Designing a sustainability monitoring system for the food and beverage industry in Indonesia using multidimensional scaling (MDS)

ABSTRACT


Introduction
The food and beverage (F&B) industry is recognized as one of the key sectors to drive industrialization and national economic growth.The significance of this strategic sector is reflected in its continuous and significant contribution to the non-oil and gas industries' Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the increasing influx of investments (Yuliawati, 2017).In 2021, the F&B sector contributed 38.4% to the non-oil and gas industries, accounting for 6.7% of Indonesia's GDP (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022).In the same year, the Indonesian F&B industry recorded a total export value of US$45.4 billion, a 44% increase compared to the previous year's exports, and contributed to 20% of Indonesia's total exports (Amanta and Gupta, 2022).
One type of food industry classification is the processing of crude palm oil (CPO).Much criticism has been directed at CPO processing due to its negative environmental impact.According to a Greenpeace report, the expansion of plantations leads to deforestation, including issues like land fires, resulting in ongoing problems and becoming a global strategic issue (Dahliani and Maharani, 2018).If not addressed, these environmental issues will impact the development of the food and beverage industry in Indonesia.The F&B industry plays a crucial role in the economic development of any country and is considered one of the most dynamic economic sectors globally (Nasution et al., 2015).Companies or organizations that cannot adapt to the rapid and dynamic changes in the market will struggle to survive in today's competitive environment (Dewi and Ekawati, 2017).
The F&B industry faced a significant challenge in 2018, with 798 companies, or -9.7% of the total, closing down.In 2019, only 57 F&B companies were established in Indonesia (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022c).The F&B industry in West Java, from 2017 to 2019, consistently showed a decline in the number of active companies.This decline can be attributed to intense competition among companies and the lack of knowledge within company human resources about the importance of competitive advantage strategies within the supply chain.These strategies are crucial for F&B industries to differentiate themself from their competitors (Hosseini et al., 2018).Sustainability means meeting the organization's own needs without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs in the future.Besides natural resources, organizations also require social and economic resources.Sustainability is not only related to the environment, but also encompasses social and economic aspects, known as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) (Kuswanto, 2019).The Global Reporting Initiative, responsible for creating sustainability reporting guidelines, defines sustainability reporting as measuring and disclosing a company's performance to as accountability to internal and external stakeholders regarding the company's performance in meeting its sustainable development goals (Global Reporting Initiative, 2020).
The F&B industry involves various processes, including raw material selection, food or beverage processing, quality testing, packaging, and product distribution.Each process must be controlled to ensure that the final products are safe and fit for consumption by consumers (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022b).Data from the Ministry of Industry in 2021 shows that the F&B industry in Indonesia experienced an average growth of 8.16% or more from 2015 to 2019, compared to the average growth rate of non-oil and gas processing industries, which was 4.69%.While the growth of the non-oil and gas industries slowed to 2.52% in the last quarter of 2020, the F&B industry still achieved a positive growth rate of 1.58% in 2020.This period marked the most challenging period for medium and large-scale manufacturing industries throughout 2020.The decline in performance was observed in almost all types of industries, including the F&B industry.
Entering the second quarter of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic spread more evenly across regions in Indonesia, and the implementation of social restrictions in most areas caused the performance of the F&B industry to contract in terms of industrial production growth (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022a).The decline in the F&B industry's performance is concerning as it may impact the sustainability of each F&B industry in Indonesia.
Analyzing the sustainability of the F&B industry in Indonesia requires a study to assess the sustainability status based on the impact of F&B industry processing on environmental, economic, and social aspects.Overall, the sustainability of the F&B industry can be examined through environmental, economic, and social dimensions.In the environmental dimension, F&B industry sustainability can be defined in terms of environmental knowledge, encompassing energy efficiency, waste recycling, the use of renewable energy, and climate change initiatives.
The economic dimension is one of the key factors influencing the sustainability of the F&B industry, as the F&B industry contributes 6.7% to Indonesia's GDP (Amanta and Gupta, 2022).The social dimension s equally important, as it helps if the F&B industry's production practices align with social considerations.The research aimed to identify the sustainability status of the F&B industry in Indonesia and identify the attributes of indicators that act as leverages or sensitive factors in determining the sustainability status of the F&B industry in Indonesia.

