Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome

Therapeutic Interventions

  • Disease Management
  • Published:
CNS Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship between Tourette Syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is of great clinical and scientific importance; one that has revolutionised our understanding of the pathogenesis of both the conditions. Available evidence about the TS-OCD relationship also raises new questions as to whether TS-related OCD is phenomenologically and neurobiologically different from primary OCD and hence whether they are also different in the pattern of pharmacological response. In this review, therapeutic interventions and, in particular, pharmacological strategies that are useful in patients with TS and comorbid OCD are examined. The most effective treatment in these situations seems to be the combination of a serotonergic drug together with a dopamine antagonist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organisation. International classification of diseases and health related problems — tenth revision. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  3. Eapen V, Robertson MM, Alsobrook JP, et al. Obsessive compulsive symptoms in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder: differences by diagnosis and family history. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74: 432–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pauls DL, Towbin KE, Leckman JF, et al. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence supporting a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 1180–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Eapen V, Pauls DL, Robertson MM. Evidence for autosomal dominant gene transmission in Tourette Syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1993 62: 593–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Peterson BS. Considerations of natural history and pathophysiology in the psychopharmacology of Tourette’s syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(9): 24–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shapiro E, Shapiro AK, Fulop G, et al. Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide, and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 722–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sallee FR, Nesbitt L, Jackson C, et al. Relative efficacy of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(8): 1057–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Robertson MM, Schnieden V, Lees AJ. Management of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using sulpiride. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990; 13(3): 229–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Eggers CH, Rothenberger A, Berghaus U. Clinical and neurobiological findings in children suffering from tic disease following treatment with tiapride. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1988; 237: 223–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sallee FR, Dougherty D, Sethuraman G, et al. Prolactin monitoring of haloperidol and pimozide treatment in children with Tourette’s syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40(10): 1044–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Regeur L, Pakkenberg B, Fog R, et al. Clinical features and long-term treatment with pimozide in 65 patients with Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 791–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain. In press

  14. Mikkelsen EJ, Detlor J, Cohen DJ. School avoidance and school phobia triggered by haloperidol in patients with Tourette’s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1981; 138(12): 1572–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Robertson MM, Scull DA, Eapen V, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a retrospective case note study. J Psychopharmacol 1996; 10(4): 317–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cosgrove F. Recent advances in paediatric psychopharmacology. Hum Psychopharmacol 1994; 9: 381–2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Caine ED, Polinsky RJ, Ebert MH, et al. Trial of clorimpramine and desipramine for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Ann Neurol 1979; 6: 305–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bhandrinath BR. Olanzapine in Tourette syndrome [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172: 366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Leckman JF, Detlor J, Harcherick DF, et al. Short and long-term treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with clonidine: a clinical perspective. Neurology 1985; 35: 343–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lichter DG, Jackson LA. Predictors of clonidine response in Tourette syndrome: implications and inferences. J Child Neurol 1996; 11(2): 93–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Oesterheld J, Tervo R. Clonidine: a practical guide for usage in children. SDJ Med 1996; 49(7) 234–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chappell PB, Riddle MA, Scahill L, et al. Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette’s syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34(9): 1140–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fras I. Guanfacine for Tourette’s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35(1): 3–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Goetz CG. Clonidine and clonazepam in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 1992; 58: 245–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. LeWitt PA. Therapeutics of Tourette Syndrome. New medication approaches. Adv Neurol 1992; 58: 263–70

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Silver AA, Sanberg PR. Transdermal nicotine patch and potentiation of haloperidol in Tourette’s syndrome [letter]. Lancet 1993; 342(8864): 182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Desai AB, Doongaji DR, Satoskar RS. Metoclopramide in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. J Postgrad Med 1983; 29: 181–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hemming M, Yellowlees PM. Effective treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with marijuana. J Psychopharmacol 1993; 7: 389–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lipinski JF, Sallee FR, Jackson C, et al. Dopamine agonist treatment of Tourette disorder in children: results of an open-label trial of pergolide. Mov Disord 1997; 12(3): 402–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Peterson BS, Zhang H, Anderson GM, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of an antiandrogen in the treatment of Tourette’s syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18(4): 324–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Trimble MR, Whurr R, Brookes G, et al. Vocal tics in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome treated with botulinum toxin injections. Mov Disorders 1998; 13(3): 617–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fineberg NA, Bullock T, Montgomery DB, et al. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the treatment of choice in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 7 Suppl. 1: 43–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pigott TA, Seay SM. A review of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(2): 101–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Greist JH, Jefferson JW. Pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173(35): 64–70

