Nutritional Biochemistry of Imbalanced Dietary Systems in Rats

Food is of great role in human health. The best goal in this concept is variety in the diet and moderation. This hypothesis has been observed on bases of nutritional biochemistry. A single food, i.e., Phaseolus bean, was used at rates of 30, 50, and 100% replacements of the basal diet for aged rats. It was clear that the higher rate of morbidity and mortality due to this sort of malnutrition, or semistarvation, has been associated with some biological changes. Although beans are rich in containing proteins, the partial replacement of this plant food origin at 30% has shown to be a good help in keeping an optimal body weight (BW) of those aged animals, but any more degree of replacement has seen to be vital in affecting the animal health, hence 50% or over might resulted in animal death. It seemed that 25% may be useful in maintaining BW, meanwhile, a further rate of this plant origin replacement up to a specific level should be an effective way in treating obesity if used in a proper dietary system. In more details, organ morphologies and histopathological examination of some of which as spleen, brain, and liver are greatly affected by imbalanced diets. In another word, the metabolic differences rolled up by this sort of feeding negatively affected liver and brain expectancy or longevity. A number of tissues up normality, such as liver tissues dilatation and congestion of hepatoportal vessels, hepatocytes karyomegaly nuclei, congestion of central vein, and granular degeneration of hepatocytes with both most higher rates of replacement groups. Moreover, there were focal gliosis, pyknosis of neurons, brain edema, and hemorrhage in cerebrum and cerebellum in brain of the same groups. It is obvious that all these organ dysfunctions are frequently occurred as a response to these and similar kind of malnutrition, other than energy one, that has been existed for a long enough time. This weak homeostatic system has been shown as less control on the metabolic constants such as blood glucose (G), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). All those are most likely correlated with the organs subclinical defects mentioned before. It seems that this biological control that actually supported in the presence of balanced diet can be a biological up regulatory mechanisms, and the death eventually occurs due to a protein catabolic pathway due to a protein, the quality but not only quantity, malnutrition. It is an emergence metabolic system (EMS) that runs for longer time caused by a strengthen need for some micronutrients as well as high rate of nitrogenous metabolite accumulation. This protein turnover in such high rates beyond the biological capacity of both intracellular and extracellular compartments negatively affect the whole biological system including cells, tissues, organs, and eventually the blood chemistry as well. Refeeding with a proper system of animal high quality protein and some micronutrients might be vital. INTRODUCTION Food is of greatest role on human health. Food shouldn’t be judged in isolation, but in relation to the total diet and the individual’s needs (Guthre, 1993(1)). In selecting food moderation is a virtue. Moderate of calories and balanced 905 Bull High Inst Public Health Vol.37 No.4 [2007] nutrients are neckties to provide essential requirements. A 10 to 15% RDA calories from food of limited nutritional value is reasonable, more can lead to nutritional problems (Guthre, 1993)(1). Although the food production has markedly increased according to the world total production, several areas in this earth are suffering from food shortage. Understanding the biology of hunger might be one great step to rescue those people wherever they are. Biologically, however, with starvation progress and lean body (LB) mass decrease, both BMR and protein oxidation decrease. It has been very early to state that one of the most consistent autopsy findings of animal and human who died of pure starvation is the virtual absence of depot fat, both subcutancously and inernally (Keys et al., 1950)(2). In subjects ingesting hypocaloric diets, the effect of initial adiposity on protein turn over (PTO) and composition of N loss in relation to other confounding variables, e.g., composition of dieting, exercise, etc. is not fully understood. However, brain, gonads and skeleton appeared to be preferentially preserved (Elia, 1991, Forbes and Drenick 1979)(3,4). The biology of starvation stress has been explored at level of enzymes, hormones and genetics most recently (Harbison, et al., 2005(5); Mackay, 2005(6); Lee et al., 1999(7), Lee et al., 2000(8); Schadt et al., 2003(9); Teichert et al., 1989(10); Zinke et al., 2002(11); Nelson et al., 1995(12); and Seglen and Bohley 1992)(13). These studies involved man, animals, insects, and microorganisms. Moreover, relation between diet and hormonal balance was observed (Ahmed et al., 2003(14)). In this concern, Svanberg et al., (2000)(15) evaluated the effect of insulin like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) in complex with binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) compared to the effect of