Wrightwood County.Russell's viper venom-factor X activator (RVV-X) was purified from D. r. siamensis venom, and then procoagulant activity was evaluated by the ACT and clot rate.Other venoms, Crotalus atrox and two Naja pallida, had anticoagulant activity.A significant increase in the ACT and a significant decrease in the clot rate were observed after the addition of these venoms; therefore, the venoms were considered to have anticoagulant activity.Venoms from the same species did not always have the same ACT and clot rate profiles, but the profiles were an excellent way to identify procoagulant and anticoagulant activities in snake venoms [10].Despite the presence of a large arsenal of hormonal drugs, antibiotics and other new potent chemotherapeutic drugs, bee venom remains among the most effective medicines, the use of which is expanding.The mechanism of toxic effect of bee venom is very complex and is the result of a complex effect of its components on various organs and systems.Bee venom increases the amount of hemoglobin and blood leukocytes, reduces its viscosity and coagulability and dilates capillaries and small arteries, increasing the flow of blood to the organs [18].Separate components of bee venom can be used to achieve certain biological effects.Bee venom also affects the central and peripheral nervous system and can be used to treat patients with heart disease.In the literature, data on the use of bee venom for the treatment of patients with various degenerative diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease and others [12,13,14,15,11,16] have been published.H. Zolfagharian, M. Mohajeri, M. Babaie revealed that the bee venom increases the clotting time.By the authors, the honey bee venom were divided into fractions by using gel filtration and chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and their molecular weight was determined by using electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate in a polyacrylamide gel.Column gel chromatography isolated F1 fraction containing hyaluronidase, F2 and F3 containing phospholipase and F4 containing melittin with molecular masses of 3, 15, 20 and 41 kDa, respectively.It was noted that fractions F2, F3 and F4 had a greater anticoagulant activity than fraction F1.Thus, the authors consider bee bee venom as a complex of substances containing an anticoagulant factor consisting of 4 protein fractions with molecular masses of 3, 15, 20, and 41 kDa.A lethal dose of the whole LD50 venom was determined to be 177.8μg / mouse [17].
Despite numerous studies on the study of bee and snake venom, the isolation and identification of poison components, a number of questions on the study of their effect on the coagulating blood system of experimental animals are available, the study of which is of great scientific and practical interest.Proceeding from the foregoing, the purpose of these studies was to isolate the anticoagulant fractions from the venom of the snake Macrovipera lebetina obtusa and honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica, collected of snake and honey bee from the ecologically clean zone of Azerbaijan.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material of the study was the whole venom of the Macrovipera lebetina obtusa and of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica, collected from bees from apiaries located in the area of the ecologically clean zone of Azerbaijan, from the territory of the Ismail area.After storage, the venom was stored in a desiccator over a couple of calcium chloride.Venom solutions were prepared immediately before the experiment.Separation of the poi-son into fractions was carried out by column chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column measuring 15x150 mm.To identify the protein components of bee venom, we developed a model technique for the separation of marker proteins.The molecular weights of the marker proteins were determined on a Sephadex G-75 column.For preparation of the column, the matrix G-75 gel was soaked for 48 hours.The prepared gel suspension was carefully filled into a chromatography column.After the height of the layer of the settled gel reached 5 cm, a column crane was opened and a stream of pre-prepared solvent was passed through it, observing the conditions under which the rate of solvent effluent from the column was much less than the flow rate of the solvent during chromatography.After uniform gel settling, the column was washed with a buffer solution and again left for 12 hours at the temperature of chromatography.0.4 M Naphosphate buffer solution with a pH value of 7.0 was selected as the eluent.The volume of the investigated solution of the venom did not exceed 1 ml.The elution was carried out with a 0.04 M Na-phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 and at a rate of 8 ml / hr.

