Studies in Ethnobotany Focus on Traditional Plant Applications and Indigenous Wisdom

— Ethnobotany is a subfield of botany that studies the relationships between traditional societies and the plants in their environments. In its widest sense, ethnobotany is the study of how plants have shaped the worldviews and historical narratives of indigenous peoples, as well as how these people evaluate the efficacy of modern scientific knowledge. Ethnobotanical research may provide light on the complex relationships between plants and indigenous peoples, both in the past and the present. While modern society may look down on our ancestors as primitive and barbaric, they really helped us advance by teaching us how to utilize plants for food, medicine, chemicals, colors, wood products, textiles, and so on. As this study progressed, it became abundantly evident that the vast body of past studies on rural and tribal medicines in North Eastern India had just scratched the surface. There is still plenty to do and write down before it's all gone forever. Interviews and on-location observations were used extensively in this study's investigation. The information on medicinal plants and interview notes were written down in field notebooks. Traditional plant knowledge and the usage of curative wild herbs by the Marakwet people were the focus of a study. As a result of interviews with traditional healers and community people, a list of the plants' traditional names was developed. As much as sixty percent of plant names are same, it is clear that traditional names for medicinal plants are vanishing. Nearly all locals (94.8 percent) knew which traditional medicinal herbs were best for treating stomach problems, followed by diarrhea (70.7 percent), chest discomfort (65.5 percent), and typhoid (63.3 percent). Locals have a low knowledge index (23.6%) of curative plants, according to traditional healers.


INTRODUCTION
Both the diversity and the origin of medicinal plants may be traced back to India.There are just twelve nations like it in the world.The term "ethnobotany" comes from the Greek words for "people" and "plants," respectively.It is possible to interpret the term "ethnobotany" as either "the study of people and herbs" or "the study of people and plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs)" from the Greek "ethnos" and "botane," respectively.The term was coined in 1895 by American botanist and taxonomist John W.
Harshberger.Ethnobotany is the study of the culturally significant relationship between humans and the plants that grow in their environs.India is a fantastic place to study ethnobotany because of its rich biodiversity.Huge swathes of society and many different cultural groups continue to depend significantly on bio-resources.
ethnobotany is "the study of how people and plants interact from a scientific perspective."The name "ethnobotany" was not used until 1896, although the study of plants utilized by

III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
As part of the present study, researchers have been traveling extensively throughout the five talukas that make up the Vijayapur district.Extensive fieldwork was done in the Vijayapur area between February 2014 and June 2016 to collect seasonal plant specimens and ethnobotanical data.The total distance traveled by researchers on field trips to contact traditional practitioners and beneficiaries in the Vijayapur region exceeds 10,000 kilometers.Photographs of medicinal plant species and community meetings are used to record interactions between researchers and traditional healers and study participants.Traditional doctors and researchers observe as interviews with recipients are videotaped.

Collection of Plant Specimen:
Medicinal plant species and plant parts are collected from all around the Vijayapur region.Flowers or fruits, or sometimes both, are included in plant collections.There are no herbaceous plants left.Parts of the plant that grow underground are gathered, while limbs bearing flowers and fruit are picked.

Data Sheet:
A questionnaire (Data sheet) is currently being created to collect information from traditional practitioners.A data sheet and a field research notebook are used to keep track of conversations and observations.Name, age, employment, visit date, knowledge (acquired/ethnic), locality, vernacular names of plants, botanical name, family, habit, dose, etc. are all included on the data sheet for the traditional practitioner.

Preparation Of Herbarium:
After collection, the samples are either field-pressed on the spot or kept in gunny bags or thick grade polythene of varied sizes.Leaves, branches, and other non-essential elements are removed during this process.A plant press is used to provide uniform pressure to stacks of pressing sheets containing specimens.The plants were dried in the usual way.We change the sheets every day till they are dry.The succulent plants were sprayed with an alcoholic formalin solution of 4% or splashed with hot water to kill the fungus.Until they can be mounted and labeled, plant specimens are kept in newspaper folds after being tagged.
Standard herbarium sheets measuring 11 1/2 by 16 12 inches (28 by 42 centimeters) were used to mount the pressed plant specimens.Glue sticks or hot-melt adhesive (HMA) were used to secure the samples to the backing.To provide a firm hold, the specimens were stitched to their mounts from behind in key locations.Fruits, seeds, and other unattached plant parts were secured in a paper packet and mounted.Herbarium specimens that have been mounted will have a label affixed to the sheet's lower right corner.Habit, Family, Genus, Species, Local Name, Collecting Location, Morphological Characteristics, Date Collected, and Collector's Name are all recorded for each specimen.Plant remnants such as seeds, fruits, roots, and leaves gathered and withered.