free IGF-I on muscle protein biosynthesis in undernourished animals. The female Sprague–Dawley rats (200 g) El-Dakak et al., 906 were initially semistarved in order to carry out this investigation. The rhIGFI/rhIGFBP-3 (SomatoKine) was a significant stimulator of muscle protein synthesis in chronically semistarved animals whereas IGF-I alone failed to increase protein synthesis during the same experimental conditions. This stimulation was because of increased initiation of translation, likely induced by more physiologic concentrations/kinetics of plasma IGF-I and amino acids following rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 treatment, compared to IGF-I in its free form (Svanberg et al., 2000)(15). Likewise, the effects of dietary restriction on the kinetics of absorption in vivo of glucose, galactose and alphamethyl glucoside were assessed by electrical and chemical methods in the rat jejunum. Fasting for 3 days greatly decreased the apparent Kms obtained from electrical or chemical data for all the sugars but had no effect on those for Lvaline or L-methionine. Semistarvation caused a less pronounced reduction of the apparent Kms for the sugars. The dietaryinduced change in apparent Km for glucose was also observed in the fasted hamster. One interpretation of these changes is that the affinity of the carriers for sugars increases during dietary restriction, the greater the level of restriction the greater the increase . A standard diet obtained from two commercial sources was found to differ greatly in its effect on the electrogenic transfer system for alpha-methyl glucoside but had no effect on those for galactose and glucose (Debnam and Levin, 1975(16). From a metabolic point of view, previous work in humans and rats has revealed a link between perinatal growth retardation and glucose intolerance in adulthood. Both maternal semistarvation and severe diabetes are accompanied by 907 Bull High Inst Public Health Vol.37 No.4 [2007] perinatal growth retardation in rats. This study compared the effect of these conditions on tissue glucose uptake in their female offspring. Glucose uptake was measured as glucose metabolic index (GMI), using 2-deoxy[1-3H]-glucose, in the postabsorptive state and during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (Holemans, et al., 1997)(17). The GMI was measured in insulin-sensitive tissues, e.g., skeletal muscles, diaphragm and white adipose tissue and in two noninsulin-sensitive tissues such as duodenum and brain of adult offspring of normal dames. Dames rendered diabetic with streptozotocin on d 11 of pregnancy, and dames fed halfnormal rations from d 11 of pregnancy. Whole-body insulin resistance, measured by decreased glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinemia was milder in offspring of semistarved rats (O-SR) than in offspring of diabetic rats (O-DR) (Holemans, et al, 1997(17)). The basal GMI did not differ among the three groups in any tissue except tibialis anterior; during hyperinsulinemia, GMI was significantly greater in the insulin-sensitive tissues of all three groups. GMI of skeletal muscles and adipose tissue during hyperinsulinemia did not differ between control rats and O-SR; in contrast, the GMI was 25-50% lower in skeletal muscles of O-DR during hyperinsulinemia than in those of control rats or O-SR. Thus, maternal semistarvation and diabetes have dissimilar effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity of the adult female offspring. Because both conditions are associated with perinatal growth retardation and fetal hypoinsulinemia, other mechanisms must be identified to explain impaired glucose uptake by skeletal muscles in the offspring of diabetic rats (Holemans, et al., 1997)(17). The other mechanisms must be identified to explain impaired glucose, or any other nutrient, uptake by skeletal muscle upon semistarvation or some sort of diabetes is what so called the El-Dakak et al., 908 emergence metabolic system of a protein catabolic status (EMS). To put it more clear, some biological factors other than loosing weight or factor other than the shift in base metabolic ratio (BMR) may posses the main reason to death. The other metabolites that deviated with sever reduction in energy were the elevation of some blood parameters (Ahmed et al., 2006)(18). More accurate investigation is conducted to biologically explore this metabolic conjugation. It is clear that this emergence catabolic status of proteins ECS saves the animals, but its existence for longer time may posses a reverse effect. In another word, this ECS is a sort of hormonal oxidative imbalance, which abuses the biological system at the long run(18). Here, Attkin’s diet, as a reverse condition to starvation, may be used as a suitable answer for such scientific confusion. Here, we are observing the metabolic changes in conjugation with consuming imbalanced diet for longer run in order to figure out the real metabolic complication that lead to death. One m


INTRODUCTION
Food is of greatest role on human health.Food shouldn't be judged in isolation, but in relation to the total diet and the individual's needs (Guthre, 1993 (1) ).In selecting food moderation is a virtue.

