Toward Digital Election in Indonesia: Cost Effectiveness Analysis of IVORI (Internet-Voting Republik Indonesia) as an e-Voting System

Contestation The election in 2019 was held simultaneously, where people directly elected the DPR, DPD, Provincial/Regency/City DPRD, President and Vice President on April 17, 2019. All the changes in the implementation of elections in Indonesia since 1999, all of them are still carried out using paper. The history of the simultaneous elections in Indonesia in 2019, which were quite expensive, is a consideration for a more sustainable election process. Since the beginning of this century, internet voting has become the most straightforward and prevalent electoral reform adopted by many countries, with the goal of lowering voting expenses by enhancing convenience. This study aims to compare the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) of conventional elections using paper ballots with digital-based elections using internet voting (I-voting) and we also developed a prototype of a digital election system called IVORI (I-Voting Republik Indonesia). The results show that elections using the I-voting system are proven to be 71% more cost-effective than conventional systems. IVORI is an internet-based digital election web application that offers two features, namely “VOTING” which will only be active on election day for voters who are eligible to vote and have been previously registered so that they can log in to the application using their ID number and voting station code and the “INFORMASI KANDIDAT” feature which can be accessed by voters during the candidate’s campaign period which contains information about the background and work program plans of each candidate.


INTRODUCTION
The emergence of technology can support the democratic process to become more possible and easily accessible within the framework of electronic democracy or e-democracy There are 5 basic applications in implementing e-democracy, namely e-Information, e-Service, e-Voting, e-Complaint, and e-Forum (Funilkul & Chutimaskul, 2009).With the increasing development of information and communication technology (ICT), it makes sense to apply it to the election process.The implementation of an electronic election system is one of the popular issues in the implementation of e-democracy.This encourages the development of applications and their security in order to meet these needs (Valsamidis et al., 2018).The use of Electronic Voting Systems (EVSs) can occur through Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting systems and Internet voting systems.The use of Electronic Voting Systems (EVSs) can occur through Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting systems which usually require a device for voting and cards to authenticate voter identity and internet voting systems which use devices, applications that use the internet for voting (Valsamidis et al., 2018).
Some of the DRE systems that have been implemented are the DRE systems created by the company Trueballot, Inc. which are usually used by companies, organizations, universities and certain users for e-voting (TrueBallot, 2003).The Diebold AccuVote-TS DRE system in 2004 which was used in the US elections used hardware in the form of touch screens and authentication cards at certain polling places as well as software for voting (Bederson et al., 2003).The company SureVote in 2005 offered a DRE system in which users authenticate themselves and the right to vote using a numeric personal identification code and a numeric ballot code (Bederson et al., 2003).Not only does it provide a DRE system, the SureVote Company also offers an internet voting system.In the Netherlands, since 2006 voting has been carried out via DRE and in England trials with e-voting have been carried out in local elections in 2000, 2002, 2003, 2006and 2007(Pieters & van Haren, 2007).The browser- based Agile E-Voting system is a practical and voter-friendly e-voting system (Simhalu & Takeda, 2007).Global Election Company In practice, the use of e-voting for elections contains pros and cons.On the one hand, elections that use e-voting with an internet voting system that can be done anywhere (for example via cell phone) can scalability reach long distances, but what is being debated is the difficulty of verifying that the voter is a genuine person and creates opportunities for buying and selling votes, resulting in there is a need for stricter security mechanisms in EVS Internet (Valsamidis et al., 2018).Nigerians are ready to use the e-voting system if it is adopted by the Nigerian Government with several  (Mcknight et al., 2011)(Mcknight et al., 2011).Therefore, governments that will use the i-voting system need to provide a lot of education to the public regarding the security and accuracy of its use to provide a sense of trust to the public.
Since the beginning of this century, internet voting has become the most straightforward and prevalent electoral reform adopted by many countries, with the goal of lowering voting expenses by enhancing convenience.

Materials and Methods
The main focus of this research is on designing workflows that can minimize operational costs, increase effectivity, and ensure voter security and anonymity.

System
We use prices from three election voting service provider website for estimates the cost of internet voting, with details of costs in Table 4 below.
From these three websites, there are different prices and voter capacities.Then, to make it easy to compare, we tried to estimate the costs with the same number of eligible voters as in 2019, which is 192,770,611 for the presidential election, the details are in Table 5 below.

Comparison of Cost Effectiveness Analysis
From the table above, the results show that elections using the I-voting system are proven to be 71% more cost-effective to implement than conventional systems.In the calculation of I-voting cost, we only calculate the estimated costs for making applications for the I-voting system, this excludes estimates for TPS costs and incentives for election officials.However, we assume the value will be lower than the costs for conventional elections because current election logistics costs can only be made for the construction of TPS booths and the number of election officers at each TPS with the I-voting system can be reduced by half from the number of election officers at each TPS in conventional system.

Discussion of Cost Effectiveness Analysis
After comparing the cost-effectiveness analysis of conventional elections using paper ballots with digital-based elections using internet voting, the results prove that elections with i-voting are more costeffective than conventional elections.Our next goal is to develop a prototype of a digital election system called IVORI (I-Voting Republik Indonesia).

The Design of IVORI
IVORI web application is designed as an example of a concept with the potential to enhance effectivity in elections.The recommendations we provide take into consideration key elements in elections that can be implemented as a foundation for further development.In this context, we emphasize the importance of ensuring an effective and valid voter registration process by using e-KTP cards and direct facial photos as security mechanisms.This is crucial to ensure that only eligible voters can use the application.In addition to two-factor authentication.
The entire design is intended to be adaptable and improved based on previous election experiences, illustrating a sustainable approach to improving the electoral process.We also recommend an effective public education campaign to ensure a better understanding of how to use "IVORI" in elections.Overall, these recommendations serve as a guide for digital voting application developers in creating an effective and secure system.