Research Methods
The research was conducted in the food and beverages industry in the province of West Java.The research was conducted from September to November 2022.The method used in this study is quantitative, namely multidimensional scaling (MDS).According to Allahyari (2009), MDS as employed because it could visualize every dimension and aggregate, improving the understanding of each dimension's ongoing status.

Data collection
The research data used were primary data and secondary data.Primary data was obtained from observation and in-depth interviews using the Delphi method (to collect information on existing problems and potentials objectively and directly to respondents) (Fogg et al., 2022).Secondary data were obtained from data sources from the authorities and other sources like books and documents.An example of secondary data used is from 2020-2021 BPS Food and Beverage Industry Data.The research object in the case study was F&B industries.

Research procedures
The initial phase of this study involved identifying the criteria employed for evaluating sustainability within the food and beverage industry.These criteria were derived from the 2020 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Food Processing Sector and Sustainability Reporting Guidelines.The economic, environmental, and social dimensions constitute the criteria obtained from these references.The corresponding indicators for each dimension are outlined in Table 1, each with a scoring range of 0 to 4. Subsequent to determining the dimensions and indicators, an assessment was conducted by collecting data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS).The collected data was then inputted into the indicators and aligned with the established grading system.Once the standard scores are determined, the subsequent step involves inputting these scores into the Rap-FB software to evaluate and gauge the sustainability of the existing food and beverage industry.MDS was utilized to analyze the state of sustainability in the F&B industry (Zuhry et al., 2023).
The first stage in studying the food industry's sustainability is to establish the dimensions and qualities of sustainability.The definition and characteristics of sustainability issues stem from the definition of indicators of sustainable economic aspects based on the GRI Food Processing Sector and Sustainability Reporting Guidelines in 2020.2020-2021 BPS Food and Beverage Industry Data.
The subsequent stage involves a meticulous evaluation of each attribute, based on the comprehensive findings of the BPS data collection for the F&B industry.The Rapid Assessment of Food and Beverages (RAP-FB) software was employed to examine the scores of each sustainability indicators for each dimension.RAP-FB, aproduct of RAP-Fish software development, was tailored to the unique attributes of each dimension (Hartati et al., 2021).The following is the ranking of the sustainability index which can be seen in Table 2. (Hardjomidjojo et al., 2016).
The final stage is to analyze leverage/feature sentiment.This is an examination of the factors that influence the F&B industry's sustainability status or are very sensitive to the value of each facet of sustainability.Revenue refers to the total income generated by a business or organization from its primary operations, such as the sale of goods and services, investments, or other business activities.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a key economic indicator that represents the total value of all goods and services produced within the borders of a country over a specific period of time Exports refer to the goods and services produced in one country and sold to customers or businesses located in another country Value added refers to the additional value created by a business or economic activity during the production process Price stability in the food and beverage industry refers to a situation where the prices of goods and services within this sector remain relatively constant over time, without experiencing significant.
Renewable energy refers to the utilization of sustainable and environmentally friendly sources of energy to meet the energy needs of various processes and operations within the sector 0 There is no use of renewable energy yet Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) (2020) Energy efficiency refers to the use of less energy to perform a specific task or provide a service while maintaining or improving the desired outcome 0 There has been no industry effort for energy efficiency 1 0% < X7 ≤ 2,5 % 2 2,5% < X7 ≤ 5 % 3 5,0% < X7 ≤ 7,5% 4 X7 > 7,5%  Highly Sustainable Source: (Hidayanto et al., 2016)

Data collection
The data collected is from the Central Bureau of Statistics of the F&B Industry in Indonesia in the year 2020, based on the indicators established in this study, as presented in Table 1.The results of data collection yielded scores for the economic dimension, which can be observed in Table 3. Scores for the environmental dimension can be found in Table 4. Scores for the social dimension are available in Table 5.In the results recapitulation, the assessment of each indicator in the sustainability dimension can be seen in Table 6.Subsequently, the values of each indicator are analyzed for sustainability in each dimension using the RAP-FB software (Rapid Appraisal for Food and Beverages).RAP-FB is a development of RAP-Fish by modifying attributes in each dimension (Sriwana et al., 2017).The sustainability indicator values from each sustainability dimension in Table 6 were analyzed using the RAP-FB software, producing sustainability indices, sensitivity analysis (leverage), stress values, and r-values.

Analysis of sustainability (multidimensional scaling/MDS)
Then RAP-FB was used to process the survey results and calculate sustainability status values for each user dimension.

