The role of small-scale Enterprise in Entrepreneurship development in developing Economy: An analysis of bakery enterprise in Mubi-north local Government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

The paper investigated Bakery enterprise in Mubi – north local government area in the year 2019, via socio-economic variables, cost and returns as well as prospects and problems associated with the business. The results reveals that all (100%) of the respondents are males, majority 58% were within their active productive age bracket of 35 – 46 years and majority had 6 – 15 years experience on business. Similarly, operating capital stood at 1.5 to 2.0million naira, while business fixed asset stood at 1.5 to 2.5million naira respectively. The results further shows that Cost of processing one bag of 50kg of flour in to bread stood at N39,400 and a total returns of N50,000 was reported indicating a benefit of N10,600 which constitute one production cycle. Further, the result reveals a maximum, minimum and average production cycles per week of 5, 3, and 2 respectively which gives a benefit of N53, 000, N31, 800 and N21, 200 per week respectively. The study therefore concluded that baking enterprise is a profitable business in the study area and can be used as a veritable enterprise for promoting entrepreneurship among the youths especially the graduates because of it high prospects. The study recommended that Government and NonGovernmental Organizations should support and promote entrepreneurship development among youths through their various empowerment programmes. Entrepreneurship Development Centre’s in Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education in Nigeria should promote baking as one of their enterprise areas because of it high prospects and acceptability among educated youths. Keyword— Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, Small Scale, Role, Developing and Economy.


INTRODUCTION
The Concept of Entrepreneurship as remedies for Unemployment is gradually receiving attention in many countries globally. Nigeria in particular has considered it imperative to pursue entrepreneurial objective to engage it citizens in order to minimize social vices usually associated with unemployment. Achieving this goal however, may require new ideas; policies, approaches and procedures from both the tier of government including their agencies as well non-governmental organizations (NGO's) that can encourage entrepreneurship activities for the growth and development of societies.
Empirical reports over the years have indicated that over sixty-five (65%) of the total population of Nigerian citizens are mostly youths below forty years (40years) and without sufficient job opportunities that can solve their socioeconomic needs National Population Commission (NPC, 2016). Another disturbing issue which government needs to address is the teeming number of young men and women graduating annually from Universities, Polytechnics and National Youths Service Scheme (NYSC, 2017) reported that from 2010 to date over one hundred and fifty (150) thousands graduates are been mobilized yearly and less than sixty percent of these population are engaged. The Holt (2006) described entrepreneurial role as one of gathering and using resources, but also reported that resources to produce result must be allocated to opportunities rather than problems. He further lamented that entrepreneurship occurs when resources are redirected to progressive opportunities not used to ensure administrative efficiency. Further, Robbert Ronstadt cited in Holt (2006) considered entrepreneurship as the dynamic process of creating incremental Wealth. Wealth created by individuals who assume the major risk in terms of equity, time and or career commitment or providing value for some product or services. The product or service itself may or may not be new or unique but value must somehow be infused by the entrepreneur by securing and allocating the necessary skills and resources.

Entrepreneur
The word Entrepreneur is derived from a French word "Entrependre" meaning between and to take Schumpeter (1996). Therefore, a typical entrepreneur is a risk taker who braves/embrace uncertainty in an effort to produce profit. Karl Vester also cited in Holt (2006) explained that the nature of entrepreneurship in it nature is often a matter of individual perception. He found that Psychologist tend to view entrepreneurs in behavioral terms as achievementoriented individuals driven to seek challenges and new accomplishment. However, generally, the term "Entrepreneur" may be properly applied to those who incubate new ideas, start enterprise based on those ideas, and provide added value to society based on their individual initiatives (Holt, 2006). In an attempt to understand entrepreneurship potentials in the area, the researcher seek to conduct an in-depth analysis of one of the enterprise that is the Bakery Enterprise with the aim of understanding how viable the enterprise is in respect to cost-benefits and its potentials towards Entrepreneurship growth and development and sustainable livelihoods especially among the youths.
Questions which the research seek to provide answers to include; what are the socio-economic characteristics of the bakers in the study area, how is cost related to revenue in the baking enterprise, what are the key contribution of the enterprise to societal growth and development.

