Analysis of Isomeric Cannabinoid Standards and Cannabis Products by UPLC ‐ ESI ‐ TWIM ‐ MS : a Comparison with GC ‐ MS and GC × GC ‐ QMS

The Cannabis sativa L. plant has a complex chemical composition, containing various chemical compounds such as terpenes, sugars, hydrocarbons, steroids, flavonoids, and amino acids. Few works have attempted to identify the constitutional isomers of cannabinoids that are found in the plant. The present study reported the analysis of seven cannabinoid standards: five neutral and two acidic, as well as Cannabis products (hashish and marijuana) and parts of the Cannabis plant (flower and leaf) using mono-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole MS (GC × GC-QMS), ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight (UPLC-ESI-QTOF)-MS and UPLC-ESI-travelling wave ion mobility (TWIM)-MS. The results of GC-MS demonstrated close retention times (∆tR = 1.303 min) in separation of the five cannabinoid standards, whereas GC × GC-QMS provided a substantially better identification and distinction of constitutional isomers of cannabinoids, where a total of 11 cannabinoids were identified in the hashish sample. UPLC-QTOF-MS and UPLC-TWIM-MS data obtained complete chemical information, in which ESI(+) revealed the presence of seven constitutional isomers of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆-THC), whereas ESI(–) proved the presence of four isomers of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (Δ-THCA A).


Introduction
The Cannabis sativa L. plant is cultivated and consumed in most regions of the world. 1 It is an annual, dioecious herb belonging to the family of Cannabacea, Cannabis genus, 2 that has a history of pharmacological studies and is used for recreational purposes. 3,4so known as marijuana, Cannabis has a complex chemical composition that includes terpenes, sugars, hydrocarbons, steroids, flavonoids, amino acids, among others. 5Presently, more than 700 natural constituents of the plant have been identified, 6 of which more than 100 are classified as cannabinoids, 7,8 which are concentrated on resinous secretions produced by glandular trichomes and primarily distributed on the aerial surfaces of the plant and the female inflorescences. 7][16][17][18] Most cannabinoids have a 21 carbon atom structural feature, with possible variations in the length of their side chains (C1-C5) attached to the aromatic ring.In the most common homologs, the n-pentyl side chain is replaced by n-propyl, and these analogues are named using the suffix "varin", for example, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ 9 -THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabinovarin (CBNV). 16ur group has explored the identification of constitutional isomers of cannabinoids that are found in Cannabis. 17,18igures 1a-1c illustrate some of these compounds as cannabinodiol (CBND), CBN and cannabifuran (CBF) with molecular formula (M) = C 21 H 26 O 2 , double bond equivalent (DBE) of 9 and an average molecular weight (M w ) of 310 Da (Figure 1a); CBD, CBC, cannabicyclol (CBL), Δ 9 -trans-THC, Δ 9 -cis-THC and Δ 8 -trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8 -THC), with M = C 21 H 30 O 2 , DBE 7, and an M w of 314 Da (Figure 1b); and the cannabidiolic (CBDA), cannabinchromenic (CBCA), cannabicyclolic (CBLA), Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic A and B (Δ 9 -THCA A and B, respectively) and Δ 8 -tetrahydrocannabinolic (Δ 8 -THCA) acids, M = C 22 H 30 O 4 , DBE 8, and M w = 358 Da (Figure 1c).
In fresh Cannabis plant material, most cannabinoids produced by plant metabolism are in the form of carboxylic acids, such as Δ 9 -THCA A, CBDA, and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA).They can be converted into their analogues by decarboxylation, via loss of a COOH group, producing "neutral cannabinoids" such as Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBG. 3,9,100][21][22] Several factors in addition to the genetic characteristics can influence the chemical composition of the cannabinoids in the plant, namely, the climate, light, humidity, elevation of the cultivated region, etc. 23 The development of new analytical methodologies for cannabinoid analysis has been an advance in forensic toxicology. 21An example of this is gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which allows the separation and identification of cannabinoids from their National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. 1 However, it is not possible to detect terpenophenolic acids, which possess labile groups and are unstable in the GC column, undergoing thermal conversion reactions and producing neutral cannabinoid species or their degradation products. 8,24nother technique analogous to GC-MS, with a greater chromatographic resolution power, is comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC × GC) technique. 25,26][27] An alternative would be derivatization reactions, but the addition of this step makes the forensic routine even more laborious. 25,279][30] The LC-MS technique has already been used to identify and quantify cannabinoids in human fluids 31,32 and in natura samples 33 or with minimal processing samples, such as marijuana. 34,35s a complement to the LC-MS technique, the development of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) allows the differentiation of ions by their sizes and/or spatial conformations, separating in the gas phase according to the diffusion time across a mobility cell.IMS is an extremely versatile technique, providing a new dimension of data and the possibility of using different ionization sources when combined with LC-MS systems. 36ecent studies report the use of the travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS) technique for the distinction of isomers in complex samples.Romão et al. 37 used positive mode electrospray ionization (ESI(+)) TWIM-MS to distinguish three isomers of chlorophenylpiperazine (o-CPP, m-CPP, and p-CPP) using CO 2 as a drift gas.Gwak and Almirall 38 developed a study using 35 new psychoactive substances, characterized by IMS based on a drift time (Dt) IMS.Benigni et al. 39 used the selected accumulation trapped ion mobility spectrometry (SA-TIMS) method coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS for the separation and characterization of hormones in complex environmental matrices.Isobars were primarily identified in a complex matrix of water-soluble organic matter, and among them were α-estradiol, bisphenol A, and 17-ethynylestradiol.
Recently, Tose et al. 40 used ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to TWIM-MS as an analytical tool capable of identifying isomeric compounds in Cannabis products such as hashish, marijuana, and parts of the Cannabis plant (flower and leaf).The results showed the separation of several isomeric compounds in the single ion acquisition mode (SIM), however, the unambiguous identification of all isomers was compromised due to the similarity between fragmentation profiles and the deficiency of reference material.
In this context, the present work describes the application of the GC-MS, GC × GC-QMS and UPLC-ESI-TWIM-MS techniques in the characterization of five neutral cannabinoid standards (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, CBG, CBC and CBN), and two standards of terpenophenolic acid precursors (Δ 9 -THCA A and CBDA).The data obtained were compared to Cannabis products such as hashish and marijuana samples, and parts of the plant (leaf and flower).
Cannabis products (marijuana and hashish) and parts of the plant (flower and leaf) were supplied by the Civil Police of Espírito Santo (CP-ES), Vitória, Brazil, through a cooperation agreement, process No. 23068.011398/2012-72.The samples were weighed (ca. 10 mg) and solubilized in methanol.

