Indonesia’s Confidence Crisis: A Bibliometrics Analysis

The low self-confidence of students in Indonesia has an impact on many aspects. In education, students often plagiarize their friends’ answers to get good grades. Apart from that, cases of bullying, body shaming, and even suicide are caused by students’ low self-confidence. This article aims to bibliometrically examine research trends on self-confidence in Indonesia. This article uses bibliometric analysis to conclude the position of the self-confidence crisis on the research map in Indonesia. With the help of Publish or Perish software from Harzing and VOSviewer, 1,000 articles were obtained. These articles were then analyzed based on scientific impact categories from Google Scholar, assisted by Publish or Perish, as well as visual displays from VOSviewer. The display produced by VOSviewer shows that self-confidence is still something that can be researched, especially if it is associated with several keywords that are far from the word self-confidence. Apart from that, from the search results, it was found that parents and educators have a great impact on efforts to increase self-confidence.


INTRODUCTION
Education is a means for humans to enhance their self-worth (Crocker et al., 2006;Komara, 2016), increase the welfare of society, and create a greater national culture than they had before (Rizal et al., 2022).Human quality refers to how effectively people solve problems, control their emotions, and form mutually beneficial relationships with others (King & Seminary, 2020;Robinson et al., 2016) and with the universe (McCraty, 2011).That is what distinguishes human value.Nowadays, people tend to view value as just scores or marks on tests.Value is no longer viewed as a quality of kind heart or hard effort to help each other, but just a good or bad mark on a test result.As a result, those who want to be evaluated as smart will immediately do anything to get good scores.However, becoming smart cannot happen overnight.
A person must go through a lot of learning, practice, and failure (Duckworth, 2016;Dweck, 2022a).These processes can later shape a person's self-confidence.
One of the consequences of low selfconfidence is the phenomenon of cheating.
Educational institutions, which should be a place for students to gain knowledge, cannot be free from fraud.Case after case continues to occur, resulting in tarnished efforts to implement the education system in Indonesia.One of them is a case of cheating or fraud.Cheating or fraudulent behavior is still very common in the world of education in Indonesia (Perianto & Rahmawan, 2023).
Fraud in Indonesia is carried out by almost all groups (Kurniasih & Harta, 2019).This is made worse by the lack of supervision from teachers or lecturers, and what is worse is that this act of cheating is considered normal for pupils or students.The absence of strict sanctions also means that this continues to happen and seems like it will never end.
Cheating behavior is an act of cheating that ignores honesty, avoids efforts such as studying seriously before exams, and erodes self-confidence (Nurmayasari & Murusdi, 2015).Cheating behavior is caused by a lack of interest and enthusiasm in students to understand the material being taught more actively and a lack of self-confidence (Palupi et al., 2013).Indonesia seems to be experiencing an acute ethical crisis and a crisis of self-confidence (Lonto & Pangalila, 2016).
Generally, adolescence is a phase where students must have sufficient self-confidence to be able to act and decide many things related to their future (Deshpande & Chhabriya, 2013;Zuffianò et al., 2013).If parents and educators ignore teenagers, they will become victims of their lack of courage to fight for their rights (Bakhtiar et al., 2019;Fitri et al., 2018).As a result, apart from cheating on exams, being bullied, experiencing body shaming, and even suicide can be the result of a crisis of selfconfidence.Cultivating good self-confidence should be a joint effort for many parties.Selfconfidence can be fostered from an early age by parents (Alizadeh et al., 2007;Ardiyana et al., 2019;Deshpande & Chhabriya, 2013;Vega et al., 2019), as well as with assistance from educators and the community (Adawiyah, 2020).
Self-confidence is an important ability that every human being must have as a tool to survive and achieve goals (Ardiyana et al., 2019).Self-confidence can be characterized by a person's ability to understand and believe in his ability to achieve goals, be steady in acting, be warm to others, and be ethical in interacting with others (Vega et al., 2019).
Someone with low self-confidence generally has a poor self-concept (Tanjung & Amelia, 2017).If a person's self-concept is low, he will tend to see everything pessimistically and negatively.He will easily be afraid to act and will not be confident in his abilities (Tanjung & Amelia, 2017).On the other hand, someone who has self-confidence will be willing and able to actualize all the potential that exists within them (Rizal et al., 2022) This research attempts to examine the topic of the self-confidence crisis in Indonesia using bibliometric analysis.Bibliometrics itself was initially distinguished from scientometrics.Both, more or less, analyze the articles and then map them so they can be analyzed according to the researcher's needs.Now, both bibliometrics and scientometrics are considered synonyms (Glänzel, 2003).
Bibliometric analysis is an analysis assisted by a citation index that attempts to see the distribution and position of something.The things here can also be called keywords or items to know the relationship between keywords and other things.At the same time, it can find out how closely or far the keyword you are looking for is related to other things.Whether research is old or new regarding keywords can be determined using bibliometric analysis.It is also possible to do exploratory research and develop new 200 Kawistara, Vol. 4, No. 2, Agustus 2024: 198-213   study directions using bibliometric analysis (Kirby, 2023)