Moderate of calories and balanced
Bull High Inst Public Health Vol.37 No. 4 [2007]   nutrients are neckties to provide essential requirements.A 10 to 15% RDA calories from food of limited nutritional value is reasonable, more can lead to nutritional problems (Guthre, 1993) (1) .Although the food production has markedly increased according to the world total production, several areas in this earth are suffering from food shortage.Understanding the biology of hunger might be one great step to rescue those people wherever they are.
Biologically, however, with starvation progress and lean body (LB) mass decrease, both BMR and protein oxidation decrease.It has been very early to state that one of the most consistent autopsy findings of animal and human who died of pure starvation is the virtual absence of depot fat, both subcutancously and inernally (Keys et al., 1950) (2) .In subjects ingesting hypocaloric diets, the effect of initial adiposity on protein turn over (PTO) and composition of N loss in relation to other confounding variables, e.g., composition of dieting, exercise, etc. is not fully understood.However, brain, gonads and skeleton appeared to be preferentially preserved (Elia, 1991, Forbes and Drenick 1979) (3,4) .
More accurate investigation is conducted to biologically explore this metabolic conjugation.It is clear that this emergence catabolic status of proteins ECS saves the animals, but its existence for longer time may posses a reverse effect.In another word, this ECS is a sort of hormonal oxidative imbalance, which abuses the biological system at the long run (18) .Here, Attkin's diet, as a reverse condition to starvation, may be used as a suitable answer for such scientific confusion.
Here  (20) has been carried out as one of the main factor for the biological evaluation.The blood picture in rat's specimens, i.e., blood glucose (G) and triglycerides (TG) were examined as described by Dacie and Lowis (1984) (21) .

Histopathological examination of liver and brain:
The organs were collected and post-mortal examination was done as soon as possible.Fixation was done in 10% of natural formalin, dehydrated, cleared, and ended paraffin then sectioned at (4-6 mm), and stained with Harris hematoxylin, and casein for histopathological examination (Frankel and Reitman, 1963) (24) .Data have been expressed as main of six animal measurements.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Food has a greatest effect on human health.One of the scientific ways to explore the ranges of this fact is the starvation and semistarvation studies.In the current investigation on rats, the trial was carried out on male animals of almost the same weight and age.The most important fact that may extracted from problems (Guthre, 1993) (1) .In this respect, diets containing more CHO, however, have been reported to be associated with greater hunger (Davies et al., 1984) (25) .
More variations are also recorded in case of organs morphology.Table (2)   demonstrated that spleen and liver are greatly affected by imbalanced dietary system, followed in this respect with lung.
However, the changes did not make any particular trend, but must be connected to a physiological disorder, which is diet dependent in particular.This, as a matter of fact, was proved in some blood analysis.As seen in Table (3,)   semistarvation caused a strong elevation in both blood glucose and total triglycerides, which is a kind of metabolic disorder.Actually, the total cholesterol shows similar trend, but with a little variation.These metabolic changes must be correlated with the damage of body tissues and cells out of hunger or by using the stored protein more frequently as an emergent metabolic system (EMS).Here, protein catabolism is important, not only as an alternative source of fuel, but also as a source for amino acids.Teichert et al., (1989) (10) mentioned that Lysosomal (vacuolar) proteinases of yeast are essential catalysts for protein degradation, differentiation, and cell survival.In fact, one purpose of EMS is to secure a steadily proper secretion of these enzymes (Gottesman and Maurizi, 2001) (26) .

Group
Likewise, and according to the tissues histopathology, the metabolic differences rolled up by the imbalanced diet are connected with organ, i.e., liver and brain's expectancy.Tables 4 and 5  There is no doubt that the degree of imbalancing in diet in long run negatively affects the biological system in those organs.
, but according to the present data, an animal protein formula is the answer.In this concept, the EMS is mainly a sort of catabolism reaction directed by hormones such as epinephrine.This may Bull High Inst Public Health Vol.37 No. 4 [2007]   explore the raising up of TC.The elevation of TC to some extant has been found to associate organ enlargement and hormonal imbalance (Ahmed et al.,   2005) (28) .
Although dietary therapy of muscle degradation with aging or due to EMS is not simple with the absence of a proper hormonal deviation, starving and semistarving data may help in aging studies.The increase in muscle strength and size, however, was not influenced by the predominant source of protein consumed by older men with adequate total protein intake (Haub, et al., 2002) (29) .