GC-MS
Five neutral cannabinoid standards solutions (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, CBC, CBN, and CBG) were individually analyzed by GC-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7890B).The column used was DB5 (30 m × i.d.0.25 mm × 0.25 μm, 5% diphenyl-95% dimethylpolysiloxane; J & W Scientific, Agilent Technologies).Helium gas was used as an eluent, with a constant flow of 1 mL min -1 .The injector was maintained in a 1:10 split ratio mode at 280 o C. The initial oven temperature varied from 80 o C (2 min) to 290 o C (5 min), with a heating rate of 10 o C min -1 , and operation was in full scan mode in the range of m/z 50-400.
For the analysis of the standards, 7 μL of each solution were collected, and the solvent was evaporated.The samples were then resuspended in 80 μL of dichloromethane (Vetec, purity of 99.5%).

GC × GC-QMS
Seized samples of hashish and parts of Cannabis plant (flower and leaf) were analyzed using a GC × GC-QMS (GCMS QP 2010 Shimadzu ULTRA system) containing an autosampler AOC-5000 Plus equipped with a ZX1 modulator (Zoex).The modulator uses a simple nitrogen jet system.Chromatographic separation in the first dimension was performed on non-polar column, DB5 (5% phenyl, 95% polymethylsiloxane, 30 m × i.d.0.25 mm × 0.25 μm; J & W Scientific, Agilent Technologies).In the second dimension a medium-polar column, DB-17 (50% phenyl and 50% methylpolysiloxane, 1.8 m × i.d.0.1 mm × 0.1 μm; J &W Scientific, Agilent Technologies) was used.The oven temperature program operated from 80 o C (5 min) to 300 o C (10 min) with a heating rate of 7 o C min -1 .The injector temperature was maintained at 280 o C in the splitless mode, and 1 μL of each solution was injected.Helium was used as the carrier gas, with a flow rate of 1 mL min -1 , and the interface temperature and ion source were maintained at 300 o C. The acquisition range was m/z 50 to 550 and the processing was performed by GC Image software (Zoex), using the NIST05 library to identify the compounds.