Economic dimensions
The RAP-FB analysis of the sustainability index in the economic dimension yielded a value of 65.62%.This value falls within the category of moderately sustainable as it lies within the index range of >50-75.This implies that the food and beverage industry in Indonesia is moderately sustainable in the economic dimension.The research also reveals that the stress value is 0.1604, and the r or RSQ value is 0.9385.The stress value indicates that the variable model used to explain the economic dimension accounts for 93.85% of the current model.The results of the economic dimension analysis using RAP-FB can be observed in Figure 1.
The export value of the F&B industry in August 2022 was recorded at US$ 5.64 billion, making it the highest among all other industrial sectors.This positions the Food Industry as the largest contributor to foreign exchange earnings from non-oil and gas processing industry exports in August 2022.The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) reports that the GDP based on current prices for the national F&B industry reached IDR 1.23 quadrillion in 2022.This value represents 6.32% of the total national economy, which amounted to IDR 19.59 quadrillion.Additionally, the F&B sectors contribute more than a third (38.35%) to the total GDP of the non-oil and gas processing industry, with a total value of IDR 3.23 quadrillion.This portion is the largest compared to other industries (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022b).These findings suggest that the food and beverage industry in Indonesia is sufficiently sustainable in the economic aspect.

Environmental dimensions
The RAP-FB analysis of the sustainability index in the environmental dimension yielded a value of 63.81%.This value falls within the category of moderately sustainable as it lies within the index range of >50-75.This implies that the F&B industry in Indonesia is moderately sustainable in the environmental dimension.The research also reveals that the stress value is 0.1673, and the r or RSQ value is 0.9324.The stress value indicates that the variable model used to explain the environmental dimension accounts for 93.24% of the current model.The results of the environmental dimension analysis using RAP-FB can be observed in Figure 2.
Based on the results obtained, the F&B industry in Indonesia is considered to be sufficiently sustainable using the specified indicators.The indicators used adequately represent the environmental dimension in the sustainability of the F&B industry in Indonesia.One of the environmental aspects of sustainability, according to (Jarzebowski et al., 2020), is the reduction of external effects regarding products and processes.This includes reducing environmental emissions, such as sewage to water, fertilizers to soil, and gas emissions to the air.Significant environmental impact can occur throughout the product life cycle, including transportation and logistics operations.This is supported by BPS 2020 data, indicating that the F&B industry has achieved an 18.27% efficiency in energy usage from 2019 to 2020.This demonstrates the industry's commitment to enhancing sustainability in the environmental aspect.

Social dimensions
The RAP-FB analysis of the sustainability index in the social dimension yielded a value of 65.21%.This value falls within the category of moderately sustainable as it lies within the index range of >50-75.This implies that the F&B industry in Indonesia is moderately sustainable in the social dimension.The results of the analysis also show a stress value of 0.1426 and an r or RSQ value of 0.9464.The stress values indicate that the variable model used to explain the social dimension accounts for 94.64% of the current model.The results of the social dimension analysis using RAP-FB can be observed in Figure 3.
One of the indicators in the social dimension is health and employment guarantee.Social security programs for employment are crucial and should be provided to the workforce at high risk of workplace accidents.According to Kusuma et al. (2021), employment social security is provided as protection against lost or reduced income and compensation or services for work-related accidents.With the existence of social security from the Workers Social Security Agency (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan), workers can feel more secure in case of unforeseen events.Hence, the role of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan is essential in ensuring a decent life for workers and their families.The number of workers enrolled in health and employment guarantee programs, according to BPS 2020, reaching 83%, indicates that the F&B industry strives to ensure the welfare and sustainability of the industry in the social dimensions.

Analysing the critical elements
The goal of leverage analysis is to discover the relationship between each feature at all sizes and their suitability for the sustainability scenario in Indonesia's F&B industry.This research can reveal which characteristics have the greatest/least impact on the sustainability of Indonesia's F&B industry.Sensitive features are determined by the priority built into the rated root mean square (RMS) values.
A higher RMS value indicates that the function is more sensitive to the state of sustainability in the Indonesian F&B industry.

