Age Distribution Patterns of Mite ,Some Predator and Piercing Sucking Insects Inhabiting Faba Bean as A Method for Prediction of Reproductive Capabilities and Their Relationships to Phenols Leaf Content

Citation: Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci. (A. Entomology) Vol. 11(4)pp: 99108 (2018) Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences is the official English language journal of the Egyptian Society for Biological Sciences, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Shams University. Entomology Journal publishes original research papers and reviews from any entomological discipline or from directly allied fields in ecology, behavioral biology, physiology, biochemistry, development, genetics, systematics, morphology, evolution, control of insects, arachnids, and general entomology. www.eajbs.eg.net Provided for non-commercial research and education use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use.


INTRODUCTION
Faba bean (Vicia Faba) is a very important economic crop, and ranks first as a source of plant proteins in Egypt.This crop is attacked by numerous of pests as phytophagous mite ; Tetranychus urticae and sucking insects as two species of aphids such as Aphis craccivora and Myzus persicae , white fly; Bemisia tabaci, and leaf hopper ; Empoasca sp .that cause serious damage to plants, (Sherif et al., 1994 ;Mohamoud et al. ;1996 andEl-Komi(2006) and transmit viral diseases.Also faba bean is a main source to feed .The above mentioned pests are associated with predatory insects ; Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Orius sp.; Coccinella undecimpunctata ,and Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.)were found on faba bean (Yasarakinci and Hincal ,1999)and (Abou-Elhagag andsalman ,2001 andHashem et al .,2009).
The population age distribution predicts the future changes in arthropod populations.The population age distribution is evaluated using age pyramid and graphically illustrated to shows the distribution of various age stages for different species of mites and sucking insects (Gadau et at .,2009;Elsadany 2012).The population age distribution has three patterns, the first pattern is expanding age distribution this means that the total percentages of immature stages for certain species of pests or predators is larger than percentage of adult stage and this pattern maybe expect that in the future will increasing in population .Also this pattern has high fertility rates and express it with expanding population pyramid, where the pyramid form is very wide at the base.
The second pattern is decline age distribution which means that the total percentages of immature stages and egg stage is less than percentage of adult stage for certain species of pests or predators .The third pattern of age distribution is stable or stationary pattern because the total percentage of immature stages and egg stage is equal or relatively equal to percentage of adult stage for certain species of pests or predators and this pattern maybe expect that stable in the future (Elsadany ,2012) .Phenols are present in all plants ,and act as defensive system against pests (Sharma et al.,2009 andWar, et al. ,2012 ).Plant phenols are consider secondary metabolites which play important role in plant defense against insects by increasing the leaf toughness which reduces the feeding by herbivores hence the quantities of phenols in infested leaves by mite are less than un infested leaves and these compounds reduce fecundity of mite female (Sharma et al .,2009;Waretal2012 andEllaithy et al 2017).Relationships between phenols , predator insects and sucking pests were found in faba bean (Elsadany and El-Shamy,2016) at Kafr Elsheikh Governorate .This study aims to the following points: 1-Determination age distribution pattern of some pests and predatory insects to predict their reproductive capabilities and probability of the continuation in the future on faba bean cultivars.2-Study effect of total phenols in leaflets of faba bean on occurrence of mite , some piercing sucking insects and some predatory insects .

MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was carried out at sakha Agricultural Research Station farm , Kafr Elsheik Governorate , Egypt during 2013/2014 season.The experimental area divided into four plots for each cultivar of faba bean each plot area was 1/200 of feddan .Every cultivar was replicated three times in a completely randomized block design.Three cultivars of faba bean (vicia faba); Giza716, Giza40 and Sakha3 were sown on 14 November during study season .The normal agricultural practices were applied without pesticide treatments .
To estimate total population of eggs and developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch, while nymphs and adults for leafhoppers (Empoasca sp.) .About fifteen leaflets representing three levels (upper, middle , lower) of plant of each plot for each cultivar of faba bean were taken randomly every two weeks.The number of immature stages and adults of leafhoppers was directly counted in early morning in the field by lens while immature stages of the other insects and mite were inspected in the laboratory by stereomicroscope.For investigation immature stages (nymphs and adults) of aphids; Aphis craccivora koch and Myzus persicae, while (eggs, larvae, adults)for the predator insect as Aphidoletes aphidimyza , (eggs, larvae, pupae adults) for the other predator insect chrysoperla carnea steph.Five branches were selected randomly from each plot for each cultivars of faba bean.Each branch in paper bag and it was transferred to laboratory to counting individuals of aphids and the predator insects by suitable lens.The samples were taken after 42 days of sowing and continued until end of the season .Some development stages of pests species , predatory insects were put it in alcohol 70% till identification by Taxonomy Department , plant protection research Institute.Total phenols were estimated in faba bean leaflets according to William (2005) but the phenol reagent was folin ciocalteu (Elsadany and El-shamy,2016) instead of folin reagent .

