WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN ANTHROPOCENE EPOCH: AN OBJECTIVE APPRAISAL OF INDIAN CONDITION

amounting to ≈ 200MMT is added to the environment annually in India which is mostly non-biodegradable CPCB (2017). All stake holders like government, non-government agencies, including civil society in India should make concerted effort to confront the anthropogenic non-biodegradable wastes mainly the industrial, plastics, nano, C&D and e wastes. The study analyses different types of wastes based on statistics both in the global and Indian scenario. The shortage in landfill area for efficient disposal is the concern and micro-level management of such wastes are discussed. (Nano-particles, About 2,68,000MT Engineering Nanomaterials (ENM) had been produced in and continuously increasing @ ≈ 25% annually Bozena M., (2016 ). Nano-wastes are created from the by-product during manufacture of ENM. Wastes of ENM are available in the body or on surfaces of different solids, liquids (suspension) and in the air within


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(6), 1109-1129 1111 independence era. These wastes are anthropogenic from industries, mines, municipalities, agricultural and other anthropogenic activities. Yadav et al 2016 have reported that the wastes in India have low components of hazardous components and less environment threatening. The regulation policy is only available for plastics but not for Ewastes. The formation of solid wastes in Indian Municipalities are organics 50-57%, recyclables 16-19% (paper, plastic, metal, E wastes and glass) and inert 28-31 %. The moisture content is 47% and the average energy value is 1620-2340 kcal/kg. Lahiri S., 2017 reported that the developing smart cities should stress upon to build the proper solid and liquid waste management / control architecture. Choudhury M., 2017 have quoted that 4.4 BMT solid wastes are generated annually in Asia out of which municipality solid waste (MSW) is 790MMT. MSW amounts to 48MMT (6%) India generates which may rise to 300MMT by 2047 (@1.2 kg to 1.42 kg per capita) and 169.6 Km 2 landfill area shall be required. Laura Parker from National Geographic, 2017 has reported that the earth has manufactured 8.3 BMT of Plastic in the year 2016 (may go up to 12BMT by 2025) and waste generated in that period is 6.3 BMT. Research in 249 lakes of China reveals that the Dissolved Organic Carbon, (DOC) due to uses of fertilizers and Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are due to the presence of different salts in water is increasing continuously at present Song et al., 2018.

The aim of the study:-
The barrier between nature and culture has been removed at present by domesticating flora, fauna and aqua habitats on earth. The Earth is marching fast towards a bald, warmer, wetter biome. Homo sapiens are the best geo-engineers who reshaped their geo, hydro and biosphere. The Anthropocene epoch (the age of humans) has dethroned the 11650 years existent "The Holocene". The GSSP and the GSSA (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and the Global Standard Stratigraphic Age) has fixed the demarcation between the Holocene and the Anthropocene epochs on 16 th August 1945, the world"s 1 st nuclear explosion at Alamogordo, New Mexico Zalasiewicz et al 2014. After 35years the earth had started experiencing the acute impact of the anthropogenic activities (1980 AD onwards). The period of great acceleration (Golden Spikes) started in India Mishra S. P. 2017. Homo sapiens were in the comfortable zone during the Holocene epoch with good rain and mild summer but we are marching towards a good Anthropocene, where the human race has subdued the earth followed by the shadow of a catastrophe due to various type of wastes, Brunnengräber et al., 2017. One of the major area of concern during Anthropocene is the disposal of the huge volume of wastes generated from the anthropogenic activities.

