Strategic Sustainable Management for Water Transmission System : A SWOT-QSPM Analysis Ni Made

In general, the problem of a water resources infrastructure, especially the raw water transmission system, is that the actual discharge is not in accordance with design discharge because of water losses along the transmission system.To restore the capacity to the design discharge, a comprehensive strategy is required. Various strategy methods have been developed especially the strategy of managing a system. This paper discusses how to analyze the comprehensive strategy with system component approach for water transmission system. The research used Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia as a case study. Strategy analysis of Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System utilized the modified Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) with Likert scale and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method. SWOT analysis is was carried out to obtain a comprehensive strategy on each component of the water transmission system (intake, mud pouch, siphon, gutter, bridge, culvert, regulator doors, suppletion, drain pipe, and / or excavation), while the QSPM method is required to analyze the strategic priorities of component of Klambu Kudu Water Transmission System. Key factors of water transmission system performance were obtained from the discussion of experts, the management of Klambu Kudu Water Transmission System and the community. The results are a priority of strategies which are dominated by the opportunity factors to solve the problem of weakness (operation and maintenance, sedimentation, damage) and threats (water theft, destruction of buildings, flood) as well as maximizing the strengths (condition of the component, function, accessibility).


INTRODUCTION
The open-channel water transmission system will consist of various interconnected components of hydraulic structures, such as intake, mud pouch, siphon, gutter, bridge, culvert, control intake, suppletion, excavation channel and embankment channel. All these components are connected in producing a good transmission system. Thus, if the performance of transmission system experiences is decreasing, the most appropriate strategy analysis is needed to restore the function of the transmission system to fit the plan for all components of the system. Currently, the assessment method for the overall system has been widely developed, but in the maintenance management aspect. Assessment methods, the averages are used for the determination of handling strategies or handling priorities. Diamantopoulou and Voudouris (2008) analyzed the strategy of handling urban water supply management with SWOT and AHP method. There is also research by Yavuz and Baycan (2013) with the SWOT method by Petousi, et al. (2017). The aspect studied was focusing on management system aspect, not touching the aspect of a system component. Research on infrastructure component aspect was done by Srdjevic, et al. (2012) which examined on how to determine the possible criteria for the selection of optimal reconstruction solutions of the structure of raw water intake buildings in a water resources system. Ayala and Juizo (2011) examined the implementation strategies in the IWRM case in Mozambique using the SWOT-AHP method. Research on the best type of water source to be selected in Asia Africa using the SWOT method was done by Nagara, et al. (2015). The optimal management analysis using the SWOT method was examined by Yavus and Baycan (2013). Research using SWOT method and Likert scale was done by Matias (2010) which discussed public responses to the management of reservoir ecosystems to support decision-making for stakeholders to manage equitable and sustainable water resources management; Michailidis, et al. (2015) examined the use of treated wastewater to improve the agricultural sector in Europe; Prisanto, et al. (2015) analyzed the institutional, financing, technical, and environmental quality aspects, in the management of the communal domestic WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant). In addition, research using SWOT and QSPM methods was also done by Baby (2013) in the use of SWOT and QSPM methods to support policymakers in an effort to protect coastal areas in the form of safeguard policies and regulations ;Mousavizadeh, et al. (2015) and Mohammadi, et al. (2015) examined sustainable water resource management planning by analyzing the factors, to optimize water use and reduce the amount of water loss. From the previous description can be drawn the conclusion that in the realm of assessment to produce a strategy by means of quantification is used an approach to system approach and system component. A systematic approach is used to assess management issues and define strategies, while system component approaches are used to generate priority strategies for each component. In this paper, we will discuss one of the methods with component system approach (SWOT-QSPM) which will be used to determine the strategy of water transmission system with a case study of Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System Semarang, Indonesia. In this research will analyze the handling of strategy for an aspect of infrastructure system component by using SWOT method with Likert scale and strategic priority with QSPM method. The Research Gap is shown in Figure 1.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the function of raw water transmission system of Klambu-Kudu in accordance the function of the plan. The objectives are first to examine the strategy should be done and secondly to determine the priority of the strategy of the raw water infrastructure component 2 RESEARCH OBJECT According to BBWS Pemali Juana (2015), Klambu-Kudu's water transmission in Central Java, Indonesia was built starting in 1991 and had 12 types of infrastructure components, namely raw water intake, Mud Bags, Siphon, Gutters, Bridges, Culverts, Regulatory Doors, Suppletion, Embankment Channel, Excavation Channel. The length of the standard Kambu Klambu water channel was 40.55 km stretches from Grobogan to Semarang, Central Java with a 24 km long of canal embankment and a 16.55 km excavation canal (see Figure 2). Raw water transmission system of Klambu Kudu which the water source from Serang River has a function to supply water to Semarang city. The water intake is in Klambu in Serang river while the outlet is in Kudu water treatment plant (WTP) in Semarang city. Since has been built in 1991, this water transmission system has not been able to operate optimally. As can be seen in Figure 2, the actual discharge at Klambu intake is 1331 l/sec while the design discharge is 3000 l/sec. The actual discharge in Kudu WTP is 900 l/sec while the design discharge is 1850 l/sec  (Yavuz & Baycan, 2013); (Mousavizadeh, et al., 2015); (Mohammadi, et al., 2015)) Method of determining strategy for management (interaction between system components) (SWOT, AHP, ANP) ( (Patel & Patel, 2016); (Diamantopoulou & Voudouris, 2008); (Srdjevic, et al., 2012); (Petousi, et al., 2017))