Objective of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to analyze baking enterprise in the study area. Specific objectives, however is to: i.
Describe the socio-economic characteristics of bakers in the study area ii.
Estimate costs and returns associated with the enterprise in the study area iii.
Identify the contribution of the enterprise in societal growth and development.

Sampling distribution
A purposive sampling technique was utilized for the study.
List of all the bakeries in the local government area was collected from the leader of the bakers association in the area which serves as sampling frame. The names of the bakeries and their proprietors in all the twelve (12) wards of the local government area were considered for the study.

Sampling
All the Proprietors of the bakeries were considered for the study. Therefore, the population of the study is the same with sample.

Data Collection Instrument
A well structured close ended questionnaire was designed to solicit information from the respondents. Information generated includes; socio -economic variables of the respondents such as age, experience, educational qualification, income, working capital and asset. Similarly, costs and returns associated with baking enterprise were collected and information on observed prospects and challenges of baking industry were also collected.

Data analysis
Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages and means, while Business Budgetary Analysis and ratios were employed for the costs-benefits analysis. Similarly percentages and ranking were used to discussed prospects and challenges of the baking enterprise.
Frequency is the number of times an event/observation occurred while percentage is the proportion of occurrence of  Table 2 presents results on the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, it shows all (100%) of the bakers are male and majority (58%) within the age brackets of 36-45yaers and most (52%) had 6-15 years of experience. It also revealed that majority have N1.5-N2.0 million as working capital and N1.5-N2.5 million worth of Business assets. Table 3 presents costs and returns analysis of one production cycle. One

Results and Discussions
Cycle here referred to cost of processing one bag (50kg) of flour into bread. It reveals total costs of N39, 400 and total returns of N50, 000, indicating a difference of N10, 600 as benefit for the business. Table 4 presents classification of respondents according to number of production cycles per week. It shows that majority has minimum of 3 production cycles per week, maximum of 5 while on the average 2. Table 5 presents results on the prospects of baking in the study area. The results indicate that all the respondents considered the business as viable. Majority (90%) reported that they derived satisfaction from it while 82% considered it profitable. However, 42%, 32% and26 % indicated that they considered it for leisure, provision of goods and prestige respectively. Table 6 presents results on the problems associated with the baking enterprise. It shows that, majority 82%, 79% and 74% reported debt, health risks and drudgery involved in the enterprise as the major problems associated with the business while inadequate profit as the least problem.

IV. CONCLUSION
The study concluded that baking enterprise is a profitable business in the study area and can be used as a veritable enterprise for promoting entrepreneurship among the youths especially the graduates because of it high prospects . Findings of the study reveal that almost fifty percent of the respondents attended tertiary education while the remaining fifty percent attended secondary schools. This shows that majority of the bakers are educated and therefore it is expected that they can appreciate and adopt inventions/innovation that can improve the baking enterprise.
Similarly, net returns of N10, 600 per production cycle with an average of two cycles per week correspond to an average of N90, 000 per month which is considered good to sustain livelihood.

i.
Entrepreneurship Development Centre's in Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education in Nigeria should promote baking as one of their enterprise areas because of it high prospects and acceptability among educated youths. ii.
Graduates should be encouraged to venture into baking enterprise because of it viability and profitability to serve as source of livelihood. iii.
Youths should be sensitized to form Co-operatives in order to pool their resources together to establish and manage enterprises iv. Bakers should be assisted to acquire modern facilities and equipment to standardized their products v.
Banks and other financial agencies should be oriented to support entrepreneurship development vi.
Government and Non-Governmental Organizations should support and promote entrepreneurship development among youths through their various empowerment programmes. The theory of Economic Development. London, Transaction publishers   Classification of production cycles