METHOD Research design
This research uses research methods in the form of a literature review.A literature review is not just collecting articles from various journals but is a higher stage of research to be able to extract the core and common threads from the many references that have been collected.The type of literature review used in this research is bibliometric analysis.

Data collection
The articles were collected and then indexers that have metrics or calculations (Aulianto et al., 2020).Based on the Scientific Journal Accreditation Guidelines, there are five categories related to scientific impact, which are indicated by the number of citations in an article (Table 1).

Scientific Impact Sum of Citations Score
Very high > 25 5 High 11 -25 4 Enough 6 -10 3 Not enough 1 -5 1 No impact 0 0  The article with the highest citations is about the results of quantitative research with this type of correlation.The results of Komara's study prove that self-confidence is positively correlated with the learning achievement and career planning of junior high school students.This is useful for counselors, teachers, and parents to have as an illustration of the conditions of selfconfidence, student achievement, and student career planning (Komara, 2016).that the TikTok application increases teenagers' self-confidence.However, it is important to monitor its use by parents (Ardiyana et al., 2019), educators, and the community (Adawiyah, 2020).Meanwhile, Vandini (2016) discusses the role of selfconfidence in students' mathematics learning achievement.Students are expected to have confidence when working on math problems and not need to worry about grades.Good grades will be useless if students work on math problems by looking at their friends' answers (Vandini, 2016).A similar thing was conveyed by Tanjung and Amelia (2017) that students' low self-confidence makes them afraid of being ridiculed by others.
Students with low self-confidence will tend to be embarrassed about showing their true abilities (Panjaitan et al., 2020).On the other hand, students who are confident will dare to take risks and are willing to accept challenging assignments (Dweck, 2022b(Dweck, , 2022a;;Panjaitan et al., 2020).
Apart from that, the role of educators in schools can also encourage the growth of students' self-confidence.Like the research results of Sopia and Wutsqa (2015), Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) can help students increase their self-confidence.