Fernandez et al., (1995) (31) , for instance, studied the effect of epinephrine administration on the metabolism of red and white muscle and found it inducing plasma metabolites with overall significant glycogen depletion.
In conclusion, this study may prove another biological parameters for death other than loosing BW.This is true in our data.Death, however, is not connected only with losing fat free bodies as stated before (Elia, 1991) (4) (32) .The availability of the precursor anorexia nervosa (Broocks, et al., 1989) (32) .
Actually, this hormonal oxidative imbalance induced by severe long existed hungers can not be corrected without a sort of an urgent dietary therapy.For example, Rodriguez et al., (2002) (33) found that olive oil induced an up regulating effect on uncoupling protein gene mRNA that was probably not mediated by systemic metabolic changes, but rather related to local effect on interscapular brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle..
Further investigation should be designed to accurately help and secure hunger people.More accurate investigation is conducted to biologically explore this metabolic conjugation, in which, more metabolic pathways are observed, besides, until that, new dense diet of proteins and antioxidants from animal and plant origin are being tailored.

REFERENCES
growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) in complex with binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) compared to the effect of free IGF-I on muscle protein biosynthesis in undernourished animals.The female Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were initially semistarved in order to carry out this investigation.The rhIGFanimals whereas IGF-I alone failed to increase protein synthesis during the same experimental conditions.This stimulation was because of increased initiation of translation, likely induced by more physiologic concentrations/kinetics of plasma IGF-I and amino acids following rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 treatment, compared to IGF-I in its free form (Svanberg et al., 2000) , the effects of dietary restriction on the kinetics of absorption in vivo of glucose, galactose and alphamethyl glucoside were assessed by electrical and chemical methods in the rat jejunum.Fasting for 3 days greatly decreased the apparent Kms obtained from electrical or chemical data for all the sugars but had no effect on those for Lvaline or L-methionine.Semistarvation caused a less pronounced reduction of the apparent Kms for the sugars.The dietaryinduced change in apparent Km for glucose was also observed in the fasted hamster.One interpretation of these changes is that the affinity of the carriers for sugars increases during dietary restriction, the greater the level of restriction the greater the increase .
other mechanisms must be identified to explain impaired glucose, or any other nutrient, uptake by skeletal muscle upon semistarvation or some sort of diabetes is what so called the emergence metabolic system of a protein catabolic status (EMS).To put it more clear, some biological factors other than loosing weight or factor other than the shift in base metabolic ratio (BMR) may posses the main reason to death.The other metabolites that deviated with sever reduction in energy were the elevation of some blood parameters (Ahmed et al., vein and granular degeneration of hepatocytes have been disposed to liver of both groups 3 and 4. synthesis and muscle hypertrophy by providing creatinine as one of the dietary solution.But, to control the action of epinephrine, insulin alone might not help as a main anabolic direction to cure. of the protein synthesis apparatus.The protein and insulin administration regulate S6K1 activity in skeletal muscles(Bigot et al., 2003) tyrosine, as indicated by the ratio of plasma tyrosine to the large neutral amino acids, was significantly decreased in semistarvation (p<0.0001);hyperactivity caused a further decrease (p<0.001),indicating that tyrosine availability is not, under these conditions, a limiting factor for noradrenaline turnover.The combined influence of semistarvation and hyperactivity on central catecholamine turnover in the rat is discussed as an animal model for the effects of malnutrition and heavy exercise often observed in Bull High Inst Public Health Vol.37 No.4 [2007] mice has been found to elicit a selective argenine deficiency and affects skin, muscles, and lymphoid development.The death due to long time of starvation, therefore, may involves immune dysfunction deposited in accordance to the hormonal imbalance and the fallen down of organ expectancy.Liver, in particular, is a real scientific adjunct to that issue due to its role in protein synthesis.Undernutrition compromises barrier function, allowing easier access by pathogens, and compromises immune function, decreasing the ability of the host to eliminate pathogens once they enter the body.Along with undernutrition, infection is becoming the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world.Complex interactions are existed between these two threatening problems (Calder and Jackson, 2000) , we are observing the metabolic Animals and Rationales: Male Albinoadult rats sorgue-Dawley western strains aged 3 months have been selected of average weight 310+/-10g.These 24 (4x6) animals were obtained from the biological unit of FTRI, ARC, Cairo.All rats fed on basal diet consisted of 10% protein, 10%