Strategy of System Management with SWOT -Likert
Scale Method ( (Matias, 2010); (Michailidis, et al., 2015); (Prisanto, et al., 2015)) The construction process of Infrastructure of Raw Water Klambu Kudu began in 1991 and completed in 2001. Since it was operated in 2002 the channel and its components were suffered from severed damaged. A landslide of levees was often occurred due to the weather caused by inadequate care during the construction period. This causes the material of landslide entering the channel and caused sedimentation problems. Initially operated in 2002, Klambu intake was only able to deliver discharge of 200 l/s to 300 l/sec. Figure 3 shows the discharge records from the beginning of the operation to 2016. The design discharge of Klambu water intake is 3000 l/sec, however the actual discharge until now is only 1331 l/sec. The decreasing discharge due to Klambu Dam raw water Intake is closed because of the maintenance in the upstream of raw water or the flood happened in Serang River so that the suppletion components are operated to fulfill the need of raw water discharge. Table 1 shows the comparison between the design and the actual discharge. SWOT is a useful tool for analyzing the situation as a whole. This approach seeks to maximize the strengths and opportunity and at the same time to minimize the weaknesses and threats. ( (Coman & Ronen, 2009); (Helms & Nixon, 2010); (Ekmekcioglu, et al., 2011); (Srdjevic, et al., 2012); (Wang, et al., 2014); (Martínez & Piña, 2015); (Michailidis, et al., 2015); (Budi, et al., 2016); (Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, 2016)). In the SWOT analysis, it is important to determine the purpose of the research. The SWOT analysis can be used for one or more of the following purposes (   SWOT matrix analysis as can be seen in Table 2, defines the strategies to achieve the goal by maximize the driver's factors and minimize the inhibitory factors. The matrix consists of SO strategy (aggressive strategy) harnesses the power and seeks to take advantage of opportunities; ST strategies (diversification) uses force to avoid threats; WO strategies (turn around strategies) take advantage of opportunities to reduce weaknesses and WT strategies (defensive strategies) reduce weaknesses and move away from threats ( (Nejad, et al., 2011); (Mousavi & Akbari, 2012); (Malik, et al., 2013); (Sargolzaei & Keshtegar, 2013); (Akbarpour & Tabibian, 2015); (Aspan, et al., 2015); (Mousavizadeh, et al., 2015); (Adib & Habib, 2016)). . Although SWOT analysis is widely used in business management, this analysis has also been successfully applied in identifying and solving problems related to water resource management. ( (Kallioras, et al., 2010); (Mainali, et al., 2011); (Srdjevic, et al., 2012); (Yavuz & Baycan, 2013); (Nagara, et al., 2015)).