    Google Scholar 

  35. De Veaugh-Geiss J, Moroz G, Biederman J, et al. Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder — a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31(1): 45–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. DeVaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, et al. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the clomipramine collaborative study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 730–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hollander E, Stein DJ, Decaria CM, et al. Disorders related to OCD-neurobiology. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15 Suppl. 1: 259A-60A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. March JS, Johnston H, Jefferson JW, et al. Do subtle neurological impairments predict treatment resistance to clomipramine in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1990; 1: 133–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, et al. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents: a double-blind crossover comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 1088–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, et al. Clinical predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: exploratory analyses from multicenter trials of clomipramine. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990; 26: 45–9

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ratzoni G, Hermesh H, Brandt N, et al. Clomipramine efficacy for tics, obsessions, and compulsions in Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case study. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 95–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yaryura-Tobias JA. Clomipramine in Gilles de la Tourette disease [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1975; 132(11): 1221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Cho SC, et al. Desipramine treatment of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tics: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988; 27: 811–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hoge SK, Biederman J. A case of Tourette’s syndrome with symptoms of attention deficit disorder treated with desipramine. J Clin Psychiatry 1986; 47: 478–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lambert MV, Robertson MM. Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology and treatment. Epilepsia 1999; 40 Suppl. 10: S21–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Fuller RW, Wong DT. Serotonin reuptake blockers in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 36S–43S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hollander E. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders with SSRIs. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173(35): 7–12

    Google Scholar 

  48. Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Lilly European OCD Study Group. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1993; 3(2): 143–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Lenane MC, et al. A 2- to 7-year follow up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50(6): 429–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, et al. Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 577–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jenike MA, Baer, Summergrad P, et al. Sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison with placebo. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 923–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chouinard G, Goodman WK, Greist J, et al. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of a new serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990; 26: 279–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Thomsen PH. Child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with citalopram: findings from an open trial of 23 cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997; 7(3): 157–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Zohar J, Judge R. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169(4): 468–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mundo E, Bianchi L, Bellodi L. Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17(4): 267–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. DeVane CL, Pharm D, Sallee FR. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors in child and adolescent psychopharmacology: a review of published experience. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 55–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Riddle M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 35 Suppl. : 91–6

    Google Scholar 

  58. Flament MF, Rappoport JL, Berg CZ, et al. Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42(10): 977–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Riddle MA, Scahill L, King RA et al. Double blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31: 1062–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. March JS, Biederman J, Workow R, et al. Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280(20): 1752–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Riddle MA, King RA, Hardin MT, et al. Behavioral side effects of fluoxetine in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1991; 1: 193–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Eapen V, Trimble MR, Robertson MM. The use of fluoxetine in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive behaviours: preliminary clinical experience. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996; 20: 737–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pato MT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, et al. Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 127–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jenike MA, Baer L. An open trial of buspirone in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1285–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clonazepam treatment of obsessions and compulsions. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 158–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bodkin JA, White K. Clonazepam in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with panic disorder in one patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50: 265–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pratt J, Jenner P, Reynolds EH, et al. Clonazepam induces decreased serotoninergic activity in the mouse brain. Neuropharmacology 1979; 18: 791–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. McDougle CJ, Price LH, Goodman WK, et al. A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: lack of efficacy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11: 175–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stein DJ, Bouwer C, Hawkridge S, et al. Risperidone augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive and related disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(3): 119–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Jacobsen FM. Risperidone in the treatment of affective illness and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 423–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. King RA, Riddle MA, Goodman WK. Psychopharmacology of obsessive compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 1992; 58: 283–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rasmussen SA. Lithium and tryptophan augmentation in clomipramine resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1283–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Golden RN, Morris JE, Sack DA. Combined lithium-tricyclic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 181–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Jenike MA, Baer L, Buttolph L. Buspirone augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 13–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Markovitz PJ, Stagno SJ, Calabrese JR. Buspirone augmentation of fluoxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 798–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Pigott TA, L’Heurex F, Hill JL, et al. A double blind study of adjuvant buspirone hydrochloride in clomipramine treated patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12(1): 11–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Grady TA, Pigott TA, L’Heureux F, et al. Double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone for fluoxetine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150(5): 819–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. Limited therapeutic effect of addition of buspirone in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150(4): 647–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Figueroa Y, Rosenberg DR, Birmaher B, et al. Combination treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1998; 8(1): 61–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Leonard HL, Topol D, Bukstein O, et al. Clonazepam as an augmenting agent in the treatment of childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33(6): 792–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hand I. Out-patient, multi-modal behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173(35): 45–52