VOSviewer results analysis
After analyzing the scientific impact, there will be an analysis of the map produced attractive appearance that meets the current standard criteria is important for teenagers to be accepted by other teenagers (Primasari et al., 2018).Discrepancies in appearance according to adolescent criteria in general can trigger bullying and body shaming among adolescent students (Safitri & Rizal, 2020;Yolanda et al., 2022).Study by Ayu et al. (2022) shows that verbal bullying in the form of body shaming can reduce a person's self-confidence.Meanwhile, bullying and body shaming are phenomena that are often found among teenagers (Ayu et al., 2022).
They initially thought this action was just a form of joking among friends, so they did it repeatedly.However, in the end, it can result in someone losing their self-confidence and can even make someone want to end their life (Pandey et al., 2016).
The second cluster, represented by the green circle, is related to items about internal and external factors that influence self-confidence (Andiwijaya & Liauw, 2019).
Internal factors include personal adjustment (Wahyuhadi, 2015).A person's ability and willingness to adapt to their environment can help them increase their self-confidence.
Apart from that, there is also self-regulation and self-efficacy, which can help someone overcome the crisis of self-confidence they are suffering from (Zamnah & Ruswana, 2019).
Self-regulation is a person's ability to control themselves when facing bad and good things in life (Zamnah & Ruswana, 2019).Likewise, self-efficacy is a person's belief in realizing what they want (Putri & Prabawanto, 2019).If someone has good self-regulation and selfefficacy, then they can overcome the low influence self-confidence are social support (Rees & Freeman, 2007) and the learning process (Vandini, 2016).Research by Lubis & Fazira (2022) shows that social support has been proven to help students have more self-confidence.In this cluster, the "ability" item has the largest circle.It indicates that many publications discuss the importance of "ability" in increasing self-confidence.The greater the ability a person has, the more it will help increase his or her self-confidence.
Self-confidence is a person's belief regarding their ability to achieve something (Andiwijaya & Liauw, 2019).
The third cluster is marked with a blue circle.This cluster focuses on efforts that can be made to increase self-confidence.
One effort that can be made is to foster entrepreneurial intentions among teenagers.
Garaika & Margahana (2019) explained that entrepreneurial intention requires strong self-confidence.Therefore, teenagers who are interested in entrepreneurship will force themselves into group counseling, individual counseling services, group guidance, and other items to overcome their self-confidence problems (Dewantari et al., 2021).Apart from that, entrepreneurship can also be a positive effort to divert a person's feelings of self-doubt regarding their physical shortcomings.In this cluster, the item "student" is in the largest circle.This means that many publications about self-confidence are related to students.As is known, the teenage phase is the stage where a person moves from being a child to the adult world.
Several physical and psychological changes occur and make some teenagers confused about their identity (Zhu & Zhou, 2012).It is at this stage that counseling is needed, both in groups and individually, to help teenagers choose the right path in life (Ambarsari et al., 2017;Ayu et al., 2022).
Meanwhile, the fourth cluster consists of a single item, conformity.This cluster is represented in yellow and is located farthest away from the other items.Conformity is a form of behavior that can influence a person's actions to be what is desired by their social environment (Suhendri et al., 2018), generally their immediate social environment (Tannur & Roswiyani, 2021).Conformity and selfconfidence are related to each other, and both are influenced by cognitive abilities (Suhendri et al., 2018).The higher a person's cognitive abilities, the greater their ability When a person has too much self-confidence, it can have negative consequences.As a result, individuals must practice good selfregulation (Suhendri et al., 2018).The darker the blue color of the circle in the image, the older the article was published.
Conversely, the brighter the yellow color of the circle, the more the article can be said to be new (Jia & Mustafa, 2023).However, in the results shown in Figure 3, the oldest year is 2018 and the newest year is 2022.The greento-bright yellow color dominates more than the blue color (Fig. 3), this means that in 2022, there will still be a lot of publications related to self-confidence.Thus, even though VOSviewer lists 2021 as the final year, research on self-confidence still has great opportunities.
Items colored yellow in Figure 3 indicate that these items were relatively recently published.The item "student" is found in the largest list which has great novelty when associated with a yellow item that is close to it, such as anxiety, counseling, bullying, and victim.However, it does not rule out the possibility of researching conformity, student achievement, service quality, and self-stigma.Self-stigma itself is a loss of selfworth and self-efficacy that occurs when someone with mental illness or addiction (drugs or alcohol) internalizes negative stereotypes within themselves (Corrigan et al., 2016;Matthews et al., 2017).A person with self-stigma will generally have low selfconfidence and easily give up on achieving their life goals (Corrigan et al., 2016).Apart from that, it is also necessary to examine how easily these services can be accessed by the wider community.Student counseling and assistance services can be managed independently by the community or handled specifically by professionals at a cost that is affordable for all groups (Gysbers & Haderson, 1988).
Research on self-confidence among junior high school students is also important and urgent to do (Tannur & Roswiyani, 2021).
Remember that junior high school students at that stage are still in the transition from children to adults (Zhu & Zhou, 2012).There are many things they have to learn and understand, so junior high school students are more susceptible to experiencing a crisis of self-confidence than other levels of students.Therefore, this research is important for educators and researchers to carry out so that parents and the community can know how to prevent or handle a crisis of self-confidence in junior high school students and other students at all levels.

CONCLUSION
Research related to the crisis of selfconfidence is very interesting to discuss so that a solution can be found.As we all know, one of the impacts of a lack of selfconfidence is cheating on exams, bullying, and even suicide.Research regarding the crisis of self-confidence needs to be carried out immediately, especially related to items that on the map appear to be small and far away, such as entrepreneurial intentions, self-stigma, service quality, group counseling services, and junior high school students.In the future, there will be more research that

Figure 1
Figure 1 The steps of the research stored in RIS/ ref manager form.The RIS/ ref manager is then entered into VOSviewer and arranged in such a way that the output only produces words that can be seen in the keywords.VOSviewer will display three types of maps.These three maps provide an overview of the network, overlay, and density visualization.Network visualization explains the relationship and proximity of keywords to other words.Overlay visualization explains how old or new an article discusses related to keywords and other items.Finally, density visualization explains how much research has been done regarding keywords and other items.Data analysis The articles that have been collected are then categorized according to the number of citations.The number of citations shows the scientific impact of the writing on the world of research or its usefulness in society.The Scientific Journal Accreditation Guidelines (2018) state that the large or small scientific impact of an article in a scientific journal can be measured by how high the frequency of references is to the articles contained in the journal.Apart from that, the articles spur the implementation of future research activity.Scientific impact can be seen from journal profiles on Google Scholar and other Meanwhile, the article byFitri et al. (2018) explains the cause of low self-confidence among teenagers due to the influence of gadgets, which easily provide information about many things, including lifestyle, fashion trends, and the appearance of idols(Fitri et al., 2018).Factors that influence teenagers' self-confidence include their abilities, being optimistic, objective, responsible, rational, and realistic.These factors can help researchers develop self-confidence instruments for adolescents.The same thing was also proposed by Rizal et al. (2022) that self-confidence can be researched further, especially concerning the implementation of the project to strengthen the profile of Pancasila students in schools.An article from Adawiyah (2020) discusses the influence of using the TikTok application on the self-confidence of teenagers in Sampang.The results of his research show