Pra-voting
Before the voting day starts on the IVORI web application, people who are eligible to vote will be asked to go through a series of registration phases in the IVORI application as in Figure 1.This will serve as a reference for them to decide to whom their voting rights will be granted.However, it is important to note that the voting feature can only be accessed during the actual election period.

Voting Day
Following the registration period, users can utilize IVORI web application during the general election.The voting feature is only active during the actual election period.During this time, all users will be automatically logged out of the application.
On the day of voting, people who are eligible to vote will come to the polling station (TPS) to carry out the election process by bringing their respective smartphones and will go through a series of phases as shown in Figure 2. To participate in the election, they must log in again after the automatic logout.After re-logging in during the election period, users will have an active login session for 10 minutes.If the session exceeds 10 minutes, the system will automatically log them out.
In each polling station (TPS), a TPS code will be made available, distributed to the election committee at the polling stations through the election committee's application.
The process begins with users opening the application and entering their NIK and password to log in.After a successful login,

(
2010) provides Election.comwhich is global election software that offers voting at polling places and remote electronic voting.Apart from being able to do it via DRE, the use of electronic voting through Electronic Voting Systems (EVSs) can also be done via the internet.The first Internet voting (I-voting) project in the US created to target elections was called VOI.The VOI project is aimed at residents who are far from where their voters live and are abroad (Awad & Leiss, 2011).
considerations.The failure to implement postal elections in Poland has made the majority of Polish people prefer electronic voting (Musiał-Karg & Kapsa, 2021)(Musiał-Karg & Kapsa, 2021).Although the adoption of technology and innovation are drivers of i-voting, on the other hand, the perception of inconvenience and insecurity are barriers to the intention to use and actually use technology in the election process (Omotayo & Adekunle, 2021)(Omotayo & Adekunle, 2021).The effectiveness of using technology in conducting elections does not always increase voter participation.The results of research conducted on elections in Estonia stated that older voters or those with less access to technology would have difficulty using the application(Ehin et al., 2022)(Ehin et al., 2022).In addition, the implementation of the i-voting system faces the challenge of potential cyberattacks that can cause a sense of insecurity and become a barrier to the intention to use and actually use technology in the election process(Omotayo & Adekunle, 2021)(Omotayo & Adekunle, 2021), so governments that use this system need to consider the protection and security of technology from cyberattacks.Public trust is a key element in the adoption and use of new technology in elections

A
Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) comparison between conventional paper ballots and internet voting (I-voting) revealed that I-voting was significantly more costeffective, with a CEA value of 108,913.8154 for conventional and 1,532.575928for I-voting, making I-voting 71% more cost-effective.This significant cost difference indicates that I-voting requires fewer resources due to savings in printing, staffing, and logistics.In addition, I-voting offers increased scalability and accessibility, allowing more voters to participate with minimal additional costs.However, the implementation of I-voting poses challenges such as ensuring security, building a robust digital infrastructure, and addressing the digital divide.Despite these challenges, the overall environmental benefits and cost-efficiency make I-voting an attractive option for future elections, provided these issues are adequately addressed to maintain public trust and equitable access.
Figure 1.Registration Process Figure 2. Election Process they will be directed to the OTP input page sent via SMS and the TPS code located at the polling station.During the voting process, users have an active session of 10 minutes to vote for candidates.If the session exceeds 10 minutes, users will be automatically logged out of the application.Phase 2: Election Page -All Election Completed The voting feature consists of several pages.First is the election list page, where all the available elections, such as the national presidential and vice-presidential election, DPR, DPD, and DPRD elections, will be displayed.The second page is the list of candidates for the selected general election.Users can view the competing candidates in the election and select their preferred candidate.After selecting a candidate, users will receive a pop-up notification informing them that they have successfully participated in the general election, with the chosen candidate being (candidate's name), and the voting data has been stored in the KPU database.If there are more general elections to participate in, users can return to the election page to make additional selections.This process ensures an e effective and secure participation during the general election period.The voting process will be repeated until all types of elections are completed by the voter.CONCLUSION A comparison of Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) between conventional paper ballots and internet voting (I-voting) shows that elections using the I-voting system are proven to be 71% more cost-effective than conventional systems.The overall costefficiency and environmental benefits make I-voting an appealing option for future elections, as long as these concerns are effectively managed to maintain public trust and ensure equitable access.IVORI (I-Voting Republik Indonesia) is a prototype of an internet-based digital election web application that we developed.IVORI offers two features, namely "ELECTION" and "CANDIDATE INFORMATION".The ELECTION feature will only be active on election day.Voters who have met the requirements to vote and have previously registered will enter the application using their NIK and TPS code.Meanwhile, the Candidate Information feature can be accessed by voters during the candidate's campaign period, which contains information about the background and work program plans of each candidate who will run for office so that the public can get to know the candidates more comprehensively.

Table 1 Election Budget for 2014 and 2019
E-Voting Republic of Indonesia (IVORI)is designed as a web-based general election platform that utilizes an internet connection.

Table 3 Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Conventional Elections From
table 3 above, we try to calculate CEA by dividing costs and outcomes in the form of realization of voting rights users.From this conventional election, the CEA value is 108,913.8154,where this value will be compared with the CEA value for elections using the I-voting system in table 6.

Table 4 Details of Election Costs with the I-voting System
Source:ElectionBuddy, n.d.; Election Runner by Eko Internet Marketing, n.d.; AssociationVoting, n.d.

Table 5 Details of Election Costs using I-voting System with the Number of Voters in 2019 for the Presidential Election
Source:ElectionBuddy, n.d.; Election Runner by Eko Internet Marketing, n.d.; AssociationVoting, n.d.(processed data)