III.
RESULTS At construction of the calibration curve, the proteinmarcers: Cytochrome C with Mm = 12kD, trypsin with Mm = 20 kD, erythrocyte spacecraft with Mm = 30 kD and albumin lyophilized from human serum with Mm = 67 kD were used.. Further, a mixture of marker proteins of 5 mg was passed through a separating chromatographic glass column.The fractions were collected in separate 4.0 ml tubes, followed by measuring the optical density on a spectrophotometer.
The quantitative data of spectrophotometric separation of marker proteins are given in table 1 .Further, the collected fractions, separated by elution with a 0.4 M solution of Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.0, were combined into separate solutions of marker proteins, followed by measurement of their optical density (table 2).As can be seen from these tables, the marker proteins were arranged in descending order of elution volume -VR, corresponding to an increase in the molecular mass of proteins.Based on the data presented in figure 1, it can be seen that the direct proportional dependence of the marker proteins is in the range 12-67 kD.Thus, on the basis of experimental data, the separation conditions of the marker proteins were determined by column chromatography using Sephadex G75 followed by spectrophotomet-ric determination of molecular weights, the isolated components in the range of 12-67 kD.For the separation and identification the proteins of zootoxin, we sampled 10 mg of bee and snake venoms, which were dissolved in 1 ml of bidistilled water and pipetted onto the Sephadex G-75 surface by means of a pipette.Elution of the snake venom or bee venom proteins was carried out with 0.04 M sodium phosphate buffer.As can be seen from Table 6, as a result of bee venom fractionation by gel chromatography on a column with Sephadex G-75, the investigated venom samples were separated into fragments of fractions of 3 proteins with molecular weights from 15 to 41 kD.
From these tables, it can be seen that the components of the bee venom are arranged in order of increasing elution volumes-VR, which correspond to the decrease in the molecular masses of proteins.Comparing the obtained data with the data of published sources, it can be stated that the isolated components of the bee venom with molecular masses of 41kD correspond to hyaluronidase and 20 kD, 15 kD to phospholipase.Thus, by the method of column chromatography elution with 0.04M Na-phosphate buffer, optimal conditions for the fractionation of the venom of the snake and honey bee were determined by gel chromatography on a column with Sephadex G-75.

IV. FIGURES AND TABLES Table.1: Data of spectrophotometric determination of the unit of optical density of protein-marker fractions separated by gel filtration on a column with Sephadex G-75 No. of fractions
The unit of optical density of fractions

No. of fractions
The unit of optical density of fractions

No. of fractions
The unit of optical density of fractions

No. of fractions
The unit of optical density of fractions

The International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-1, Issue-3, Sep-Oct, 2017] https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.1.3.6 ISSN: 2456-8678 fractions
were collected in a volume of 4 ml, followed by a spectrophotometric measurement of the unit optical density of the samples at  = 280 nm on a Hitachi-557 spectrophotometer.The data of chromatographic separation of snake venom proteins by the gel filtration method on a column with Sephadex G-75 are presented in table3, 4.

Table . 4
: The optical density data of the snake venom fractions separated by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column

International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-1, Issue-3, Sep-Oct, 2017] https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.1.3.6 ISSN: 2456-8678
Fig.1: Direct proportional dependence of the marker proteins is in the range 12-67 kD.Fig.2:Direct proportional dependence of the bee venom proteins is in the range 15-41 kD.Optimal conditions for the separation and identification of proteins of snake Macrovipera lebetin and honey bee venom were developed by gel chromatography on a column with Sephadex G-75 eluting with 0.04M Na-phosphate buffer.2. On a column with Sephadex G-75 to have a protein with an activity of acid proteinase: a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 20,000 D. A polypeptide Mm ~ 32 kD is a toxic component, a polypeptide with molecular masses Mm ~ 35kD, a growth factor of the neural tissue, and a protein with a molecular weight of 79,000 D -a protease that activates the clotting factor of the blood, polypeptides with molecular masses Mm ~ 101 and 132.5kD, in probability, also glycoproteins.3. Hemocoagulating proteins of hyaluronidase and phospholipase with molecular masses of 41 kD and 20 kD, 15 kD, respectively, were isolated from the honey bee venom.