Comparative Study of E-government Enterprise Architecture by Primary Attributes of 3 Asian Countries

By Waseda University International e-Government Ranking, announced in 2012 the state of Singapore and Korea ranks first and third in the implementation of e-government. Whereas Indonesia ranks 33[6]. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the implementation of e-government Enterprise Architecture in Korea, Singapore and Indonesia. Stages of the research conducted is reviewing literature on TOGAF framework, define the attribute comparison, analysis of EA implementation in each country and do a comparison of the EA of both countries. Attributes used for comparison EA are business architecture, information systems architecture and technology architecture. Korea and Singapore divide business area into two business areas, namely public services and support services. Indonesia has tthree business area. Korea split by sector information system development while Singapore users group split based information system. Indonesia has 4 main application. Korea emphasizing mobile technology and the common component. While Singapore visible effort to increase the use of middleware. Indonesian technology solutions that enable information used accessed through various devices.


Introduction
According to Jaap Schekkerman (2008), EA is a complete expression of the enterprise; a master plan that acts as a power to do collaboration between aspects of business planning such as goals, visions, strategies and governance principles; aspects of business operations such as business constraints, the organizational structure, processes and data; aspects of automation such as information systems and databases, and technological infrastructure of the business such as computers, operating systems and networks.[2] Why EA? EA is part of an ongoing development, not a project.EA is a unity of principles, methods and models used in the design and realization of organizational structure, business processes, information systems and infrastructure of an enterprise.EA describes the essence of the business, and the evolution of information technology.There are several roles of the EA.The first role is to provide an overview of how information technology can support the enterprise in achieving the vision and mission of the business strategy.The second role is to provide the opportunity for the enterprise to run a better business.The third role is to support business strategies that are constantly evolving, the fourth role is to direct and motivate the development of information technology activities [1].
Based on the UN e-Government Development Index Ranking in 2010, Korea won the first ranking of e-Government implementation of several countries that was ranked [8].Based on Waseda University International e-Government Ranking, announced in 2012, Singapore ranks first in the implementation of e-government and followed by USA and Korea.Whereas Indonesia ranks 33 [6].
This paper will describe the comparison of egovernment EA that have been implemented in Singapore , Korea and Indonesia.Additionally, it will be known excess of EA implementation in Korea and Singapore so that the two countries could lead to motivation for other countries to develop the EA in accordance with the conditions of each country.

TOGAF Architecture Development Method
TOGAF was developed by the Open Group in 1995.TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) gives an overview of how to create an EA of a particular organization in accordance with business needs.The scope of TOGAF implementation are products and services that are in the domain of business and industry, technical infrastructure based on open system building blocks, the definition of EA that include business process architecture, application architecture, data architecture, and technology architecture.[1] Figure 1 shows that the phases of the EA development method using the TOGAF framework is as follows: Preliminary: Framework and Principles, Architecture Vision, Business Architecture, Information Systems Architecture (formed from the Data Architecture and Application Architecture), Technology Architecture, Opportunities & Solutions, Migration Planning, Implementation Architecture Governance and Change Management.[1] Based on Figure 1, TOGAF architecture has three main sections of EA which are:

Methods
To carry out this research, we conducted several research stages as follows: 1. Review of the literature Conducting literature review may take a few resources.The information collected from several sources such as the books that discuss EA, research articles which can be downloaded from the internet, the official website of the government of each country and other sites that contain information about the implementation of EA, and EA implementation brochures.2. Determine the primary attribute to compare EA.At this stage, the study will be related to one of the EA framework that is currently widely used, TOGAF.With a review of the stages of development of the EA will be able to know the primary attributes of an EA.The primary attribute will be used to compare the EA of the three countries.

Analysis of EA implementation in each country
At this stage, the EA implementation will be analyzed in each country based on the primary attributes.4. Comparative analysis of the EA implementation of three countries At this stage, the EA implementation of three countries will be compared based on the primary attribute.

Identification of Key Attributes Comparison
Based on the process of development and implementation of EA using the TOGAF framework as shown in Figure 1, there are nine stages of development of the EA implementation.Based on nine stages of the development of the primary attributes that will be used to compare the implementation of EA in both countries are: business architecture, information systems architecture and technology architecture.

Business Architecture
Korean government handles 2 types of services which are public services and supporting services.Public Service has 10 service area consists of 36 categories as shown in Table 1.The service areas consist of residents, environment, infrastructure, knowledge activities, social welfare, public health, culture and public life safety.Detail category of each service area can be seen in Table I [4].
The supporting services have 8 service areas that consists of 38 categories.Service type in the supporting area are audit, customer relations, legal, business management, human resources, finance, informatization, and general administration.Detail of the supporting service category can be seen in Table II [4].

Information System Architecture
Based on the National Information Society Agency obtained information that the total e-Gov projects are developed based on e-Gov framework as much as 293 project.Table 3 contains

Technology Architecture
Based on the eGovFrame Korea, it is used to focus on the use of Open Source

Runtime Environment
Runtime environment is a common module consisted of 6 service layers which are presentation, biz logic, persistence, integration, and foundation to run functions.There are 38 services such as IoC, Spring MVC, etc. type of services can be seen in table IV [3].

Operation Environment
Operation environment provides communication tools for efficient information system operation and monitoring tools for eGovFrame based applications [3].

Common Component
Common component are a set of reusable common modules when develop systems.Currently, 229 common component including mobile are provided [3].

Utilization of eGovFrame
eGovFrame provides information system lifecycle management functions across: analysis, design, implementation, test, and deploy [3].

Mobile eGovFrame
Template-based mobile services can be implemented by leveraging eGovFrame UX functions (runtime environment) and mobile common components [3].

