Design Of Environmental Conditions Of Transportation Simulation Instruments On Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum)

Based on data from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) in 2017-2018, the tomato productivity in Indonesia has seen a year-on-year increase of 10% and 19%. KATA KUNCI Arduiono; buah tomat; getaran; proses distribusi


Introduction
The agricultural sector is important for every country, as it produces various agricultural commodities, one of which is tomato. Tomato fruit productivity in Indonesia has increased from year to year according to BPS data, which shows an increase of 7, 10, 19, and 23% from 2016-2020 [1]. The increase in productivity is due to the increasing demand from the public. In order to maintain the condition of tomatoes, proper handling and storage are required before the commodity is distributed to consumers [2]. Proper handling of tomatoes is necessary to maintain their condition, particularly during distribution from producers to consumers. Tomato distribution is typically done by transportation, and BPS data suggests that there is a potential for damage due to poor handling or issues during the shipping process. Transportation must be fast, reliable, and consistent when dealing with vulnerable products such as tomatoes, and distribution should preferably be done at night or in the early morning when the air temperature is cool. Agricultural commodities are usually transported using trucks, but this process often results in physical damage to the commodities due to excessive vibration, which causes friction and pressure on the agricultural commodities. Therefore, it is important to avoid stacking or mixing commodities during transportation to minimize the risk of damage [30]. To address these issues, there are several ways to monitor and measure humidity, temperature, and vibration during the distribution process. Damage to agricultural commodities during distribution is relatively high, which causes a rapid doi https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jkptb.2023.011.01.09 decrease in fruit quality. Physical damage is caused by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and pressure. Additionally, there is mechanical damage caused by impact, which causes the commodity or tomato fruit to bruise, crack, or break, making it vulnerable to further damage [3]. Measuring vibration is one way to monitor the level of vibration that occurs during transportation. Therefore, data recording tools are needed to analyze storage and packaging methods for damage to agricultural commodities during distribution. The use of monitoring technology in supply chain management is very possible, as it can help maintain the quality of agricultural commodities or tomatoes [4]. The aim of this study is to design an instrument for recording environmental conditions based on Arduino, to analyze the performance of the environmental data recording tool using vibration transportation simulations, and to understand the characteristics of tomato fruit after vibration transportation simulations. This study aims to determine the recording method for factors affecting tomato damage during transportation, and to provide information to farmers regarding the impact of vibration, humidity, and temperature for analysis as a basis for determining good storage and packaging methods for distribution.

Materials and Tools
The equipment used include a laptop, Micro SD Adapter, Arduino software, SD Formatter, digital hygrometer, vibrator meter, solder, solder sucker, digital multimeter, and system box. The materials used include boxes of tomatoes, mini PC, Arduino, vibration sensor, DHT22, Micro SD 32gb, rainbow cables, power cables, power bank, and 16 x 2cm LCD.

Design Stages
The working principle of the data recorder device shown in Figure 1 for environmental condition instruments is as follows; In the distribution process, the device will be turned on by pressing the on/off button on the power bank to supply power to the vibration and temperature module components. The required flow is 10,000 mAh for a 1-hour experiment, the sensor will capture data in the form of vibration, temperature, and humidity. The data captured by the sensor will be processed in the program contained in Arduino and then sent to the memory card in ".csv" format. The vibration sensor serves as an input that functions as a vibration controller, the vibrating table or transportation simulation with different RPM as a process, and the output is in the form of vibration and temperature data recorded by the system.

Experiment Stage
The following are the stages of research shown in Figure 2.   The electronic circuit used will be connected to the ports on the Arduino as the main component in making the device. The hardware in this research utilizes a microcontroller as an data acquisition and processing unit as done in [5]. As shown in Figure 3 the Arduino will be placed inside a box made of acrylic. The power bank will be placed underneath the box for easy power supply to the Arduino. The sensors will be placed outside the box and connected with rainbow cables to the Arduino pin ports. Then, the Arduino will be connected to the USB port using a serial cable, which will be placed beside the research box.

Calibration and Validation
Calibration and validation tests are conducted on the DHT22 temperature sensor and vibration sensor to determine if the sensor readings are accurate and consistent with the actual measurement tools (calibrator).