Solid Waste Statistics:-
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation is ranging from 200 to 870 gm/C/day at present depending upon the modern lifestyle, population density, GDP, climate and topography of the place. It is increasing @ 1.3%/annum against 3-3.5% /annum rise in urban population Mohanty et al 2014. The MSW produced in the globe during the year 2016 was 1.3 BMT which may rise to 2.2 BMT by 2025 (World Bank report). The growth in urban settlements had doubled generation of solid waste to @1.2 Kg/C /day from 0.64 Kg/C /day within a decade. The waste generation projected to rise to 1.42 Kg/ C/day in 2025 which is faster than population growth in 2013, https://wastemanagement-world.com/a/ interactive-map-worlds-most-wasteful-countries). Total waste had increased from average 680 MMT/year in 2006 to 1300MMT /year 2015. It is also alarming that some islands like Guyana, Kuwait, St. Kitts and Nevis and Ceylon generate wastes more than 5Kg/C/day of MSW followed by Solomon Island and St. Lucia @ >4Kg/C/day. The plot between the population growth and the amount of solid waste generation (the population is >20million or @ generation is >0.5 kg/C/day) in some developing countries during Anthropocene Epoch (2016 and projected 2025). The country-wise population growth has been shown in Fig 2. Anthropocene wastes:-Homo sapiens have triggered the climate changes by various anthropogenic activities. CO2, which was at equilibrium, @280ppm from 1850 have risen to 400 ppm in 2015. Most of the upsurge of the humane forcing had started from 1980"s and average temp rise of 0.90 C due to global warming started since 1850. Over the past 40 years, human activities have damaged the world"s ecosystems more hastily and broadly than in any other period in past. The International Commission on Stratigraphy agreed that the Capitalocene designate a new geological epoch. The Homo sapiens are bringing the nature to the brink of extinction through waste, Fremaux Anne, 2017. More nitrogen are exploited in agriculture sector due to excess fertilizer utilization, fossil fuel combustion and exponential rise in exploitation of resources due to population explosion growth. The earth is in its sixth great extinction event and species loss is growing rapidly for both terrestrial and marine ecosystems Mishra S. P., 2018.
1112 The concern in the present epoch is that some advanced countries like New Zealand, Ireland Norway and Switzerland are generating wastes @ 3.68 Kg/C/day, @ 3.58 Kg/C/day, (@ 2.80 Kg/C/day, and @ 2.61 Kg/C/day respectively. The highest contributor of solid waste in the year 2012 was the USA in with total waste of 624700 MT/day @ (2.58 Kg/C/day) and the projected solid waste during 2025 shall be 701709MT/day (@ 2.3 Kg/C/day)  The average rate of generation of per capita (cap) municipal urban waste on earth was 1.277 Kg/C/day during the year 2016 and same projected to be @ 1.53 Kg/C/day during the year 2025.and the total MSW projected to be 3.09MMT/day as per World Bank data 2016. The waste generation of those countries was projected to @1.53Kg/C/day and total waste generated shall be 5.27MMT/day by World Bank 2016. The rate of rising in population within 9 years shall be @ 31.17%, the generation rate/C/day of MSW shall increase by 19.48% and the total amount of MSW to be handled shall increase by 70.44%/day being double the population growth rate. http:// site resources World bank.org/inturbandevelopment/Resources/336387-1334852610766/AnnexJ (Fig 4).   It can be safely concluded that the contribution of solid waste from the rural sector is much less than the township areas in India.

Impact of wastes on the environment:-
The immediate effect of wastes in any form can be chemical poison (for inhalation), carcinogenic, causing congenital malformations, low birth rate, neurological diseases, diabetic, nausea and vomiting alongwith flooding/water logging in drains/rivers. The contaminated water affects people"s health and the biodiversity. Dumps on exposure increase the risk of negative impacts like the growth of invasive species, pathogens, infectious disease and toxicity. Eutrophication, mercury toxicity, ingestion of plastic in the animals body, depletion of crop yield due to poor and contaminated water/soil, CH 4 (GHG gas) generation from leachates.

Construction and Demolition wastes (C&D wastes):-
The constituents of Construction and Demolition waste (C&D waste) consist of the rubbish created at the time of procurement of building materials, construction, renovation and demolition of monuments, buildings, roads, and bridges etc. The concreting volume executed from 1980 onwards for modernization and industrialization is half the total concrete used so far from inception i.e. 1824. The C&D wastes are the excavated materials, concrete, tiles, brick, ceramics, asphalt concrete, plaster, glass, metal, steel, composites, and rubbles, etc. causing dust, noise, smoke and odor (fugitive acquittal). The amounts of C&D waste generated in the world from construction, rehabilitation , about 70 to -75% C&D waste is generated from demolition activity, 20-25% from renovation activities and the balance 5-10% from new constructions activities (Fig 8).

Land Fill in major cities of India:-
The major landfills for disposal of solid wastes should be in safe areas periphery of to the city having no settlement and groundwater (GW) source. The abysmal state of challenges with growing population and increasing urbanization had extended to those areas. Slums have mushroomed growth with rags collectors in and around the landfill areas. The population and landfill areas of major Indian cities are shown in Table1. Fly-ash, metallurgical slags, sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs), dried sewage and sludge, agro-wastes, plastic & other packaging materials of industrial origin amounting to ≈ 200MMT is non-biodegradable and added to the environment annually in India CPCB (2017). The composition of solid waste:-CPBC reported in 2015 that out of total garbage generated Organic garbage constitutes (40-45%) Inert garbage (20-30%) and the balance garbage is mainly of plastics, papers, rags and other components. The composition of biodegradable, recyclable and non-biodegradable determines the efficacy and hazardousness of the solid wastes. The most populous and old cities and their composition of urban solid waste in the present decade are given in Table 2. Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata (2012) Kolkata municipal corporation area generated, 5372MT/day of waste in 2012 out of which about 1900MT could be recyclable but only 700MT of waste was recycled. These wastes constitute residential (35%), institutional (7%) and commercial (37%) and others (21%) Dutta et al, (2012). The solid waste generated in Indian municipalities like Pune city, organic matter (30-40%), ash and clay (30-40%), paper/ plastic (3-6%) and the E-waste/glass /metal <1%, Dhere et. al 2008.