UPLC-ESI-TWIM-MS and ESI-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)
Three isomers of M w = 314 Da (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBC) and two isomers of M w = 358 Da (Δ 9 -THCA A and CBDA) were initially analyzed by a chromatographic system composed of a Waters Acquity UPLC I-Class coupled to a Waters Synapt G2-S TWIM-MS high definition mass spectrometer (HDMS).Posteriorly, hashish samples, parts of the Cannabis plant and marijuana were analyzed using the UPLC-MS system and UPLC-TWIM-MS in the full scan and extracted ion chromatograms (XIC) mode acquisition.
The Synapt G2-S HDMS has a hybrid mass analyzer, which includes a quadrupole (Q) and time of flight (TOF) analyzer.Chromatographic elution used a binary solvent with mobile phase (phase A = 0.1% v/v water/formic acid, phase B = 0.1% v/v methanol/formic acid).The flow rate was 0.50 µL min -1 .The conditions of analysis were as follows: 10% phase B in 0 min; 60% phase B in 8 min; 95% phase B in 10 min; 95% phase B in 12 min; and after 2 min, the analysis returned to the initial condition.The TOF analyzer was operated with a resolution power of (m / Δm 50% ) = 45,000 and calibrated with 0.1% sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA) in 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water over 100-700 m/z.
The ion-transfer and ion-accumulation cells were operated at a pressure of 10 -2 mbar of argon.N 2 gas was used in the mobility and ion separation experiments.Data acquisition and processing were performed in MassLynx (vii) travelling wave speed: 650-652 m s -1 ; and (viii) nitrogen pressure (drift gas): 2.90 mbar.

GC-MS
The chromatograms of the Δ 9 -THC, CBD, CBC, CBN and CBG standards are shown in Supplementary Information (SI) section Figures S1a-S1e, respectively, and their respective electron ionization (EI)-MS spectra in Figure S2 (SI section), in which extremely close retention times (Δt R = 1.303 min) are observed.In all cases, the acquired peaks are well defined, and the order of elution is similar to that reported in the literature, CBD < CBC < Δ 9 -THC < CBG and CBN. 1,10,41he similarity of each cannabinoid with its own NIST library standard spectrum ranged from 45 to 98%.With the exception of CBG (M w = 316 Da) and CBN (M w = 310 Da), the cannabinoids are constitutional isomers (M w = 314 Da).
When analyzed for the fragmentation profiles between the isomers of M w = 314 Da, the EI-MS spectrum of Δ 9 -THC (Figure S1) is unequivocal, differing from the CBD and CBC molecules, even the former presenting similar chemical connectivity (m/z 259, 193 and 123).Conversely, the CBD and CBC isomers, which have a distinct connectivity in their structures, present a similar fragmentation spectrum (m/z 299, 271, 258, 243 and 231), as shown in Figures S2b and S2c (SI section), and contain the base peak of m/z 231.In addition, they have a very close elution time (Δt R = 0.017 min).Mariotti et al., 1 using GC-MS, reported a similar retention time between the cannabinoids CBD and CBC.
The similar retention time observed among cannabinoids in the GC-MS analysis is related to the type of stationary phase that is used (DB5 column, 5% diphenyl-95% dimethylpolysiloxane).This stationary phase is classified as a non-polar column, thus providing a lower interaction with the analytes.If a column of higher polarity or a PMPS-5 column were used, a better separation should be expected primarily between the constitutional isomers, CBD and CBC, the latter isomer having the shorter retention time.
A longer elution time was observed for CBN (DBE 9, being composed of a tri-cyclic and bi-aromatic system), as can be seen in Figure S1e (SI section).Aromatic compounds produce π-stacking intermolecular interactions (stacking of the chain rings) between the stationary phase and the analyte, which increase the retention time.

