We present a new paradigm for understanding habituation and the role it plays in brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations and interactions with humans in Alaska. We assert that 3 forms of habituation occur in Alaska: bear-to-bear, bear-to-human, and human-to-bear. We present data that supports our theory that bear density is an important factor influencing a bear's overt reaction distance (ORD); that as bear density increases, overt reaction distance decreases, as does the likelihood of bear–human interactions. We maintain that the effects of bear-to-bear habituation are largely responsible for not only shaping bear aggregations but also for creating the relatively safe environment for bear viewing experienced at areas where there are high densities of brown bears. By promoting a better understanding of the forces that shape bear social interactions within populations and with humans that mingle with them, we can better manage human activities and minimize bear–human conflict.
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1 April 2005
Alaskan brown bears, humans, and habituation
Tom S. Smith,
Stephen Herrero,
Terry D. DeBruyn
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Ursus
Vol. 16 • No. 1
April 2005
Vol. 16 • No. 1
April 2005
Alaska
bear viewing
bear–human interactions
Brooks Camp
brown bears
habituation
individual distance