ارزیابی تأثیر کودهای شیمیایی و دامی ‏بر تولید خالص اولیه، تنفس خاک و بیلان کربن در بوم‏نظام زراعی گندم (L. Triticum aestivum) در شرایط آب و هوایی مشهد

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایران.

2 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 گروه زراعت و اصلاح و نباتات، دانشـکده کشـاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه به‌منظور بررسی بیلان کربن و مطالعه اثر کودهای شیمیایی و دامی ‏بر تولید خالص اولیه، تنفس خاک و بیلان کربن در گندم پاییزه (L. Triticum aestivum) در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در دو سال زراعی 90-1389 و 91-1390 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل؛ 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن (F1)، 250 کیلوگرم نیتروژن (F2)، کود دامی (M)، مخلوط کود دامی ‏و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن (F-M)، تیمار شاهد (C) و یک تیمار بدون گیاه و بدون استفاده از کود، برای جداسازی تنفس هتروتروفی از تنفس خاک در نظر گرفته شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. بیلان کربنی در هر دو سال با استفاده از تکنیک‏های اکولوژیک برآورد گردید. تولید خالص اولیه در تیمار F-M و F2 به‌ترتیب با 6294 و 6467 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال اول و 6410 و 6260 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال دوم به‌طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از تیمارهای دیگر بود و کمترین میزان تولید خالص اولیه در دو سال آزمایش در تیمار شاهد با 2965 و 2740 کیلوگرم در هکتار به‌دست آمد. بالاترین نسبت ساقه به ریشه (6) نیز در تیمار F2 مشاهده شد و کمترین میزان ساقه به ریشه در تیمار کنترل با 2/5 و 1/5 به‌ترتیب در سال اول و دوم به‌دست آمد. روند جریان دی-اکسید کربن 250، 220، 200، 170، 160 و 55 میلی‌گرم کربن در متر‌مربع در ساعت به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای F-M، M، F2، F1 و تیمار بدون گیاه به-دست آمد. بالاترین تنفس سالانه خاک و تنفس هتروتروفی خاک در تیمار M-F به‌ترتیب با 3257 و 1150 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار در سال اول و 3310 و 1250 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار در سال دوم مشاهده شد و کمترین میزان تنفس خاک و تنفس هتروتروفی نیز در تیمار شاهد به‌ترتیب با 1878 و 745 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار در سال اول و 1753 و 740 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار در سال دوم آزمایش مشاهده گردید. بیشترین میزان تولید خالص اکوسیستم (NEP) در سال اول و دوم 5000 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار بود که در تیمار M-F حاصل شد و کمترین آن در هر دو سال مربوط به تیمار شاهد با 2065 و 1825 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار در سال بود. تولید خالص بیوم (NBP) تنها در تیمارهایی که کاربرد کود دامی داشتند مثبت بود و در بقیه تیمارها بیلان کربنی منفی مشاهده شد، به‌طوری‌که، بیشترین کاهش کربن در سال اول با 300 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار و در سال دوم با 400 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد و تیمار M با 1400 و 1200 کیلوگرم در هکتار افزایش سالانه کربن بالاترین تولید خالص بیوم را داشت. نتایج به‌دست آمده از این آزمایش نشان داد که در صورت برداشت از اندام هوایی گندم به شکل رایج برای جلوگیری از کاهش کربن آلی خاک کاربرد کود دامی ‏ضروری می‏باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing Effect of Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on Net Primary Production, Soil Respiration and Carbon Budget in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ecosystem under Mashhad Climatic Condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yaser Alizade 1 2
  • Alireza Koocheki 3
  • Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati 3
1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran|Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran|Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The imbalance between anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and the sequestration of CO2 from the atmosphere by ecosystems has led to an increase in the average concentration of this greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere. Enhancing carbon sequestration in soil is an important issue to reduce net flux of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Soil organic carbon content is obtained from the difference between carbon input resulting from plant biomass and carbon losses the soil through different ways including soil respiration. CO2 emission varies largely during the year and is considerably affected by management type. The goal of this investigation was to study the effects of application of manure and chemical fertilizer on CO2 flux and carbon balance in agricultural system.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the carbon dynamics and effect of fertilizer and manure management on soil respiration and carbon budget for winter wheat, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad for two years of 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 . The experimental treatments were 150 and 250 kg chemical nitrogen (N1 and N2), manure (M), manure plus chemical nitrogen (F-M) and control (C). CO2 emission was measured six times during growth season and to minimize daily temperature variation error, the measurement was performed between 8 to 11 am. Chambers length and diameter were 50 cm and 30 cm respectively and their edges were held down 3 cm in soil in time of sampling so that no plant live mass was present in the chamber. Carbon budgets were estimated for two years using an ecological technique.
Results and Discussion
The net primary production (NPP) was significantly higher in the F2 and F-M treatments with 6467 and 6294kg ha-1 in the first year and 6260 and 6410 kg ha-1 in the second year, respectively. The highest shoot to root ratio was obtained in F2 and the lowest was observed in control plot with 5.1 and 5.2 for first and second years, respectively. The trend of CO2 flux as 250, 220, 200, 170, 160 and 155 mg C m-2 h-1 was gained in the F-M, M, F2, F1 and root-excluded plots, respectively. In general, manure treatments had the highest heterotrophic respiration. The highest of annual soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration were also in M-F treatment with 3257 and 1150 kgC ha-1 for the first year and 3310, 1250 kgC ha-1 in second year, respectively. The annual NPP was 5000 and 5000 kgC ha-1 year-1 for M-F, 5077 and 5100 kgC ha-1 year-1 in F1 and 2065 and 1865 kgC ha-1 year-1 for the control treatment in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The range of annual net biome production (NBP) in the fertilizer and control treatments ranged from -400 to -150 kg C ha-1 year-1, suggesting the loss of carbon in the field. On the other hand, NBP in the M was 1400 and 1200 kgC ha-1 year-1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively and the M-F was 1300 and 1100 kgC ha-1 year-1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively.

Conclusion
The results of this experiment showed that in the wheat ecosystem, the carbon emission is higher than the carbon entry into the soil. The results also indicated that manure application in agro-ecosystems is a necessary approach to mitigate carbon losses in the winter wheat ecosystem and the results indicated a high correlation (> 0.9) between soil temperature and CO2 flux which was positive and exponential. Soil respiration increased under the influence of fertilizer treatments (both chemical fertilizer and manure) but, the main reason for the increased soil respiration under application of chemical fertilizers was autotrophic respiration. While both respiration of autotrophic and heterotrophic increased in manure treatment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Heterotrophic respiration
  • Net biome production
  • Net ecosystem production
  • Net primary production
  • Soil respiration
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