GC × GC-QMS
GC × GC-QMS provides a better chromatographic resolution in relation to the one-dimensional separation system. 42Therefore, GC × GC-QMS was used in the analysis of three samples seized by the police (hashish, flower, and leaf), and their respective chromatograms are shown in Figures 2a-2c.
The Cannabis flower is considered the part of the plant that contains a high content of Δ 9 -THC. 2,5Similarly, hashish samples also have a high content of Δ 9 -THC because it is produced from the resinous secretions of the plant that are associated with floral structures. 2 In addition to the cannabinoids, these samples contain a wide variety of terpenes, sugars, and flavonoids, typically present in Cannabis plants. 1 In fresh plant material, most cannabinoids are available in the form of their acid precursors, which are subsequently converted by decarboxylation processes to their corresponding neutral cannabinoids.Decarboxylation can occur over time under heating or alkaline conditions. 9he cannabinoid Δ 9 -THC has the Δ 9 -THCA A as its main precursor molecule, and its decarboxylation occurs from 125 to 150 o C. 1,4,43,44 Considering the direct injection conditions of GC × GC-QMS (temperature = 280 o C), and the absence of derivatization methods of terpenophenolic acids, [45][46][47] in this work, the GC × GC-QMS method was not suitable for the identification of acid species present in Figure 1c.
The cannabinoid CBN is produced by degradation of Δ 9 -THC and does not occur naturally in the plant. 5,11,12The greater abundance of CBN could be justified due to the ageing or storage conditions of the raw sample that was  seized, and to conditions of injection.Moreover, other phenomena (such as extended periods of storage and light exposure) may potentiate the degradation of Δ 9 -THC to generate CBN. 48
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were performed to confirm the structure and connectivity of each isomer, and the ESI(+)MS/MS spectra for the CBD, Δ 9 -THC and CBC molecules are shown in Figures 4a-4c, respectively, along with their respective fragmentation mechanisms (m/z transitions of 315 → 259, 315 → 193 and 193 → 123).Constitutional isomers present similar fragmentation profiles, 40,[49][50][51] in which the signals of m/z 259, 193 and 123, are highlighted as main fragments, being similar to those reported for a typical marijuana sample seized by forensic police. 17,40he A comparison of the chemical profiles of the chromatograms  of an isomeric equimolar mixture of Δ 9 -THC, CBD and CBC standards (Figure 5a) with marijuana (Figure 5b) and hashish samples (Figure 5c) is shown in Figures 5a-5c.The results were obtained by UPLC-ESI(+)-QTOF-MS for m/z 315 in full scan mode (Figure 5a) and in the XIC mode (Figures 5b and 5c).Comparing the chromatographic profile of Figure 5a (standards) with those of Figure 5c (hashish), a total of eight isomers of m/z 315.2354, i.e., seven constitutional isomers of ∆ 9 -THC are detected at t R = 2.58, 3.86, 4.99, 5.21, 5.71, 6.85, 8.95 and 9.42 min.The ions with retention times at 3.86, 5.21 and 5.71 min correspond to CBD, ∆ 9 -THC and CBC, respectively.Among them, the Δ 9 -THC compound is the most abundant species present in the marijuana and hashish samples (Figures 5b and 5c).
Comparing the results obtained by UPLC-ESI(+)-QTOF-MS with GC × GC-QMS (Figure 2 and Table 1), a higher number of Δ 9 -THC isomers was detected by UPLC-ESI(+)-QTOF-MS (7 against 4).In addition, the retention times observed by GC × GC-QMS for this same sample suggest that the peaks at 2.58, 4.99, and 6.84 min correspond to the Δ 8 -THC, Δ 9 -cis-THC, and CBL isomers, respectively.However, the peaks with t R = 8.95 and 9.42 min may correspond to dimers containing as a basic structure an isomer of m/z 315, because this region of the chromatogram typically concentrates ions with m/z > 600 (see Figures S4a-S4c, SI section).
For the UPLC-ESI(-)TWIM-MS (Synapt G2-S) system, besides the separation of the two isomers, an additional peak (6.90 min) in the chromatogram of Δ 9 -THCA A (Figure 6d) and in the equimolar mixture of standards (Figure 6f) was observed.The proximity between the two peaks (6.80 and 6.90 min), Figures 6d-6f, suggests the detection of an isomer of Δ 9 -THCA A, due to a natural process of isomerization of the cannabinoid, i.e., the interconversion of the Δ 9 -THCA A molecule to Δ 8 -THCA A (Figure S5b, SI section), where the structural difference between the isomers would be in the position of the double bond of the six-membered ring.Another possibility is the isomerization of Δ 9 -THCA A to Δ 9 -THCA B (Figure S5a, SI section), where, in this case, compounds "A" and "B" have the carboxyl group in R1 and R3, respectively. 52,53n addition to the Δ 9 -THCA A isomers, signals at t R = 5.20, 6.20 and 6.40 min (Figures 6c, 6d and 6f, respectively) with m/z 353 near Δ 9 -THCA A were detected.This peak, with m/z 353, might represent the standard oxidation of Δ 9 -THCA A, generating the cannabinolic acid (CBNA), which is detected as a [C 22 H 26 O 4 -H] -ion.CBNA is a cannabinoid precursor of CBN that cannot be isolated from the fresh Cannabis plant.This compound can only be isolated from a Cannabis plant that was submitted to storage conditions or natural degradation. 3,53Thus, the detection of the [C 22 H 26 O 4 -H] -ion at m/z 353 could be related to the conversion of the Δ 9 -THCA A standard to CBNA. 16ID experiments were performed for the Δ 9 -THCA A and CBDA standards, and the ESI(-)MS/MS results for m/z 357 are shown in Figures 7a and 7b.In contrast to the fragmentation profile observed for the molecules of Δ 9 -THC and CBD (Figures 4a and 4b), the fragmentation profiles of m/z 357 were quite distinct.For the CBDA standard (Figure 7a For the ESI(-)MS/MS results of the ∆ 9 -THCA A standard (Figure 7b), the m/z 357 → 313 transitions result in the main neutral loss of 44 Da (CO 2 ) and formation of Δ 9 -THC, 5,15 S1 (SI section).
For the isomers of m/z 357, five peaks were observed in the chromatogram (Figures 8e and 8f), corresponding to the samples of flower and hashish, respectively.They are: t R = 4.63, 6.44, 6.55, 7.98 and 8.76 min.The peaks at 4.63, 6.43 and 6.55 min correspond to the CBDA, Δ 9 -THCA A and Δ 8 -THCA A or Δ 9 -THCA B isomers, respectively.The other peaks at t R = 7.98 and 8.76 min may correspond to dimers of CBDA and Δ 9 -THCA A, as well as other isomeric forms of M w = 358 Da, which are described in Figure 1c.