The Likert Scale
Various measurement scales can be used to assess attitudes or opinions that are qualitative and change it to quantitative measures. This research using Likert measurement scale because this measurement is simple and easy to adopt. In general, the scale is used to measure attitudes, perceptions, values , and interests of people. The scale does not reveal success or failure, strength or weakness of the measuring object ( (Sappaile, 2007); (Windiyani, 2012)). The Likert scale initially contained five response category points that had equal distance (equidistant). The 5 (five) point model then became a typical and generic model for all types of attribute measurements ( (Likert, 1932); (Sappaile, 2007); (Widhiarso, 2011); (Hartley, 2014); (Othman, et al., 2012); (Bicen, et al., 2015); (Eshaghi, et al., 2015); (Troch, et al., 2015); (Shafieyan, et al., 2017)). The use of Likert scale as a data collection tool would be much more practical, saving time and effort than other methods ( (Sappaile, 2007); (Ololube, 2016); (Widiyanti, 2016)).

QSPM Method
QSPM is designed to determine the relative attractiveness of viable alternative strategies by examining the fundamental internal and external factors. Conceptually, QSPM determines the relative attractiveness of different strategies based on the extent to which alternative strategies will capitalize on strengths and opportunities, fix weaknesses, and avoid or reduce threats ( (Ommani, 2011); (Saghaei, 2012); (Rumanti & Syauta, 2013); (Shiehbeiki, et al., 2014); (Valiollarabieifar, et al., 2014); (David, et al., 2017); (Ghosian, et al., 2015); (Wati, et al., 2016); (Wahyuningsih, 2016); (Wijayanto, 2016)). The QSPM components in this analysis are strategic alternatives, a key factor, weight, attractiveness score and total score. The attractiveness score is defined as a numerical value indicating the relative attractiveness of each strategy in a set of designed strategy alternatives. The range of the attractiveness value is 1 = unrelated, 2 = somewhat related, 3 = quite related and 4 = strongly related. Total Attractive Score (TAS) value is the multiplication of the Attractive score and the Weight value on IFE analysis (Internal Factor Evaluation) and EFE (External Factor Evaluation) ( (Abbasi, et al., 2016); (David, et al., 2017); (Hezarjribi & Bozorgpour, 2017); (Rezazadeh, et al., 2017)). To perform the necessary data analysis, the main factor of QSPM comes from the IFE Matrix and EFE Matrix and the alternative strategies of the SWOT Matrix. However, not all alternative strategies should be evaluated using QSPM. Researchers should use a good intuitive assessment to choose which strategy to analyze using QSPM (Ariendi, et al., 2015). The process of SWOT-QSPM analysis shown in Figure 5.  (Wati, et al., 2016) 4 ANALYSIS PROCESS

Analysis of raw water transmission system
In this study, the analysis of raw water transmission system includes components of raw water buildings such as raw water intake components, Mud Sacks, Siphon, Gutters, Bridges, Culverts, and Regulatory Doors. While the raw water channel components consist of raw sewerage components of pile type and channel type. Components of raw water channels and each component of raw water infrastructure which is located along 40.55 km channel have different problems, such as landslide, sedimentation and illegal water abstraction by surrounding communities. These problems lead to inappropriate discharge in the transmission system.

SWOT Factor Analysis
As described in the SWOT description, the factors of SWOT are internal factors (Strength and Weakness) and external factors (Opportunity and Threat). The Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix is used to analyze the internal environment of raw water infrastructure components, by evaluating strengths and weaknesses. While the External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) analyzes the external factors used to evaluate opportunities and threats. Finally, after identifying the internal and external factors on the infrastructures of Klambu Kudu's raw water transmission system, the weight can be assigned to each factor, ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, depending on the level of importance. The total number of Internal factors is 1, as well as the total number of external factors. Zero means the least important or unrelated and one shows the most important or very related (Tehrani, 2017).