Identification Of Medicinal Plants:
Specimens of plants are often identified in the field using flora such as "Flora of Gulbarga District" (Seetharam et al., 2000) or "The Flora of the Presidency of Madras" (Gamble,1984), before being brought back to the lab for a final confirmation.The flora of Bombay under the British Raj is described in Cooke's "The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay" (1903).While identification to the species level is not feasible, certain plant specimens are verified by experts and compared to those preserved at the Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Botany at Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi.
The morphological features of a plant are what are used for identification.These features include the plant's habit, habitat, stem, leaves, flowers, inflorescence, calyx, corolla, stamens, anthers, carpels, ovary, ovules, fruit, seed, and cotyledons.

Enumeration Of Ethnomedicinal Plants:
This list of Kannada names for plants of ethnobotanical significance begins with their ICBN names, continues with their synonyms (if any), then groups them into families.This brief account of the plant's phenology (the study of when and how it flowers and bears fruit) emphasizes its distinctive characteristics.There have been three further meetings of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group after the inaugural one in 1998: in 2003 and 2009.These results are used in subsequent studies (Research areas) on therapeutic uses and comparisons to other published works.
Included are the new family name (in brackets), the right scientific name of the species, a synonym, and the corrected author citation.After the survey is finished, the doctors get together to discuss the symptoms and diseases, as well as the correct English titles for a particular ailment or condition, and then they create a report.One such condition is leucorrhea, characterized by a white vaginal discharge.

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Table 1: Part Used for Specific Ailments
A literature review revealed that the bark is used to treat urinary tract infections and the roots are used to alleviate uterine bleeding after childbirth.Traditional treatment for rectal fistula includes chewing fresh leaves with cardamom seeds (Singh, 2000).Leaves used for piles, ulcers, and diarrhea; roots used for chronic fever and cough (Alagesboopathi, 2000).The tribal tribes of Maharashtra use the leaves as a diabetic treatment.A decoction is used as a mouthwash in Bihar for dental ache and sore gums, while the powdered root is used to treat epilepsy (Parrota, 2001).Crushed leaves mixed with castor oil are used as a treatment for piles (Rosakutty, 2003), and the infusion of the leaves is used as a laxative.Kidney stones and urinary tract infections (UTIs) may both be treated with leaf juice (Prachi et al.    ).This study found that stem bark is often used to treat cold and flu symptoms.

IV. CONCLUSION
The following inferences are made based on the analysis, interpretation, and discussion of the findings, Herpes can be cured with Cymbopogon coloratus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis; snake bites can be treated with Pentatropis capensis and Ruellia humilis; and toothaches can be relieved with Euphorbia dracunculoides and Pennisetum hohenackeri.This is the first record of use of these plants in traditional medicine.Many popular medicinal plants, including those in the Fabaceae family, are relied on greatly by traditional healers in this area.Many traditional herbal medicines rely on leaves or other plant parts.According to the findings, some local Hakeems have been practicing complementary medicine for decades.Interviews with recipients demonstrated the efficacy of traditional medicine and practitioners.The full moon, the new moon, and the four days immediately around them (Thursday, Sunday, full moon, and new moon) all play an important role in the collecting, praying, and healing rituals associated with medicinal plants.Vijayapur's rural areas are rich in medicinal plants.Diseases may respond well to the targeted application of traditional practitioners and people.The therapeutic significance of this study lies in its demonstration of the efficacy of locally sourced medicinal plant resources and traditional practitioners , 2008).(Madhu & Suvartha, 2009) Suggested use: 2 teaspoons of a decoction of stem bark with honey daily for 20 days.The result will be a diuretic rush.Three grams of freshly ground leaves yields two tablets.Take one tablet in the morning and another before night.Kidney stones may be eliminated after a week of this therapy.Avoiding foods including tomatoes, peppers, and brinjals is recommended during treatment (Ghatapanadi et al., 2010).According to Nandagopalan et al. (2014), it is useful in reducing fever.Lambadis use a combination of root bark paste (two to three tablespoons) and a cup of water (one ounce) once day for five days to cure convulsions (Sangameshwar and Vatsavaya Raju, 2015).The bark has anti-inflammatory and astringent properties, and the entire plant is used as an anthelmintic (Prashanth Kumar and Shiddamallayya, 2016).The results of this study support the use of leaves in the treatment of bone fractures and piles.Botanical name -Acacia ferruginea DC.Family -Fabaceaea (Mimosaceae) Vernacular name -Banni gida Plant description -Deciduous tree, leaves 8cm long, corolla white, pods strap shaped, flat.