Conclusions
The GC-MS results demonstrated close retention times (∆t R = 1.303 min) in separation of the five cannabinoids standards (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, CBC, CBN and CBG), whereas GC × GC-QMS provided a substantially better identification and distinction of constitutional isomers of cannabinoids, where a total of 11 cannabinoids (Δ 8 -THC, Δ 9 -THCV, CBD, CBV, CBC, CBL, CBCR, Δ 9 -THC, CBG, CBN, and 8α-OH-Δ 9 -THC) were identified in the hashish sample.Among the cannabinoids detected, four are isomers of Δ 9 -THC (Δ 8 -THC, CBD, CBC, and CBL).On the other hand, complete chemical information was obtained by UPLC-ESI(-)QTOF MS and UPLC-ESI-TWIM-MS data, in which ESI(+) revealed the presence of seven constitutional isomers of ∆ 9 -THC, whereas ESI(-) proved the presence of four isomers of Δ 9 -THCA A. and 465450/2014-8) for financial support.The authors would also like to thank the Núcleo de Competências em Química do Petróleo and LabPetro for using their installations and the Civil Police of Espírito Santo for providing the samples.
neutral loss of 56 Da (m/z 315 → 259 transition) can be represented by cleavage of the side chain of the cannabinoid molecule (pentyl group, C 4 H 8 ) resulting in the [C 17 H 22 O 2 + H] + fragment (structure (I), Figure 4).Another fragmentation pathway can be justified by the transition of m/z 315 → 193, with a neutral loss of 122 Da (C 9 H 14 ).After breaking the C-O bond (ether function) in Δ 9 -THC and CBC molecules, fragment (II) may be formed during the protonation stage and cleavage of the terpene ring (Δ 9 -THC and CBD).Subsequently, there is a neutral loss of 70 Da (m/z 193 → 123 transition) corresponding to the elimination of the side chain of the molecule (C 5 H 10 , pentene) and detection of fragment (III), [C 7 H 6 O 2 + H] + ion.A reaction mechanism for the fragments of the isomeric standards (CBD, Δ 9 -THC, and CBC) is proposed in more detail in Figures S3a-S3d (SI section).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. CID experiments of the constitutional isomers of m/z 315 ((a) CBD; (b) Δ 9 -THC; and (c) CBC) as well as the proposed fragmentation of the ions of m/z 259, 193 and 123.
), the major fragmentations are suggested in the m/z 357 → 339 transition, represented by the neutral loss of 18 Da (H 2 O), resulting in the formation of the [C 22 H 28 O 3 -H] - fragment in structure (I) (Figure S6a, SI section).Subsequently, the m/z 339 → 311 transition, with the neutral loss of 28 Da (CO), generates the fragment proposed in structure (II), the [C 21 H 28 O 2 -H] -ion.Another possibility of fragmentation could be the m/z 357 → 313 transition, demonstrating the decarboxylation process, i.e., neutral loss of 44 Da (CO 2 ) resulting in the CBD molecule, which is present in the deprotonated form as the [C 21 H 30 O 2 -H] - ion (structure (IV)).

Table 1 .
Cannabinoids identified in hashish, flower and leaf samples from the GC × GC-QMS data as well as their respective M w and similarity values w : average molecular weight; NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology; ×: detected; -: non-detected.