Effect of Dietary Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Adults

yndrome X is distinguished by the co-occurrence of determinants that are unquestionably linked to an increase in the chance of experiencing chronic illnesses like adult-onset diabetes and coronary artery disease. Addressing modifiable lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, is essential in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study investigated the evaluating the effectiveness of dietary interventions on MetS risk factors among a sample of adults. The research involved a six-month dietary intervention program conducted on fifty adults aged from 20 to 60 years targeting high-risk individuals with MetS. An individualized balanced diet was tailored, and anthropometric assessments biochemical analyses


INTRODUCTION
The International Diabetes Federation has developed a description of the criteria of MetS including having a waist circumference of more than 94 and 80 centimeters for males and women respectively, as well as the presence of more than two or equal of the subsequent circu-mstances: FBG levels above 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) or confirmed diabetes, levels of HDL-c for men 40 mg/dl and 50 mg/dl for females, or drug to cure low HDL-c, 150 mg/dl of blood TG or medication therapy for high TG and Blood pressure greater than 130/85 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or hypertension (HTN)  Among obese Egyptian college students, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 24.37 % in a study involving eight hundred obese participants with (BMI >30Kg/m2) their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years old from October 6th, Cairo and Misr University for Science and Technology universities conducted from April 2011 to April 2013 (Ahmed et al., 2014), While a study by Mahrous et al., illustrated that the prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome was 16.7% among 455 of 18-25 years old Students of Menoufia University and it was more common among female students.
Restricting calories can lead to weight loss and an improvement in peripheral lipid profile and cytokine, which could potentially reduce coronary artery disease (Montefusco et al., 2021).
As evidenced by recent research, modifiable lifestyle factors particularly eating behaviors correlate with both the prevalence and prevention of dysmetabolic syndrome (Fahed et al., 2022).specific dietary changes on the risk factors correlated with Syndrome X in a sample of adults.The ultimate goal is to provide evidence-based strategies for the management and prevention of Mets, contributing to improved public health outcomes.

METHODOLOGY
Fifty persons between the ages of 20 and 60 participated in this trial, which focused on highrisk MetS patients.An individualized balanced diet was tailored for the six months.The Scientific Research Ethics Committee, in GOTTI, accepted the search by a Review and Approval Certificate (RAC).The study will be conducted through the year when the (IN 000149) Ethics Committee number was valid.

OUTCOMES
Table one shows that the examined group was morbidly obese before intervention with BMI (40.1 ± 6.7) and a significant decrease to obesity class П with BMI (35.1 ± 5.6).
Table (2) demonstrates the highly significant decline in FBG, TC, and LDL-c with a highly considerable increase in HDL-c cholesterol.
Table three and Figure one shows how many metabolic syndrome criteria there are before intervention all intervention samples had criteria of MetS however after intervention (28%) became had less than 3 factors only.
Table (4) shows a highly significant improvement in dietary intake decrease in Kcal, protein, fat, and Carbohydrate, and a nonsignificant increase in fiber.
Table (5) shows that there is a high reduction in sodium consumption and a strong rise in calcium, magnesium, and potassium consumption.
Table (6) shows that there is a highly significant increase in intake of vitamins A, C, B1, and B2 after intervention.

