Skip to main content
Log in

Clinical Implications of Aging Skin

Cutaneous Disorders in the Elderly

  • Review Article
  • Published:
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aging skin undergoes progressive degenerative change. Structural and physiologic changes that occur as a natural consequence of intrinsic aging combined with the effects of a lifetime of ongoing cumulative extrinsic damage and environment insult (e.g. overexposure to solar radiation) can produce a marked susceptibility to dermatologic disorders in the elderly. As skin ages, the vasculature progressively atrophies. The supporting dermis also deteriorates, with collagen and elastin fibers becoming sparse and increasingly disordered. These changes leave the elderly increasingly susceptible to both vascular disorders such as stasis dermatitis and skin injuries such as pressure ulcers and skin tears, with a steadily decreasing ability to effect skin repair.

A parallel erosion of normal immune function produces higher levels of autoimmune skin disorders such as bullous pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, paraneoplastic pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris. Lichen sclerosus, an autoimmune disorder often occurring in the genital area in older women, is not common but is an important development because of the potential for substantial discomfort as well as serious complications. The prevalence of polypharmacy in this population increases the risk for autoimmune drug reactions, and diagnosis should be undertaken with an awareness that polypharmacy in this population creates a greatly increased susceptibility to drug eruptions that can mimic other cutaneous disorders.

Immunologic senescence in the elderly also sets the stage for potential reactivation of the Varicella zoster virus, in which initial dermatologic involvement expands into the major sensory ganglia. Known as shingles, this disorder can be excruciatingly painful with the potential to cause blindness if the optic nerve becomes involved.

Dermatoses such as xerosis, pruritus, and eczema are also widespread in the elderly, create substantial suffering in those afflicted, and often prove recalcitrant to treatment. Individual susceptibility to specific types of contact dermatitis changes over the lifetime, and seborrheic dermatitis is substantially more prevalent in the elderly.

It is not uncommon for older patients to have multiple impairments, with the potential for cognitive dysfunction as well as impaired vision, hearing, or mobility. In addition, they may not have adequate housing or nutrition, or the financial resources necessary for adequate compliance. Physicians must take into consideration the patient’s physical ability to comply with the recommended therapy as well as socioeconomic factors that may impact on compliance. Simple topical regimens are preferable wherever possible in order to maximize compliance and, therefore, efficacy. Extra effort may be necessary to ensure that instructions are accurately followed and that ongoing compliance with the regimen prescribed is actually achieved.

Management of dermatologic disorders in the elderly is often less than optimal, due to the fact that the special needs and limitations of this population are not adequately considered. Treatments should consider the intrinsic differences between younger and older patients thatmay impact on diagnosis and therapy choice. The aged patient is often afflicted with numerous co-morbidities that can influence the choice of therapy. Skin integrity in the elderly is compromised, and safety concerns are increased with the long-term use of any medication prescribed. In addition, the prevalence of polypharmacy in the aged population substantially increases the risk of cutaneous drug reactions, which can profoundly complicate accurate diagnosis of dermatologic disorders. The aged population also needs to be more closely monitored because of increased fragility of the skin and the physical limitations that may hinder compliance with prescribed regimens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yannas I. Tissue and organ regeneration in adults. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  2. Monteiro-Riviere NA. Introduction to histological aspects of dermatotoxicology. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 37 (3): 171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2007; 26 (4): 343–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Beauregard S, Gilchrest BA. A survey of skin problems and skin care regimens in the elderly. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123 (12): 1638–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Liao YH, Chen KH, Tseng MP, et al. Pattern of skin diseases in a geriatric patient group in Taiwan: a 7-year survey from the outpatient clinic of a university medical center. Dermatology 2001; 203 (4): 308–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gilchrest BA. Geriatric skin problems. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1986; 21 (9A): 55, 59-65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baranoski S. Skin tears: the enemy of frail skin. Adv Skin Wound Care 2000; 13 (3 Pt 1): 123–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Haroun MT. Dry skin in the elderly. Geriatr Aging 2003; 6 (6): 41–4

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fletcher K. Skin: geriatric self-learning module. Med surg Nurs 2005; 14 (2): 138–42