Business Architecture
Singapore government has two business areas, namely services to public and corporate and supporting services.Services to the public consists of 24 Lines of Business and Corporate Services and Supporting consists of 9 Line of Business.A total of 33 Line of Business and 137 Business Functions.Detailed of public services can be seen in Table VI [5].
Public services related to external parties that citizens, business and public stakeholders.While corporate and supporting services related to the internal government employees.The detailed list of the corporate and supporting services can be seen in Table VII [5].

Information System Architecture
The three main program is program developed for citizens, businesses and government.

Programs for citizens
Programs developed for citizens include: Access to Archives Online, Charity Portal, Citizen Connect, data.gov.sg,Donor Care @ HSA, e-Visitor, E-Withdrawal, eCitizen Portal, Enhanced Immigration Automated Clearance System (eIACS), iCanBook, mGov @ SG, Mobile Government, my cpf, OneInbox, Online Consultation Portal, Reaching Everyone for Active Citizenry @ Home (REACH), Singapore Online Search Engine, SingPass, Subordinate Court System, The Electronic Medical Record Exchange (EMRX), The National Service Portal (NS Portal), The Singapore Government Online Portal (gov.sg),TRUST, and web Content Accessibility Guidelines [7].

Program for government.
Programs developed for government include Cloud Computing for Government, Cube, Government Web Service Exchange, Infocomm Security Masterplan, Knowledge Management, Networked Management, Public Service Infrastructure, Singapore Government Enterprise Architecture (SGEA), Standard Operating Environment (SOE), Web Service , Whole-of-Government Enterprise Architecture (EA WOG), and Workplace of the Future [7].

Technology Architecture
Technology architecture consists of several components, namely security, application, collaboration and workflow, middleware, data management, internet and intranet, platforms, networks, and distributed management environment.Technical Reference Model can be seen in Figure 2 [5].

Business Architecture
There are three purposes of the e-government in Indonesia, namely: administration, public services and partnerships.Administration aims to improve the efficiency of state expenditures for administrative activities.Public service aims to connect between the government and the public.Partnership aims to establish interaction with all stakeholders government, business and citizens.Table VIII describes the functions and domains in e-government [9].

Information System Architecture
Four main applications in the information system architecture of Indonesian e-Government framework are e-administration, e-Citizen, e-Services and e-Society [9].

Technology Architecture
Technology solutions enable information used accessed through various devices such as computers, laptops, mobile phones (m-Government), or other electronic devices (u-Government).Illustration u-Government can be seen in Figure 2. Presentation related to the appearance of the application that can be accessed by the user.Various applications are stored in a server application.The data that can be accessed by the application are stored in the database server so that it can be accessed through the network in the form of an ethernet network (LAN), Network ring (WAN), and the internet [9].

EA Implementation comparisons between the three countries
This section will discuss EA comparison of Korea, Singapore and Indonesia.The description is based on a comparison of each primary attribute comparison.
Table IX shows the comparison of business architecture of the three countries.Korea and Singapore have two business areas, namely public services and supporting services.Korea has 10 areas of public services (36 categories) and 8 service areas (38 categories).Korea has a total of 76 categories of service.Singapore has 24 public services and 9 corporate and support services.There are 137 business functions in Singapore whereas Indonesia has 3 business area, namely administration, public services and partnerships.Table X shows the comparison of information system architecture of the three countries.Korea split information system development by sector while Singapore split information system by user groups.Indonesia has 4 main applications in the information system architecture namely eadministration, e-Citizen, e-Services and e-Society.Table XI below shows the comparison of Technology Architecture of the three countries.In the table shows that Korea emphasize in the mobile technology and the common component.By using the common component we can improve the use of components simultaneously so that the software development process can be faster and avoid redundancy.On the other hand, Singapore has visible effort to increase the use of middleware.Singapore gives attention to the management of information technology that distributed across multiple locations.Indonesian government provides technology solutions that enable information used accessed through various devices such as computers, laptops, mobile phones (m-Government), or other electronic devices (u-Government).

Conclusion
In this study, the attributes used for EA comparison are business architecture, information systems architecture, and technology architecture.Business architecture in Korea and Singapore are divided into two business areas, namely public services and support services.Korea has 10 areas of public services (36 categories) and 8 service area (38 categories).Singapore has 24 public and 9 services and corporate and supporting services.Indonesia has 3 business areas.Korea split information system development by sector while Singapore split information system based on users group.Indonesia has 4 main applications.
Korea emphasizing the mobile technology and the common component while Singapore visible effort to increase the use of middleware.Singapore gives attention to the management of information technology that distributed across multiple locations.
Indonesia government provides technology solutions that enable information used accessed through various devices.

Fig 1 .
Fig 1. Process development and implementation TOGAF EA [1] several egovernment projects that have been developed in 2009-2012.There are 18 sectors of e-government development carried out within a period of 3 years.Detail of the sectors are Administration, Transportation, Education, Medical, Military, Customs, Agriculture, Land, Local Government, Resident, Statistics, Social Security, Media, Patent, Tax, Port, Culture, and Athletics [3].

TABLE I PUBLIC
[4]VICE[4] Business Open/ Closure, Tax/ Charges, Jobs/ Labor, Assets, Consumer Protection, Industry Support, Trade/ Commerce culture life Culture/Art, Leisure Activities public safety Emergency, Public Order, Trial, security . Features of open source is used in several activities such as function design, policy setting, logical test, and physical test.Phase of function design and architecture defines the basic functions, the policy defines the policy settings for the selection of open source software.
[3]elopment environment consists of four major tools which are implementation tools, testing tools, configuration management tools, and deployment tools.It consists of 11 services such as editing, debugging, and others.All of services are used to develop an efficient e-Government implementation.Table III contains details of services provided by each of the major tool[3].