Effect of Dietary Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Adults Mohammed H Haggag; El-Sayed M Hammad; Eman A Sultan; Hanaa A El-Wahab and
Akram H Salem individualized balanced diet, there was a noticeable lowering in every anthropometric parameter as well as clinical parameters (table 1) and this was associated with improvement in all laboratory parameters with a very notable decline in FBG, LDL-c and TC as well as a significant elevation in HDL-c (table 2).This reduced the percentage of patients with metabolic syndrome by 28 % (table 3 and Fig. 1).This is comparable with the Van Namen et al., (2019) study in which lifestyle intervention led to a 39 % lowering in the spread of MetS.
As regards macronutrient analysis for 24-hour recall, there was a highly significant improvement in dietary intake decrease in Kcal, Protein, fat, and carbohydrate, and a significant increase in fiber (table 4).Also (table 1) showed that participants were morbidly obese before intervention with a BMI (of 40.1 ± 6.7) and a significant decrease to obesity class П with a BMI (of 35.1 ± 5.6) the findings of Chao et al., (2021) are in agreement with These results as they reported in Certain scientific research and metaanalyses have demonstrated that low low-caloric regimen compared to a higher calorie diet consistently resulted in more short-lived (<6 months) weight loss, with the decreasing of this benefit over longer periods (>12 months).Proceed in progress dietary commitment, which is substantial to both long-short run weight losses, may arise from increased attempts to find metabolic and behavioral characteristics in dieters.
Also, there was a considerable decrease in sodium consumption and a notable rise in calcium, magnesium, and potassium consumption (table 5).These results agree with those of Filippini et al., (2021) who discovered an almost linear association between a reduction in SBP as well as DBP and sodium consumption across the whole range of sodium intake from dietary sources.Also, these findings in linear with a systematic review conducted by Gonçalves, and Abreu (2020) that suggested that the risk of CVD is correlated with a reduced sodium-topotassium ratio and rise in potassium levels.
The outcomes of Piuri et al., (2021) agree with the results as they reported that following a proper dietary pattern which includes the right intake of magnesium can improve Mets, by lowering hypertension, high blood glucose, and hypertriglyceridemia.This occurs, through the positive impact on the structure of the gut microbiome and the B1 and D vitamin metabolism as well as modification of gene regulation and protein expression profile and protein signature.
Additionally, the outcomes are consistent with Woo et al., (2020) which demonstrated that the incident risk of MetS and each component was inversely correlated with dietary calcium consumption, even intake from vegetables.The inverse association was more distinguished through individuals with two components of MetS at baseline.Also, there was a highly significant decrease in iron and zinc consumption but they were still within RDA (table 5).These results may be inverse with Zhu et al., (2018) who reported that there was a positive correlation between insulin resistance syndrome and its criteria in adult people and dietary iron consumption.But maybe agree with these findings if we take into consideration that their consumption level is still within RDA.
The results are consistent with Ding et al., (2022) who found a negative correlation between the consumption of zinc from dietary sources and Dysmetabolic syndrome in a meta-analysis of observational studies.
As mentioned in (table 6), There is a considerable rise in vitamin C, B1, and B2.Liu and Park, (2022) discovered that a low dietary ascorbic acid ingestion may raise the chance of developing syndrome X and associated metabolic charact-eristics, particularly high blood sugar.To improve glycemic control, adults should be advised in a setting of therapy to ingest 100 mg of vitamin C daily through their diet.This may illustrate that the studied sample had insufficient V.C. consumption before inter-vention and took an acceptable range after this.
In The results are consistent with Nguyen and Kim (2022) as they reported that Adults with comorbidities showed a substantial 7% reduction in syndrome X when their daily B1 intake was doubled.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, this study demonstrates the significant improvements in metabolic risk factors after the dietary intervention with a significant amelioration in dietary intake, including a decrease in calories, protein, fat, and Carbohydrates and a non-significant increase in fiber.Also, there is an obvious decline in sodium consumption and a notable rise in intake of calcium, magnesium, and pota-ssium consumption.While there is a highly significant rise in A, C, Thiamine, and B2 vitamins.According to these results, adults' risk of developing metabolic syndrome may be effectively decreased by dietary interventions.

RECOMMENDATIONS:
Consuming a healthy, balanced diet to maintain a healthy weight, physical activity, and optimal sleep.Decrease salt consumption as follows: Choose the lowest content packaged products of sodium, Pick fresh poultry and vegetables instead of packaged ones.And use condiments, spices, and vinegar to add flavor to foods instead of salt, increase consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, increase consumption of dairy products specially fermented products, increase consumption of water instead of soft drinks, and use healthy oils to decrease the consumption of saturated fatty acids

Aoun L; Bou Zerdan M; Allam S; Bou Zerdan M; Bouferraa Y and Assi H (2022): Effect of Dietary Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Adults Mohammed H Haggag; El-Sayed M Hammad; Eman A Sultan; Hanaa A El-Wahab and Akram H Salem
Bulletin of the National Nutrition Institute of the Arab Republic of Egypt June 2024(63) 86

Effect of Dietary Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Adults Mohammed H Haggag; El-Sayed M Hammad; Eman A Sultan; Hanaa A El-Wahab and Akram H Salem
Bulletin of the National Nutrition Institute of the Arab Republic of Egypt June 2024(63) 87

Effect of Dietary Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Adults Mohammed H Haggag; El-Sayed M Hammad; Eman A Sultan; Hanaa A El-Wahab and Akram H Salem
Bulletin of the National Nutrition Institute of the Arab Republic of Egypt June 2024(63) 88