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med 1981; 135 (6): 434–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Thaipisuttikul Y. Pruritic skin diseases in the elderly. J Dermatol 1998; 25: 153–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gilchrest BA, Chiu N. Common skin disorders [online]. Available from URL: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mm_geriatrics/sec15/ch123.htm. [Accessed 2007 Jul 1]

    Google Scholar 

  13. Farage MA, Miller KW, Berardesca E, et al. Neoplastic skin lesions in the elderly patient. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008; 27: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  14. Waller JM, Maibach HI. Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (i): blood flow, ph, thickness, and ultrasound echogenicity. Skin Res Technol 2005; 11 (4): 221–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Edlich RF, Winters KL, Woodard CR, et al. Pressure ulcer prevention. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2004; 14 (4): 285–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wolff K, Johnson R, Suurmond R. Fitzpatrick’s color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stankus SJ, Dlugopolski M, Packer D. Management of herpes zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia. Am Fam Physician 2000 Apr; 61 (8): 2437–44, 2447-8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tierney L, McPhee S, Papadakis M. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. New York: McGraw Hill, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sollecito TP, Parisi E. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Dent Clin North Am 2005; 49 (1): 91–106, viii

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bickle K, Roark TR, Hsu S. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a review. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65 (9): 1861–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Grove GL. Physiologic changes in older skin. Clin Geriatr Med 1989; 5 (1): 115–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Harvell JD, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption and inflammation in aged skin: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31 (6): 1015–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brincat MP, Baron YM, Galea R. Estrogens and the skin. Climacteric 2005; 8 (2): 110–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Martini F. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. San Francisco (CA): Benjamin-Cummings, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ghadially R. Aging and the epidermal permeability barrier: implications for contact dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermat 1998; 9 (3): 162–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Spencer SK, Kierland RR. The aging skin: problems and their causes. Geriatrics 1970; 25 (4): 81–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. White JV, Ryjewski C. Chronic venous insufficiency. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther 2005; 17 (4): 319–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Shai A, Maibach HI. Wound healing and ulcers of the skin: diagnosis and therapy–the practical approach. New York: Springer, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  29. Trent JT, Falabella A, Eaglstein WH, et al. Venous ulcers: pathophysiology and treatment options. Ostomy Wound Manage 2005; 51 (5): 38–54, quiz 55-; quiz 56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Carter DM, Balin AK. Dermatological aspects of aging. Med Clin North Am 1983; 67 (2): 531–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fitzpatrick JE. Common inflammatory skin diseases of the elderly. Geriatrics 1989; 44 (7): 40–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Coleridge Smith PD. Deleterious effects of white cells in the course of skin damage in CVI. Int Angiol 2002; 21 (2 Suppl. 1): 26–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Leu AJ, Leu HJ, Franzeck UK, et al. Microvascular changes in chronic venous insufficiency: a review. Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 3 (3): 237–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Webster GF. Common skin disorders in the elderly. Clin Cornerstone 2001; 4 (1): 39–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Quatresooz P, Henry F, Paquet P, et al. Deciphering the impaired cytokine cascades in chronic leg ulcers (review). Int J Mol Med 2003; 11 (4): 411–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Buckley C, Rustin MH. Management of irritable skin disorders in the elderly. Br J Hosp Med 1990; 44 (1): 24–6, 28, 30-2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Herouy Y, Nockowski P, Schöpf E, et al. Lipodermatosclerosis and the significance of proteolytic remodeling in the pathogenesis of venous ulceration (review). Int J Mol Med 1999; 3 (5): 511–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Smoker A. Skin care in old age. Nurs Stand 1999; 13 (48): 47–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gilchrest B, Krutmann J, editors. Skin aging. New York: Springer, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  40. Brem H, Tomic-Canic M, Tarnovskaya A, et al. Healing of elderly patients with diabetic foot ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Surg Technol Int 2003; 11 (1): 161–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Johnson S. Compression hosiery in the prevention and treatment of venous leg ulcers. J Tissue Viability 2002 Apr; 12 (2): 67, 70, 72-4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Machet L, Couhé C, Perrinaud A, et al. A high prevalence of sensitization still persists in leg ulcer patients: a retrospective series of 106 patients tested between 2001 and 2002 and a meta-analysis of 1975–2003 data. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150 (5): 929–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Berlowitz DR, Wilking SVB. Pressure ulcers in the nursing home. In: Reubentein L, Wieland D, editors. Improving care in the nursing home: comprehensive reviews of clinical research. Newbury Park (CA): Sage Publications, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  44. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Pressure ulcers prevalence, cost, and risk assessment: consensus development conference statement. Decubitus 1989; 2 (2): 24–8