Result of Instrument Design
The arduino-based environmental condition data logger instrument has been successfully designed and tested which shown in Figure 4. The recorded environmental data includes temperature, humidity, and vibration. The main purpose of this instrument is to record environmental data during the transportation process of tomato fruits, where the object used is a stack of 20 tomatoes in each layer, and there are three layers in each box. The purpose of this calibration is to obtain the correlation equation and R 2 value between the DHT22 sensor (temperature) and the digital hygrometer as the calibrator. The result of calibration and validation of DHT22 is shown in Figure 5 below. Based on previous research, the R 2 value is used to determine the level of accuracy of sensor readings [6]. In this study, the R 2 value for the DHT22 sensor was obtained at 0.9885. The R 2 value ranges from 0 to 1, which means the closer it is to 1, the better or closer to precision [7]. The R 2 results of the DHT22 sensor in this instrument design indicate that the precision of this sensor is close to the actual measuring instrument. The validation results of the DHT22 sensor with a digital hygrometer as a calibrator, as in the previous research, indicate that the better the R 2 result, the closer it is to 1 [8]. This value indicates a strong correlation between the dependent and independent variables [1]. These results show that the accuracy of the DHT22 sensor readings is very high and the error value in the sensor readings is very low.

Results of Vibration Sensor Calibration and Validation
Calibration testing on the vibration sensor was carried out by comparing the readings of the vibration sensor with the actual measuring instrument (calibrator), which in this study used a vibrating table. This test was conducted at six repetition points with vibration ranges between 100-200 Hz, as shown in Figure 6. The purpose of the calibration of the vibration sensor is to obtain a correlation equation and R 2 value between the vibration sensor and the vibrating table as the calibrator. High accuracy is indicated by R 2 value from sensor readings being below or equal to one [9]. The R 2 value obtained from calibration is 0.8088. This result is close to one, meaning that the error produced is very small [10]. After calibration, validation testing was conducted on the vibration sensor. The validation testing was also carried out at six repetition points in the vibration range of 100-200 Hz. The R 2 value is 0.9968. According to previous research, the better the R 2 value, the closer it is to 1 [11]. The closer the R 2 value is to 1, the lower the error rate of the sensor reading is considered to be [12]. Therefore, it can be said that the level of accuracy of the vibration sensor reading results is very high, approaching the actual measuring instrument, and the error value in the reading result is very low.

Result of Vibration Data Acquisition on the First Stack
Mechanical vibration can be defined as the oscillatory motion of a mechanical system around its equilibrium position. Vibration occurs due to the presence of excitation forces. Almost all moving machines generate vibration, although their intensity may be very small [13]. The data collected by the sensor on the first stack using 100 RPM is shown in Figure 7, and the results show that the lowest vibration point is at 1.53 Hz and the highest point is at 1.80 Hz.  The results of the data collection from the vibration sensor on the first stack using 100 RPM showed that the vibration readings were not too far from the calibration results obtained from the vibration meter. When the RPM was increased to 150 from the previous 100, the level of vibration produced also increased. This was due to the increase in RPM, and the vibration reading from the sensor with the calibrator was higher than the previous RPM. The results of data acquisition using 200 RPM showed that compared to the previous treatments, the number of vibrations produced was higher. This is due to the fact that the object and time specified were the same, and the sensor reading comparison was very significant. At 200 RPM, the vibrations on the vibration table were very stable because the vibration table was a transportation simulation and the vibrations produced were the same as the calibration tool. From the three treatments on the first stack, it was found that the higher the RPM given, the higher the resulting vibration. This is in line with previous research that stated that vibration is directly proportional to the RPM value used [14].   The obtained vibration results show that the vibration using 100 RPM on stack two is lower compared to the vibration obtained on stack one. This is because the weight on stack one is lower and the weight loss can affect the vibration on the vibration table, and the sensor readings will follow the resulting vibration. The data obtained using 150 RPM on stack two is also lower compared to the vibration obtained on stack one, based on the data from the calibrator and the sensor. For all three treatment results on stack two, it was found that the higher the RPM given, the higher the resulting vibration. In addition, the number of stacks also affects the resulting vibration, where the vibration on stack two is lower than the vibration on stack one. This is because the treatment on stack two has a greater weight than stack one, resulting in lower vibration due to the pressure inside the box.