by
VOSviewer.As previously explained, VOSviewer produces three visualizations, each of which has a different function (van Eck & Waltman, 2010).The first display is a network visualization that functions to show the relationship between the main keyword, which is self-confidence, and other keywords.The second display, namely an overlay visualization, functions to show the trend of articles discussing the crisis of selfconfidence over several years.Lastly is the density visualization, which shows how many articles about the crisis of self-confidence have been published.Apart from being divided into several clusters and colors, this network display shows how often and how much an item is connected to other items(Jia & Mustafa, 2023).The more often an item is examined about other items, the closer the distance between the dots will be.On the other hand, if an item is rarely connected to another item, the distance will be even greater.Apart from that, the size of the circle also means whether an item is often written about in a publication or not.The larger the circle, the more frequently the item is mentioned in the publication.The smaller the circle, the smaller the number of publications written about the item.This can be used to see interesting research opportunities that have not yet been raised by other researchers.In the network visualization, there are several colorful circles, which are red, purple, blue, yellow, and green.Each color represents five clusters.The first cluster consists of several problems related to a lack of self-confidence.The research results of Pandey et al. (2016) explained that acne vulgaris suffered by teenagers is vulnerable to decreased self-confidence.Likewise, Primasari et al. (2018) researched the effect of obesity on adolescent self-confidence.An

Figure 2
Figure 2 Network Visualization Related to the Crisis of Self-Confidence last purple cluster, which has only one item.According to the findings of Khoerunisa et al. (2020), there is a positive, significant, and strong link between emotional intelligence, self-confidence, and self-regulated learning.Students with good self-regulated learning exhibit high emotional intelligence and self-confidence.

Figure 3
Figure 3 shows that VOSviewer added a year display from 2018 to 2022 and changed the color of the keyword dots, which were colorful in the network visualization, to a dark blue to a bright yellow color gradation.
The third display of VOSviewer is density visualization, which provides an overview of how many researchers have examined the items in the image.The brighter the dots on an item, the more researchers have studied it.It gets darker and fainter, indicating that the item is still rarely researched.The appearance can be seen in Figure4below.

Figure 3
Figure 3 Overlay Visualization Related to the Crisis of Self-Confidence

Figure 4
Figure 4 Density Visualization Related to the Crisis of Self-Confidence examines and provides solutions on how to overcome feelings of lack of self-confidence.Many parties need to participate in handling the self-confidence crisis.The first part is the parents, who are directly and longest involved with the children at home.Then, educators act as parents of both children at school.Educators can explain to students the importance of having selfconfidence, especially in planning future careers.Educators and researchers who are interested in self-confidence can create measuring tools that can minimize the potential for fraud in the learning process or models for preventing bullying and selfstigma.In this way, Indonesian students will become more confident in achieving their dreams and the aspirations of the nation.This research has several limitations, such as only searching with the keywords "self-confidence crisis*Indonesia" and not adding education.Even though the VOSviewer results still contain items related to education.The items selected in VOSviewer only use English terms to ensure that the display produced by VOSviewer is consistent with the language used in this article and the map can easily be understood by readers from other countries.The other limitation, this study search index only uses Crossref to get articles with DOI.However, other types of references such as book chapters, proceedings, etc., can also be used to enrich the findings. .

Table 1 Category of Scientific Impact on Articles Based on Number of Citations 202
Kawistara, Vol. 4, No. 2, Agustus 2024: 198-213DISCUSSIONS Article Scientific Impact AnalysisBased on search results with Publish or Perish according to previously determined keywords we collected 1,000 articles.Then, to find out which article has the highest scientific impact.First, those collected articles are sorted based on the number of citations.After that, 10 articles were selected that discussed self-confidence issues, as shown in Table2.

Table 2 Top 10 Articles with Scientific Impact
aBased on google scholar index 2023