SWOT-QSPM Analysis
SWOT analysis on a component of infrastructure Klambu Kudu transmission system is done in all infrastructure components. Field survey and information gathering of each component of infrastructure are done together with officers from the manager in order to know the actual condition of the infrastructure component while the perception of the community and the experts are obtained by interviewing session. The interview was conducted after internal and external factor analysis were known, and the interview was done in the form of a questionnaire to the management of raw water infrastructure of Klambu Kudu. A total of 25 (twentyfive) persons consisting of the Head of the Water Unit of Klambu Kudu Standard, Administration Staff, Technical Staff, Coordinator and Deputy Area Coordinator, Foreman and Area Supervisor, and operator. The respondents were chosen because the Raw Water Management Klambu Kudu carries out the infrastructure management directly in the field every day. The questionnaire for the community along the transmission system and the experts are utilized as well. In Table 3, IFE and EFE analyzes are an example of water intake at Klambu dam. Table 4 shows the IFE analysis result of Klambu water intake. Figure 6 illustrates that Klambu water intake strategy derived from IFE and EFE analysis lies in Quadrant I with Aggressive Strategy, which means that the strategy is to optimize the internal factors of strength (S) and the external factors of opportunity (O). Based on IFE and EFE analysis, the following strategies for Klambu water intake as shown in Table  5. Each infrastructure component is assessed individually because the problems that occur in each infrastructure component are also different.
The results of SWOT-QSPM analysis also show different strategy results and different priorities, that is due to different problems of each component of infrastructure Klambu Kudu. SWOT analysis resulted in the strategies of each component of infrastructure.
To determine the priority of strategies, the QSPM analysis was conducted. Table 5. SWOT strategy of the building of Klambu water intake SWOT Strategy (SO) a) Maintain and improve the function and condition of the building intake, so that surrounding community get the benefits (SOa) b) Replacement the location of raw water intake is easy to do, supported by location, construction materials and easy implementation method (SOb) c) Keep the raw water intake in good condition and function, so it can be used easily if in an emergency situation (SOc) d) Regular maintenance to minimize repair costs (SOd) e) Increasing the community participation in building maintenance efforts (SOe) In QSPM analysis, the value of Attractive Score (AS) is obtained by the opinion of the researcher. The strategies that have been obtained by SWOT analysis was utilizing Then Total Attractive Score (TAS) is obtained by multiplying AS and weight. The value of Sum of Total Attractive Score (STAS) indicates the rank of the priorities. The result of QSPM analysis as an example in the building of raw water intake of Klambu Kudu can be seen in Table 6. Priority of strategy of QSPM analysis of Klambu water intake can be seen in Table 7. Table 7. Analysis result on raw water intake component of Klambu-Kudu QSPM (Priority of Strategy) a) Maintain and improve the function and condition of the building intake, so that surrounding community get the benefits (SOa) b) Replacement the location of raw water intake is easy to do, supported by location, construction materials and easy implementation method (SOb) c) Keep the raw water intake in good condition and function, so it can be used easily if in an emergency situation (SOc) d) Increasing the community participation in building maintenance efforts (SOe) e) Regular maintenance to minimize repair costs (SOd) Table 8 shows the results of strategy priority analysis with the QSPM method for all components of raw water transmission of Klambu Kudu Maintain and improve the function and condition of the building intake, so that surrounding community get the benefits (SOa); Replacement the location of raw water intake is easy to do, supported by location, construction materials and easy implementation method (SOb); Keep the raw water intake in good condition and function, so it can be used easily if in an emergency situation (SOc); Increasing the community participation in building maintenance efforts (SOe); Regular maintenance to minimize repair cost (SOd) Mud Pouch of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu Doing continuous flushing for flushing raw water (WTa); Construction on the banks of the river, so dike need to check and maintain regularly to avoid landslide (WTc); Because it requires a large location, intensive operation and maintenance is necessary to avoid scoring based on the channel (WTb)