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and Fr -September to January Voucher No -HGUG-5015Table 2: Medicinal Use of Acacia ferruginea DCLiterature review suggests that in Ayurveda, bark and fruits are used to treat vertigo, diarrhea, dysentery, piles, worm infestation, bleeding, coughing, dyspnea, and skin problems.Diarrhea, dysentery, piles, worm infestation, bleeding, and cough may all be treated with the bark and fruits (Prashanth Kumar, Shiddamallayya, 2016).This research indicates that leaves are utilized to alleviate acidity and leucorrhea.Botanical name -Acacia nilotica (L.)DelileFamily -Fabaceae (Mimosaceae)Vernacular name -Kari jaliPlant description -Wide-spreading crown evergreen tree The leaves are compound and bipinnate, with 10-25 pairs of leaflets with stipular spines.length of the leaves in centimeters is 8. Sessile, golden yellow flowers; greenish-black, longitudinally fissured stem bark.Fruit Pods with Clear Stems lomentum.

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and Fr -September to December Voucher No -HGUG-5018 humans goes back dental discomfort (Upasania et al., 2017).A powder extracted from the fruit of the Terminalia species is used to treat asthma, cardiac disorders, and gastrointestinal difficulties.Herbs used to mitigate the effects of venom are often taken orally (just after a bite from a deadly snake).
Int. J. Forest Animal Fish.Res.www.aipublications.com/ijfafPage | 8 People use medicinal plants for health purposes in accordance with cultural traditions and indigenous knowledge.Medicinal plants are an essential component of primary healthcare in underdeveloped, rural, and economically unstable regions of the world.Plants native to the Himalayas and its environs are often used in ethno-medicines that draw on the wisdom of the ages.Therefore, indigenous peoples have relied on oral transmission of information about medicinal plants from one generation to the next.This oral discourse aids indigenous people in transmitting information about medicinal plants from one generation to the next, but it also undergoes modification as it travels from one person to the next.traditional Indian food that has been cooked and stored may be considered functional food since it includes dietary fiber, antioxidants, and body healing chemical components.Ayurveda teaches that the source of all life is the nourishment that allows it to grow, flourish, and maintain its natural state of equilibrium.Poddar et al. (2020), Researchers in India analyzed the therapeutic properties of 100 different plants found throughout the country.Mwine and Damme (2011) examined the phytochemistry and medicinal properties of plants in the Euphorbiaceae family.Kasrina and Zukmadini's 2021 research sheds light on the euphorbiaceous medicinal plants used by locals in the Bengkulu region of Indonesia.Islam et al. (2019), There are six members of the Euphorbiaceae family that have been shown to have medicinal qualities.After performing an extensive ethnomedicinal study, Hu et al. (2020) found that the Malum people of Guangxi, China, employ the medicinal properties of 456 plant species from 350 genera and 132 families to cure 312 human diseases.Zahidina, et al.,( 2017 ) found that acalypha indica was utilized as an antidote for snake venom and to calm skin irritation.People in India use branches from the Baccaurea sapinda tree to wash their teeth and relieve Int.J. Forest Animal Fish.Res.www.aipublications.com/ijfafPage | 9

Table 3 :
Plant part usedAccording to a literature review, it has the following properties: astringent; acrid; cooling; stypic; aphrodisiac; vulnerary; anthelmintic; constipating; depurative; diuretic; alexeteric; nourishing; and so on.Koyas and Konda reddis apply a mixture of crushed bark and pepper as a treatment for viper bite (Sangameshwar and Vatsavaya, 2015).Decoction made from the bark is used to treat urogenital and