    Google Scholar 

  82. Salkovskis PM, Forrester E, Richards C. Cognitive-behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173(35): 53–63

    Google Scholar 

  83. O’Sullivan G, Nishirvani H, Marks L, et al. Six year follow up after exposure and clomipramine therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 150–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Foa, EB, Kozak MJ. Psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Mavissakalian MR, Prien RF, editors. Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996: 285–309

    Google Scholar 

  85. March JS, Mulle K, Herbei B. Behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial of a new protocol-driven treatment package. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33: 333–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Orloff LM, Battle MA, Baer L, et al. Long-term follow-up of 85 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 441–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Lucey JV, Butcher G, Clare AW, et al. The clinical characteristics of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: a descriptive study of an Irish sample. Ir J Psychol Med 1994; II: 11–4

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Rauchle H, et al. Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo. Results of a multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173(35): 71–8

    Google Scholar 

  89. Mindus P, Rauch SL, Nyman H, et al. Capsulotomy and cingulotomy as treatments for malignant obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Hollander E, Zohar J, Marazziti D, et al., editors. Current insights in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1994: 245–76

    Google Scholar 

  90. Baer L, Rauch SL, Ballantine Jr HT, et al. Cingulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder: prospective long-term follow-up of 18 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 384–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Graybiel AM. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 244–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Liebowitz MR, Hollander E, Schneier F, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 423–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Jenike MA, Buttolph L, Baer L, et al. Open trial of fluoxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 909–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Levine R, Hoffman JS, Knepple ED, et al. Long-term fluoxetine treatment of a large number of obsessive-compulsive patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 281–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Riddle MA, Hardin MT, King R, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s and obsessive compulsive disorders: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29(1): 45–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Como PG, Kurlan R. An open label trial of fluoxetine for obsessive compulsive disorder in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Neurology 1991; 41: 872–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kurlan R, Como PG, Deeley C et al. A pilot controlled study of fluoxetine for obsessive compulsive symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16(2): 167–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, et al. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette’s syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997; 7: 75–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. George MS, Trimble MR, Robertson MM. Fluvoxamine and sulpiride in comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Hum Psychopharmacol 1993; 8: 327–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Bruun RD, Budman CL. Paroxetine treatment of episodic rages associated with Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(11): 5812–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Bajo S, Battaglia M, Pegna C, et al. Citalopram and fluvoxamine in Tourette’s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38(3): 230–1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gonce M, Barbeau A. Seven cases of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. Can J Neurol Sci 1977; 4: 279–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kaim B. A case of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome treated with clonazepam. Brain Res Bull 1983; 11: 213–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Merikangas JR, Merikangas KR, Kopp U, et al. Blood choline and response to clonazepam and haloperidol in Tourette’s syndrome. Acta Psychiatry Scand 1985; 72: 395–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Truong DD, Bressman S, Shale H. Clonazepam, haloperidol, and clonidine in tic disorders. South Med J 1988; 81: 1103–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine refractory obsessive compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 302–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Delgado PL, Goodman WK, Price LH, et al. Fluvoxamine/pimozide treatment of concurrent Tourette’s and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 762–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Fennig S, Fennig SN, Pato M, et al. Emergence of symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome during fluvoxamine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164(6): 839–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Swedo SE, Leonard HL. Childhood movement disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55(3): 32–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Sandor P. Clinical management of Tourette’s syndrome and associated disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1995; 40: 577–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hawkridge S, Stein DJ, Bourwer C. Combined pharmacotherapy for TS and OCD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 703–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Anin, United Arab Emirates

    Valsamma Eapen

  2. Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, England

    Valsamma Eapen

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, England

    Mary M. Robertson

Authors
  1. Valsamma Eapen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary M. Robertson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valsamma Eapen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Eapen, V., Robertson, M.M. Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome. Mol Diag Ther 13, 173–183 (2000). https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200013030-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200013030-00004

Keywords

Search

Navigation