Economic dimensions
The sustainability-sensitive economic aspect of Indonesia's F&B industry is characterized by a GDP index value of RMS 4.58%.The results of the leverage analysis are shown in Figure 4.
The GDP plays a crucial role in the economy of a country.GDP serves as the measure of the total value of all goods and services produced within the borders of a country over a specific period (Adedoyin et al., 2020).It functions as a primary indicator for assessing the economic health of a nation.The growth of GDP indicates whether the economy is expanding, stagnant, or experiencing contraction.GDP provides an overview of the overall performance of the economic sectors.By analyzing the components of GDP, governments and economic analysts can identify sectors that are performing well or requiring additional attention.Therefore, GDP becomes a paramount indicator in measuring the sustainability of the F&B industry from an economic perspective.

Environmental dimensions
The energy efficiency index value, with an RMS value of 8.93%, is the most sensitive attribute to the environmental dimension of the F&B industry in Indonesia.Figure 5 depicts the findings of the leverage analysis.
Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in the sustainability of an industry.In the context of sustainability, energy efficiency involves efforts to use energy more efficiently, reduce waste, and minimize negative impacts on the environment.The F&B industry often carries a significant carbon footprint.According to Chen et al., 2020, improving energy efficiency can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and, consequently, decrease greenhouse gas emissions.This aligns with global efforts to mitigate climate change.The F&B industry has high energy requirements for production, processing, and distribution processes.Enhancing energy efficiency not only reduces environmental impact but also results in significant operational cost savings through reduced energy expenses.Therefore, energy efficiency becomes the most important indicator in measuring the sustainability of the F&B industry from an environmental perspective.

Social Dimensions
The employment guarantee Index score, with an RMS value of 5.49%, is sensitive to the social component of the Indonesian F&B industry.Figure 6 depicts the findings of the leverage analysis.
Employment security plays a crucial role in supporting the sustainability of the F&B industry.Employment security encompasses aspects such as workers' rights, fair wages, and safe working conditions.By providing well-being to employees, the industry can create a positive and sustainable work environment.Employees who feel assured and valued tend to be more productive.Employment security, including job stability and policies supporting work-life balance, can enhance employee productivity and reduce turnover rates (Khan et al., 2021).Therefore, employment security becomes the most important indicator in measuring the sustainability of the F&B industry from an economic perspective.

