COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF EMS AND MSG ON THE STOMATA OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA(WILLD.).

Sarita Lohra 1 and Kamini Kumar 2 . 1. Research Scholar, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding, Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology, University Department of Botany,Ranchi University, Ranchi – 834008,Jharkhand ,India. 2. University Professor, Pro.-V.C.(On Lien),University Department of Botany, Ranchi University,Ranchi834008,Jharkhand, India. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 12 August 2019 Final Accepted: 14 September 2019 Published: October 2019

In India, herbal medicines are one of the oldest Medicines. It heals many diseases as mentioned in Ayurveda and Homeopathy. The plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) is also called marginal shrub due to its property of curing a lot of diseases. The Plant material of T. cordifolia were treated with different concentration of two mutagen i,e EMS and MSG. Stomatal studies were done by usual method of peeling or scratching of epidermis with the help of forceps or sharp razor respectively. Stomatal type were determined based on the classification of stomata on the basis of nature and number of subsidiary cells. The stomata type is anomocytic. Stomatal index, length ,breadth and area of stomata of T. cordifolia without treatment is highest at the apex ( ). The stomatal index, Stomatal frequency, length ,breadth and area of stomata varied with different regions and concentration of mutagens. It was concluded that effect of mutagens decreases the Stomatal Index, length, width and area of the stomata. Plant treated with MSG performed higher transpiration rate, Stomatal Index, length, width and stomatal area in comparison to EMS treated plant.

Introduction:-
The plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers ex HK.f.& Th. is a large glabrous woody climber belonging to family Menispermaceae. In Hindi, the plant is commonly called Giloe or Amrita which is a Hindu mythological term that refers to the heavenly elixir that has saved celestial being from old age and kept them eternally young. The fruits are drupes, ovoid, glossy, succulent, red and pea seed sized. It is also called as marginal shrub due to its property of curing a lot of diseases in modern system of medicine. It is widely used by tribals for the treatment of many diseases including gastrointestinal disorder(S.K. Dwivedi and Enepsa,2016). The leaves are also used as a good fodder for cattle. The plant is considered as one of the most divine herbs in Ayurvedic and folk medicine for its immense medical properties such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiperiodic, Antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic , antiallergic, antstress, antileprotic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, Immunomodulatory , and antineoplastic activities. It is also used in general debility, dyspepsia, fevers and urinary diseases. Antiviral properties against Ranikhet disease in poultry have also been ascribed to this climber (Ritu Paliwal , 2016).
It was to investigate and determine the shape, size and frequency of stomata and its variation in leaf epidermis caused by the application of two mutagen EMS (Ethyl methane sulphonate) and MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) on Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.). As a basis for casual analysis of data of Stomatal index,length, width and area, studies on functional leaf anatomy are becoming more important for evaluating biosystematics.

Result:-
The stomata type was anomocytic (Sachet Hedge,M.Jayaraj,A.V.Bhandarkar,2015) (Fig 3). The stomatal index, stomatal frequency, length ,breadth and area of stomata varied with different regions and concentration of mutagen.Stomatal index( , length( ,breadth and Area ) of T.cordifolia without treatment was highest at the apex. It was lowest at the base (SI =24.153 0.791)(, ), [ Table 1].(where SI = Stomatal Index,L= length of stomata,B= breadth of stomata,A = Area of stomata).The epidermal cells were wavy and irregular in Shape [Fig 3].On the Adaxial surface, leaves were devoid of stomata and shape of epidermal cells were pentagonal to hexagonal [Fig 4].
After comparison of both mutagen treated plants, it was observed that Stomatal Index , length , Width and area was maximum at all regions of leaf in MSG treated plant. It was minimum at all regions of plant treated with EMS (S.I at a = ), ),(A at a= ,[ Table  1] [Fig 1,Fig 2][where,a = apex,m = middle,b = base]

Discussion:-
The leaf had anomocytic or Ranunculaceous type of stomata. In anomocytic type, the stomata are only present on abaxial surface, adaxial surface is devoid of stomata. The leaves of the plant were hypostomatic with different stomatal frequency, stomatal length, stomatal width and stomatal area .
The investigation showed that the mutagen EMS and MSG affected the epidermal cell shape, converted them from more wavy to less wavy, in which MSG affected most[ Fig 5,Fig 6]. The leaves without treatment had higher stomatal index, length,width and area. So It may be concluded that the effect of mutagens decreases the stomatal index, length, width and area of the stomata. While comparing effect of two mutagen EMS and MSG on plant, Plant treated with MSG performed higher transpiration rate, stomatal index, length, width and Stomatal area.  Photomicrographs of stomata without treatment of mutagen on abaxial (Fig -3)and adaxial surface (Fig-4).

Column graph showing stomatal index in abaxial surface
Column graph showing area of stomata in abaxial surface

Fig 3 Fig 4
Photomicrographs of stomata on abaxial surface after treatment by two mutagens EMS (Fig -5 )and MSG (Fig -6)