The Vibration Data Collection Results on the Third Stack
The obtained vibration data shows that the vibration using 100 RPM on stack three is the lowest compared to the other stacks as shown in Figure 9.   The results of the vibration data obtained indicate that the vibration using 100 RPM on stack three is the lowest compared to the other stacks as shown in Figure 9. The smaller vibration results obtained in stack three is due to the fact that more objects are placed on the vibration table, resulting in a lower vibration value. The results of the vibration obtained indicate that the vibration using 150 RPM on stack three is the lowest compared to the vibrations obtained on stack one and stack two. This is because the weight of the objects in stack three is larger than in the other treatments, and can also be seen on the graph for comparison with the previous RPM, where at 150 RPM, the vibration level increased.
The results of data collection using 200 RPM showed that the higher the RPM given, the higher the resulting vibration in stack three. In addition, the number of stacks also affects the resulting vibration where the vibration in stack three is the smallest compared to the vibration in stack one and stack two. The larger the load mass, the smaller the vibration amplitude and frequency, while the period is larger. This is due to the load mass taken from the box, so the larger the load mass given, the slower it will move due to holding the heavy load mass. The data taken from stack one shows that the temperature recorded by the data recorder instrument for one hour has a minimum point of 27.0°C and a maximum point of 28.0°C which shown in Figure 10. From the three different types of stack data, there is a difference in temperature value in each stack, and for the calibrator itself, the value is slightly different. This is due to the fact that the temperature in the laboratory is constantly changing, and for this study, the temperature inside the box in each stack will be different, as the factor is the use of AC in the laboratory. Therefore, it can be concluded that even a 1 °C temperature change can affect measurement results [15]. However, for the sensor reading itself, the DHT22 with its calibrator, a digital hygrometer, can be seen from the graph that the values fluctuate.

Performance Test Results
The performance test of the instrument was conducted to determine whether the instrument's performance is in line with expectations. The instrument performance test consists of 4 tests, namely accuracy test, sensor stability test, reliability test, and control speed test.

Accuracy test
The accuracy test aims to determine the level of accuracy of the vibration sensor reading. The test is carried out by observing the actual reading results of the vibration sensor with a set point of 1.67 Hz, because the vibration value is used when the tool is functioning properly, with 30 repetitions. The accuracy test with 30 repetitions resulted in 6 repetitions that did not reach the set point and 24 repetitions that reached the set point. The result is that the inaccuracy value is 20%. It is found that this instrument has an accuracy result of 80%. According to previous research, the accuracy result is considered good when the accuracy value is above 80% [15].

Sensor stability test
The stability test is carried out to determine the level of stability of vibration sensor readings towards the set point. In this test, a set point of 1.67 Hz is used, where the actuator will turn on the buzzer when the vibration sensor reading exceeds the set point value. The stability test is carried out for 30 repetitions with a 2-minute interval time which shown in Figure 11. The test result shows that the vibration sensor is stable because its reading has successfully passed the set point. According to previous research, sensor stability can be defined as the ability of a sensor to work accurately in reading the sensor, and the differences in results are caused by several factors such as temperature, air, and environmental humidity [16].

System Response Testing
The system response test is a test conducted to determine the time required for the designed circuit to reach the required vibration setpoint [20]. This test uses three setpoints shown in Figure 12, namely 100 RPM, 150 RPM, and 200 RPM, which are converted into Hz. From the system response test results at the 100 RPM set point, it took 51 seconds to reach the set point. Tomatoes that impact will become soft and mushy when pressed. This change in hardness is caused by physiological changes in the fruit's cell wall during distribution, which result in changes in cell wall composition [20]. The results of the testing show that the greater the vibration received by the tomatoes during the simulated transport, the more physical damage they will experience. The vibration received by the tomatoes causes damage to the fruit due to the compressive load it receives from stacking and impacts during transportation. From the research results obtained, the response to this compressive load causes bruising on the tomatoes. The deformation of the fruit's flesh is caused by the pressure and is adjusted to its ability to withstand it. Deformation is the narrowing of the cell walls of the fruit flesh due to the pressure [20]. This narrowing of the cell walls causes an increase in turgor pressure of the tomato's flesh cells and pushes out water from within the cells, resulting in the greatest mechanical damage (bruising) occurring in stack 3 with 200 RPM, which is 7 fruits.

Conclusion
The conclusions from this research are the design of an arduino-based environmental data recorder instrument was successfully developed and tested, with instrument box specifications of 18cm x 11cm x 7cm, equipped with an LCD, DHT22, vibration sensor, and power supply from a power bank. Calibration was carried out and a value of R² of 0.9885 was obtained, while validation resulted in an R² value of 0.9999. From the performance test results, the instrument accuracy was found to be 80%. The stability test showed that the vibration sensor was stable, as the reading successfully passed the set point and only a few did not reach the set point. Characteristics that occurred in tomatoes during the simulation transportation process were observed. During the 100 RPM test, tomatoes experienced some impact but only a few were bruised, compared to 150 RPM and 200 RPM, which caused a change in shape due to the vibrations during the simulation. Tomatoes experienced damage and collisions with other tomatoes in the box. The greater the vibration received by the tomatoes during the simulation transportation, the more physical damage they experienced.