Analysing of the result
An MDS analysis showed that the sustainability status of Indonesia's F&B industry is moderately sustainable with a sustainability index value of 64.89.Three of these dimensions used, economic, environmental, and social, met the stress value requirements.Therefore, the results of MDS analysis using the program RAP-FB are considered highly accurate and scientifically validated.Furthermore, Monte Carlo analysis using RAP-FB software showed that the consistency index results were not significantly different from the MDS analysis at a 95% confidence interval, as shown in Table 7.
Table 7 summarizes the results of the RAP-FB software's aggregation of the sustainability index values of the economic, environmental, and social aspects, the category of sustainability status, the Monte Carlo index, the stress value, and the coefficient of determination.
Table 8 presents the results of the leverage analysis, which will guide future actions to improve the sustainability of Indonesia's F&B industry.which will guide future actions to improve the sustainability of Indonesia's F&B industry.These proposals, based on the results of the study, provide clear guidance for the industry's future sustainability efforts.
The entire value of all products and services generated in a territory over a certain period is defined as the GDP.The GDP differs from the gross national product because it contains a component of overseas workers' income (OCDE, 2020).Therefore, GDP only measures a country's total output, regardless of whether that output includes domestic factors of production or not.The industry's high number of products not only increases the industry's gross domestic product.However, to boost the F&B industry's GDP, additional factors must be addressed.To improve F&B industry's income and performance in terms of consumer pleasure, the quality and quantity of products must be enhanced.The GDP can be increased by producing more products than before, but the success of a product in the market should be taken into account, with attention to customer satisfaction.
Energy efficiency is defined as the ratio between the energy obtained and the energy used in a system.Efficiency is the maximum value obtained by comparing the output and input of energy in a process/factory that consumes energy (Ghurri, 2016).As explained above, energy efficiency means using as little energy as possible in producing one unit of product or service.When implementing energy efficiency measures for an industrial company, the first thing to do is conduct an energy audit.The power management steps are as follows (Yang and Masron, 2022): 1. Formulate policies and objectives for energy management 2. Conduct a detailed (in-depth) energy audit.3. Formulate an implementation plan 4. Evaluate and monitor the implementation of energy management Energy efficiency is carried out by auditing energy in a company so that the causes of wasteful energy usage can be identified and reduced.Employment guarantees are a form of protection for workers and their families against various risks that may arise during the work process.An employment guarantee is a form of corporate responsibility to ensure the company's workforce safety, designed to provide security for all company employees.Registering employees with BPJS for employment means that the company cares and pays attention to every employee (Pambudi, 2019).
These results have implications for managing the demand for sustainable practices in the F&B industry in Indonesia with regard to enhancing the value of the environment of the F&B industry (i.e., considering indicators of GDP, energy efficiency, and job security).Measures of GDP must be taken into account because they are directly related to the value of industrial output and become an indicator of achieving the financial performance of companies.
Energy efficiency can be achieved by saving energy that has no added value for the F&B, such as electricity, water resources, etc (Chen et al., 2020).The energy efficiency of the F&B industry was 15.78% in 2019 and decreased to 12.90% in 2020.(Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022b).This proves that F&B manufacturers have not focused on improving energy efficiency to reduce the environmental impact of wasteful energy use.
The impact of energy efficiency according to Nugroho (2020), is implementing energy efficiency, enhancing energy security in Indonesia in accordance with the goals of the government plan (RKP) for 2020-2024 regarding energy use problems in future energy security.The last indicator is the job security as an indicator that can be improved by registering all employees in a formal sector, that is, an Indonesian BPJS.Therefore, every employee of the company feels 'reassured' by his health and the health of his family in the future (Mukhuty et al., 2022).
The design of this system is carried out after an assessment using the RAP-FB software.The monitoring system dashboard consists of various displays, starting with an initial view that provides options to select the desired year.The subsequent view shows the sustainability assessment based on the three dimensions used, namely the economic, environmental, and social dimensions.Next, leverage analysis is displayed based on the three dimensions.Finally, Figue 8 shows the overall sustainability results of the F&B industry.
In summary, the system provides a comprehensive monitoring and assessment platform for the sustainability of the F&B industry.Users can access different views, including year selection, sustainability assessment based on various dimensions, leverage analysis, and overall sustainability results.This dashboard is a valuable tool for decision-makers to understand and improve the sustainability performance of the F&B industry in Indonesia.
The initial display of the sustainability monitoring system for the food and beverage industry shows the option to select the year that the user wants to view (Figure 7).This allows users to choose a specific year of interest to assess the sustainability performance of the food and beverage industry for that particular period.The year selection feature provides flexibility and enables users to analyze data for different years, compare trends, and identify improvements or areas of concern over time.By selecting the desired year, users can then access further displays and analysis related to the sustainability assessment for the chosen year in the economic, environmental, and social dimensions.In summary, the system provides a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the sustainability of the F&B industry.It presents index values and analysis for each dimension, identifies influential indicators, and categorizes the industry's sustainability status.Using analytical methods like Monte Carlo, stress value, and coefficient of determination enhances the accuracy and reliability of the sustainability assessment.This monitoring system is a valuable tool for decision-makers and stakeholders to understand the industry's sustainability performance and make informed decisions to improve its overall sustainability.

Conclusions
Based on the research findings, it is recommended that the government should pay attention to the sustainability of the F&B industry by considering the three indicators: GDP, energy efficiency, and employment guarantee.Various strategies must be implemented to improve these indicators, such as innovating food and beverage products from raw materials, production processes, packaging, and marketing strategies in Indonesia.The monitoring system facilitates a culture of continuous improvement within the industry.By analyzing data and identifying areas for enhancement, the industry can implement corrective measures and strive for ongoing progress.Further development and research are needed to determine and select appropriate strategies to enhance the sustainability status of the F&B industry, considering other variables that may influence the industry's sustainability in Indonesia.

Declarations
Conflict of interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Open Access This Article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to use, share, adapt, distribute and reproduce the work in any medium or format with an acknowledgment to the original author(s) and the source.Publication and distribution of the work in the institutional repository or in a book are permessible as long as the author give an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/4.0/ water nexus) dalam perencanaan pembangunan Indonesia (Strengthening the link between food, energy and water security (Food-energy-water nexus) in Indonesia's development planning) ',Bappenas Working Papers,3(2)

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Social dimensions leverage analysisSource: Result of analysis using RAP-FB

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Initial display of the sustainability assessment dashboard

Table 1 .
Research dimensions

Table 2 .
Category of sustainability index value

Table 3 .
Score of economic dimension indicators

Table 4 .
Score of environmental dimension indicators

Table 5 .
Score of social dimension indicators

Table 6 .
Recapitulation of scores for the three sustainability dimensions