Determination of the antifungal activity of Dorema ammonium extract

The current investigation included estimating the efficiency of aqueous and eth-anolic plant extracts of Dorema ammoniacum plant in inhibiting the growth of fungi, where the ethanolic extract recorded a higher rate of inhibition than the aqueous extract. It is more effective when the concentration is increased in inhibiting the growth of two types of Candida, C. albicans and C. krusei . The aqueous extracts of Dorema ammoniacum had no toxic effect on human red blood cells at concentrations (100, 200, 300) mg/ml at an incubation period of 3 hours. As a result of the widespread use of medicinal plants as antimicrobial drugs, the absence of toxicity on the host cells is considered essential because it is an inexpensive, easy-to-apply, quick-results method and is safe when used as a drug.


INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning of civilization, plants and their products have been used as medicines. In recent years, it has been noticed that the interest in studying medicinal plants as medicinal products is increasing daily in different parts of the world. 1 . According to World Health Organization data, about 80 % of the world's population relies mostly on traditional medicine, with most of this medicine containing plant extracts or active ingredients 2,3 . The first to give the name "pharmacology" to medicinal plants was the German scientist Seidler in 1851 AD, which is the science that is concerned with the botanical origins of drugs in their natural or raw form in terms of morphological, taxonomic, structural and chemical terms, how to extract effective ingredients and their impact on humans and other organisms 4 . The scientist Dragendroof defines a medicinal plant as anything of plant origin, and it is used medicinally as a medicinal plant 5 . More than "3.3 billion" individuals in developed countries use medicinal plants regularly, and medicinal plants refer to various plants used in herbal medicine, which is the basis of traditional medicine 6 . Humans have relied on nature for simple needs such as medicines, shelter, food, fragrances, clothing, tastes, fertilizers, individuals and modes of transportation throughout history 7 . Medicinal plants are an essential source of active biological compounds with therapeutic value for many diseases 8 . Plants remain an essential source for providing the human species with new medicines, and some beneficial properties attributed to plants have been identified. Treatment by medicinal plants may depend on experimental results for hundreds to thousands of years. Medicinal plants are used in many medicinal uses as they contain a substance or group of substances. Effective and capable of treating a specific disease or reducing its incidence 9 . Many plants have inhibitory activity against pathogenic organisms because they contain effective compounds and their lack of side effects. Plant extracts have been used to limit the growth of microbes in several investigations 10 . The plant Dorema ammoniacum D. Don belongs to the Apiaceae family. It is a herbaceous perennial and sometimes perennial plant that grows to a height of about ''1-2 meters. The leaves are compound or often alternated, the flowers are white or yellow, and the fruit is dry, splintered and split into two fruits. They are often polygonal and oval. The plant D.ammoniacum D.Don has a brownish-purple color, and pollination is mixed by insects 11 .

MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples collection
This study used the plant Dorem ammoniacum, available in the local market of perfumers and sellers of medicinal herbs in Baghdad. An electric mill ground it, and the powder was kept in opaque glass bottles with a tight lid until use.

Preparation of extract
The aqueous and alcoholic extract Dorema ammoniacum was prepared, weighing 50 g of dry plant powder, then placed in the extractor Soxhlet and added 500 ml, then filtered the extract using filter papers of the type Whatman-N0-1 (England) and allowed the extract to dry and the dry matter was collected and kept in tightly closed containers. Refrigerate at 4°C until use 13,14 .

Antimicrobial assay
In this study, four types of bacteria were used. To evaluate the effectiveness of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dorema ammoniacum against these species, the agar well diffusion method was used 15,16 .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Antifungal activity
Plant extracts, both aqueous and ethanolic, were tested against two types of Candida, C. albicans and C. krusei. According to the findings of this investigation, there were differences in the inhibitory ability of these extracts, where the ethanolic extract recorded a higher percentage of inhibition than the aqueous extract, and it was more effective when the concentration was increased in inhibiting growth, the relationship between Phenols and glycosides. Positive control factor (blood + tap water) toxic Table 2: cytotoxicity results of the aqueous extract of Dorema ammonium *Each value in the table is an average of three replications *The mean represents the area of inhibition measured in mm (mean ± S.D.).

Cytotoxicity
Through the results, it was shown that the aqueous extract of the Dorema ammonium, according to the concentrations used, does not dissolve red blood cells.

DISCUSSION
The effectiveness of the extract of the western fascicle is because it contains a lot of active substances through the detection results of the GC-MS device. It was found to contain some fatty acids, including Palmitic acid and Oleic Acid, which produce antifungals and bacteria, as the fats prevent microbes by dispersing the cell membrane for fungi and bacteria, and this study agrees with 17 . As a result of the widespread use of medicinal plants as antimicrobial drugs, the absence of toxicity to the host cells is essential because it is an inexpensive, easy-to-apply, quick-results method and is safe when used as drugs 18 .

CONCLUSION
The emergence of an apparent and high-efficiency efficacy of the alcoholic extract, regardless of Dorema ammoniacum, the aqueous extract, on all bacterial isolates and yeasts. The cytotoxicity results showed that the plant extract did not break down red blood cells and had no toxic effect. The effectiveness of plant extracts on fungi is higher than on other types of microorganisms. It is observed that increasing the concentration of the extract leads to an increase in the diameter of inhibition.