    Google Scholar 

  45. Remsburg RE, Bennett RG. Pressure-relieving strategies for preventing and treating pressure sores. Clin Geriatr Med 1997; 13 (3): 513–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Nola GT, Vistnes LM. Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 66 (5): 728–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Baeke JL. Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: an epidemic. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 106 (4): 945–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mathus-Vliegen EMH. Old age, malnutrition, and pressure sores: an ill-fated alliance. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004; 59 (4): 355–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Stratton RJ, Ek A, Engfer M, et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2005; 4 (3): 422–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kleinsmith DM, Perricone NV. Common skin problems in the elderly. Dermatol Clin 1986; 4 (3): 485–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cohen AF, Tiemstra JD. Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002; 15 (3): 214–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Diaz C, O’Callaghan CJ, Khan A, et al. Rosacea: a cutaneous marker of Helicobacter pylori infection? Results of a pilot study. Acta Derm Venereol 2003; 83 (4): 282–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Boixeda de Miquel D, Vázquez Romero M, Vázquez Sequeiros E, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in rosacea patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006; 98 (7): 501–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Baldwin HE. Systemic therapy for rosacea. Skin Therapy Lett 2007; 12 (2): 1–5, 9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Loo WJ, Burrows NP. Management of autoimmune skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2004; 21 (12): 767–77

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Walsh SRA, Hogg D, Mydlarski PR. Bullous pemphigoid: from bench to bedside. Drugs 2005; 65 (7): 905–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. American Academy of Dermatology. Bullous disease [online]. Available from URL: http://www.aad.org/public/Publications/pamphlets/bullous.htm [Accessed 2007 Nov 7]

  58. Shelley WB, Shelley ED. The ten major problems of aging skin. Geriatrics 1982; 37 (9): 107–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mutasim DF. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Drugs Aging 2003; 20 (9): 663–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Laforest C, Huilgol SC, Casson R, et al. Autoimmune bullous diseases: ocular manifestations and management. Drugs 2005; 65 (13): 1767–79

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tehranchi-Nia Z, Qureshi TA, Ahmed AR. Pemphigus vulgaris in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46 (1): 92–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Farage MA, Maibach HI, editors. The vulva: anatomy, physiology, and pathology. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  63. Neill SM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147 (4): 640–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lorenz B, Kaufman RH, Kutzner SK. Lichen sclerosus: therapy with clobetasol propionate. J Reprod Med 1998; 43 (9): 790–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bleiker TO, Graham-Brown RA. Diagnosing skin disease in the elderly. Practitioner 2000; 244 (1616): 974–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Niv D, Maltsman-Tseikhin A, Lang E. Postherpetic neuralgia: what do we know and where are we heading? Pain Physician 2004; 7 (2): 239–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Johnson R. Herpes zoster: predicting and minimizing the impact of postherpetic neuralgia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47 Suppl. T1: 1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352 (22): 2271–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Koplan JP, Harpaz R. Shingles vaccine: effective and costly or cost-effective? Ann Intern Med 2006; 145 (5): 386–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Norman RA. Xerosis and pruritus in elderly patients, part 1. Ostomy Wound Manage 2006; 52: 2–4

    Google Scholar 

  71. Peters S. Dermatologic issues in the elderly: examining common problems. Adv Nurse Pract 1999; 7: 63–4

    Google Scholar 

  72. Shwayder T. Ichthyosis in a nutshell. Pediatr Rev 1999; 20: 5–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Resnick B. Dermatologic problems in the elderly. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract 1997; 1: 14–30, quiz 31-2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Harding CR, Watkinson A, Rawlings AV, et al. Dry skin, moisturization and corneodesmolysis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2000; 22: 21–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Rawlings AV, Leyden JL. Skin moisturization. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  76. Loden M, Maibach H, editors. Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  77. Jennings MB, Alfieri D, Ward K, et al. Comparison of salicylic acid and urea versus ammonium lactate for the treatment of foot xerosis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1998; 88: 332–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly. Adv Dermatol 1995; 10: 41–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Waisman M. A clinical look at the aging skin. Postgrad Med 1979; 66: 87–93, 96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Yosipovitch G. Assessment of itch: more to be learned and improvements to be made. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: xiv–xv