Data Analysis:
The obtained data were statistically analyzed by using Duncan's Multiple Rang Test (1955).Also simple correlation according to Snedecor and Cochran (1988) were calculated by Minitab program (2007).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Age Distribution Patterns of Arthropods: Data in Fig.
(1) reveal that the age distribution pattern of T. urticae is a declining pattern on G.716 faba bean cultivar where the adult stage was represented by100% .This means that phytophagous mite maybe decrease in the future on this cultivar of faba bean.Both of Sakha3 and G.40 were free from mite infestation during 2013/2014 season at Kafr Elsheikh region.These results are in disagreement with Elsadany (2012) who found that age distribution of T. urticae on cotton and clover plants affected by motors was expanding population this means that pest may increase in the future .The results in Fig.
(2) demonstrated that the age distribution of the predatory insect ; Chrysoperla carnea on G.716 cultivar was expanding where the percentage of adult stage was 36.36% less than egg stage which was 63.64% egg .Chrysoperla carnea is represented by a stationary pattern on sakha3 cultivar as in Fig .(3) hence percentage of eggs represent 50%and percentage of adult stage about 50% of total abundance of predator insect this means that this pattern in the future will stable where fertility rate equal to mortality rate ,and the larval stage was not detected .4) indicated that age distribution of Chrysoperla carnea on G.40 cultivar is decline pattern .The adult stage occurred as 90% , while egg stage occurred as 10% of total abundance of this predator.Thus, the population of the predator is going to decrease.The larval stage did not found.
These results are in disagreement to Elsadany (2012)who found that the age distribution of C. carnea was expanding on clover at low traffic density location .The result in figure 12 demonstrated that the age distribution pattern of Empoasca sp. is expanding population where age pyramid form is wide at the base ,which indicates that there is an increase in fertility rate, where nymph stage is represented by 74.50% ,but the adult stage is represented by25.50% on leaflets G.40 cultivar of faba bean.1).
These results are in agreement with Magouz et al .(2006)they found that correlation between concentration of total phenols and mean population of T. cucurbitacearum on soybean cultivars was negative but not significant .
Also, these results are similar to Elsadany and El-Shamy( 2016) who mentioned that correlation between total phenols in G.843 cultivars of faba bean and mean population of mites species was negative and not significant .Also Table (1) showed that the correlation between predator insects and total phenols in G.716 cultivar of faba bean was positive but insignificant.
Data in table (1) revealed that relationships between mean populations aphids species , jassids ,and total phenols were negative or positive insignificant on three cultivar of faba bean. .These results are in contrast with Awadalla et al .(2013)who mentioned that population density of Aphis craccivora correlated with total phenols but the correlation was negative significant on different varieties of faba bean .Also these results partially agree with those Elsadany and El-Shamy (2016) who found that the correlation between population of moving stages of piercing sucking pests and total phenols was not significant positive on faba bean G.843 cultivar.
Also these results are similar with El-Srand (2013) who found that population of piercing sucking insect ; white fly.correlated with total phenols but it was negatively insignificant on variety of faba bean.
Also these results are in agreement with (Awadalla et al .,2013;Elsadany and El-Shamy,2016) they mentioned that the correlation between Empoasca spp .and total phenols was positive but not significant on different varieties of faba bean .

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Population age distribution of different stages of Tetranychus urticae on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Population age distribution of different stages of Chrysoperla carnea on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region .

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4 .Population age distribution of different stages of Chrysoperla carnea on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region.

Fig. 5 .
Fig.5.Population age distribution of different stages of Aphidoletes aphidimyza on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region.

Fig. 7 .
Fig.7.Population age distribution of different stages of Aphis spp. on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region.

Fig. 9 .
Fig.9.Population age distribution of different stages of Aphis spp. on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region.

Fig. 12 .
Fig. 12. Population age distribution of different stages of Empoasca sp. on faba bean plants during 2013/2014 season at Kafr El-Sheikh region.

Age Distribution for Pests and Predator Insect in Each Age Distribution Pattern: 1-
Mite species was identified by Acarology of Fruit Research Department.Account Account population age structure this means number of individuals of each stage of development stages for each pest species or predator insect species where both adults and post reproductive forms of males and females are grouped together .2-Account percentage for each stage of development stages for each pest species or predator insect species .3-The data are represented in form age pyramid which shows the distribution of various age stages of population pest or predator insect .Age pyramid expresses the relative widths of successive horizontal bars which expresses population growth based on population age data to be used in predicting the future distribution arthropods .

Table ( 1
) Correlation (r) between total phenols leaflets content in different cultivars of faba bean and mite species, predator insects and some piercing sucking insects during 2013/2014 season Kafr Elsheikh region.