Siphon of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu
Increasing public participation and provision of warning boards, to improve the safety of buildings (SOc); Function and condition of the building is still good, so the treatment can be done easily, and can be beneficial to the surrounding community because the well around the building is always fully filled due to rising groundwater level (SOa); Construction material from concrete, easy construction method, so the maintenance of the building can be done well and minimize maintenance cost and the longer building age (SOb) Raw Water Gutter of Klambu Kudu Increasing public participation and provision of warning boards, to improve the safety of buildings (SOc); Function and condition of the building is still good, so the treatment can be done easily (SOa); Construction materials and construction method are easy to do, thus simplifying maintenance activities and minimizing maintenance costs (SOb); With the buildings, the wells of the surrounding community are always filled, because the groundwater level rises (SOd) Drainage Gutter of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu Improvement or widening dimension of the building to be able to function well especially during the rain, so rainwater that passed through drainage gutters does not overflow with raw water channel (WTc); Increased the safety of local authorities and communities to minimize the destruction of the buildings (WTa); Build access road, so buildings are easily accessible (WTb) Bridge of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu The function and condition of building is still good, thus facilitating maintenance of the building and minimizing the maintenance costs, and the public can use it for the transportation line (STa); Routine socialization and sweeping with related authorities on prohibited activities to minimize water theft action. (STc); Accessible location, construction method, easy construction materials to simplify maintenance activities (STb) Raw Water Culvert Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu With the existence of building and raw water channel, the well around the channel is always filled, because the groundwater level rises. (WOd); Strengthening the river bank embankment, thus minimizing the impact of the flood (WOc); Repair the building, so it can function as before (WOa); Improvement the building into 2 holes (channel), so it can facilitate the maintenance of the building (WOb) Drainage Culvert of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu Repair the drainage culvert to overcome deliberate damage to dispose of flood, so building can function as before (WTa); Increasing the culvert dimension so that it can pass the flood. (WTb); Improve operational and maintenance activities to minimize damage (WTc)

Regulatory Door of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu
Increased public participation to take part in supervising and securing buildings. (SOe); Function as a channel discharge regulator and also serve as a drain when a major flood occurs. (SOc); With regulated door, the discharge can be arranged and stable, so that the flowing discharge is not overtopping to the settlement, raising the water surface around the channel and building, so that the wells around the people always fully filled (SOd); With a good access, activity for the operation and maintenance of the building can run well (SOa); Methods, construction materials that have been obtained so that repair activities can run smoothly, so the cost of repairs can be reduced (SOb) Suspension of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu Maintenance that goes well, able to reduce the sediment that entering the raw water channel (STc); Convenient location, implementation method, and easy construction materials, making maintenance activities goes well (STb); Suspension works well and in a good condition, so as to be sufficient if needed to supply raw water (STa) Embankment Channel of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu Construction materials, easy construction methods strongly support channel maintenance activities, so can minimizing channel maintenance costs, such as reinforcing embankment that can minimize the damaging impact of flooding. (STc); The routine socialization that channels benefit the people around the channel and increase community participation so that the action of channel destruction can be minimized. (STd); Accessible location and good access road, strongly support channel maintenance and channel security against frequent theft. (STa); Good channel function required routine maintenance, so the water flowing relatively clear (STb) Excavation Channel of Raw Water Infrastructure of Klambu Kudu Maintenance by routine sediment dredging, so can minimize the sediment in excavation channel, and return the channel dimension (WTa); Repair of damaged channel due to destruction and flood, thus restoring the original function, so that water entering the channel is relatively clear (WTb); Conduct periodic socialization of benefits and actions are prohibited in raw water channels (WTc) 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions Raw water transmission system of Klambu Kudu has not been functioning properly is because this has not been managed optimally, especially in terms of operation and maintenance. Accordingly, the actual discharge of the transmission system is not in accordance with the design discharge. By utilizing SWOT method the information about the strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats of each component of the system could be provided. It can be concluded from this study that the priority of strategies are dominated by the opportunity factors to solve the problems of weaknesses (operation and maintenance, sedimentation, damage) and threats (water theft, destruction of infrastructures, flood) as well as to maximize the strength factors (condition of component, function, and accessibility).

Recommendations
This research only yields priority strategy of handling component of an infrastructure system. Further analysis of decision making is required to determine the priority of the transmission system components.