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Perkins P. The management of eczema in adults (continuing education credit). Nurs Stand 1996; 10: 49–53; quiz 55-6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Braun M, Lowitt MH. Pruritus. Adv Dermatol 2001; 17: 1–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly: management by senior dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 603–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Long CC, Marks R. Stratum corneum changes in patients with senile pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27: 560–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Beare JM. Generalized pruritus: a study of 43 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976 Dec; 1 (4): 343–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lim SPR, Abdullah A. Managing skin disease in elderly patients. Practitioner 2004; 248 (1655): 100–4, 106, 108-9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Medically unexplained cutaneous sensory symptoms may represent somatoform dissociation: an empirical study. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60: 131–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. DeWitt S. Nursing assessment of the skin and dermatologic lesions. Nurs Clin North Am 1990; 25: 235–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rogers C. Lichen simplex chronicus. Dermatol Nurs 2003; 15: 271

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. du Vivier A. Atlas of clinical dermatology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  91. Soter NA. Nummular eczematous dermatitis. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al., editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  92. Piaserico S, Larese F, Recchia GP, et al. Allergic contact sensitivity in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16: 221–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, et al. The aged epidermal permeability barrier: structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2281–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Nedorost ST, Stevens SR. Diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2001; 18 (11): 827–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Tavadia S, Bianchi J, Dawe RS, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in venous leg ulcer patients. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48: 261–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Chew AL, Maibach HI, editors. Irritant dermatitis. Berlin/Heidleberg: Springer, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  97. Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis? Skin Res Technol 2001; 7: 214–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Levin C, Zhai H, Maibach H. Corticosteroids of clinical value in lipid-soluble chemical-induced irritation in man?. Exog Dermatol 2002; 1: 97–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Sandström Falk MH, Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, et al. The prevalence of Malassezia yeasts in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85: 17–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK. Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview. Am Fam Physician 2006; 74: 125–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Schwartz JR, Cardin CW, Dawson TLJ. Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. In: Baran R, Maibach HI, editors. Textbook of cosmetic dermatology. London: Martin Dunitz, Ltd., 2004: 259–71

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mastrolonardo M, Diaferio A, Logroscino G. Seborrheic dermatitis, increased sebum excretion, and Parkinson’s disease: a survey of (im)possible links. Med Hypotheses 2003; 60: 907–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Laube S, Farrell AM. Bacterial skin infections in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging 2002; 19 (5): 331–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kauppinen K, Alanko K, Hannuksela M. Skin reactions to drugs. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kooken AR, Tomecki KJ. The Cleveland Clinic Disease Management Project: drug eruptions [online]. Available from URL: http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/dermatology/drug_eruptions/drug_eruptions1.htm [Accessed 2007 May 10]

    Google Scholar 

  106. Blume JE, Helm TN, Ehrlich M, et al. emedicine from WebMD: drug eruptions [online]. Available from URL: http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic104.htm [Accessed 2007 May 10]

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bachot N, Roujeau J. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4 (8): 561–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sullivan JR, Shear NH. Drug eruptions and other adverse drug effects in aged skin. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18 (1): 21–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Drug eruptions. In: Fry L. An atlas of dermatology. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group, 1997

  110. Kligman AM, Koblenzer C. Demographics and psychological implications for the aging population. Dermatol Clin 1997; 15 (4): 549–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Klaassen C, editor. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kurban RS, Kurban AK. Common skin disorders of aging: diagnosis and treatment. Geriatrics 1993; 48 (4): 30–1, 35-6, 39-42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. Dr Miranda W. Farage and Kenneth W. Miller are employees of Procter & Gamble. The other authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review. The authors are grateful to Drs S. McClanahan, Randy Nunn, Keith Ertel, Don Bissett, and Joe Kaczvinsky for their critical review of this manuscript, and to Ms Zeinab Schwen and Ms Wendy Wippel (Strategic Regulatory Consulting, Cincinnati, OH, USA) for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miranda A. Farage.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Farage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Berardesca, E. et al. Clinical Implications of Aging Skin. Am J Clin Dermatol 10, 73–86 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200910020-00001

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200910020-00001

Keywords

Navigation