Plastics Pollution:-
Plastic is a smart, versatile, lightweight, stretchy, moisture resistant, strong, durable, and relatively low-cost product entered the market as a chemical in 1909 and has propagated in all fields of technology. As a non-biodegradable product, a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer state is a major concern for the aquatic and terrestrial environmental at present. Plastic has become a universal product that has crossed global production of iron from 1990. Application of plastic in domestic, textile, packaging, automotive, infrastructure, agriculture, and electronics has become universal. Global plastic production has increased from 1.5MT in 1950, 311MT in 2014 (Plastic Europe 2015) to 380MT in 2017 (Fig 10). India generated about 6300 MT of plastic as waste in 2015, from which, recycled (9%), incinerated (12%), and balance 79% was accrued in landfills. If the present trend persists, about 12,000 BMT of plastic waste shall be dumped in landfills by 2050. The Anthropocene has produced about 9 BMT of plastic whose major part is lying in our landfills and oceans and projected to rise to 33 BMT by 2050 (Geyer et al., 2017). The share of plastic industry in consumption of fossil fuels during production is about 4%. (Fig 9).  (Fig 11). Besides, the plastic waste reprocessing market is growing as a perspective in the future horizon. If plastic wastes are not be handled properly, it shall invite apocalyptic situation to geosphere, Corcoran et al., 2017. Liquid waste:-Liquids that are perilous or detrimental to health or the environment are labeled as liquid waste. Nonmetals, metals and heavy metals cannot be easily biodegraded and retained in soil/water for long period. Liquids containing Cu, Ni, Hg, Pb, As, Zn, Fe, AS, F, and Mn are either carcinogenic or harmful to human and animal health. Increased N, P, and K concentrate added from agricultural activities, toxic mineral effluents from industrial front usages are also adding to the growing lists of potential liquid waste in the Anthropocene epoch. Long-term contacts and exposure to Cu and Zn cause neurological disorders like Alzheimer diseases, muscular dystrophy, allergic reactions and genetic mutation by industrial effluents. The leachates, effluents of oil refineries, paper mills and distilleries are rich in hydrocarbon, increases BOD conc. when disposed on soil/water, develop anaerobic conditions and affect soil quality. (Fig 10) The River Ganga, the center of Indian civilization is struggling for survival under profuse organic and inorganic pollution. Sewage estimated to be @ 2900Million liters is pumped into the river between Balabhadra barrage at Rishikesh and the confluence point to bay at Uluberia. CPCB has monitored the water quality (WQ) of Ganges at In 2017, State of Global Air report, published by the Health Effects Institute, states that India"s report of death was of about 14.7 people per 1,00,000 population due to oxygen-related illness whereas the death rate was 5.9 people per 1,00,000 population in China. Benzene, 1-3 Butadiene and acrolein evolved from wastes are known to cause malignancy over long exposure. Acrolein has harmful effects on the eyes, skin, upper respiratory tract, and heart, even for short periods of exposure and at low concentration. Anthropogenic wastes generate CH 4 (a major GHG gas) is accumulating in the atmosphere causing an increase in global mean SAT and SST, resulting in MSL rise and climate changes. The human race would be facing the inevitable result like, deforestation, desertification, low crop yields, and scarcity of safe water. This could irreversibly damage the fragile health of the flora and fauna and bring the existing ecosystems to the verge of extinction.

Leachate composition of the landfill:-
Leachate is the Landfill aqueous material that can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable, soluble or insoluble, organic or inorganic, liquid or solid and toxic or nontoxic. The parameters are pH, temperature, BOD, COD, DO, the degree of decomposition, moisture content, climate, and landfill age. According to MOEF, the permissible value of Water Quality (WQ) parameters like pH, BOD, and facial coliform (FC) values should be 6.5-8.5, <3 mg/l and 500 MPN/100 ml (desirable)2500 MPN/100 ml (Maximum permissible) respectively (Fig 12).The liquid waste is unsuitable for disposal to any class of landfill as the volume leachate pollute groundwater table (GWT). The high concentration of metal ions or/and hazardous organic chemicals in leachate may pollute/foul ground or/and surface water which demands proper treatment or safe disposal.
Sugar mill effluents from industries have high suspended solids (SS), dissolved solids (DS), BOD, COD, chloride, Ca, and Mg. Sonipat area in Haryana has become almost barren due to industrial effluents and exploiting groundwater for excess irrigation (Fig 12). National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP) on analysis of water bodies from rivers drains and landfill leachates reported that the trend in chemical parameters is in a gradual declining trend. CPCB monitored the water quality of 870 observatories in 26 States and 5 UT"s of India. The status of a trend in BOD (Fig 12), & Total Coliform (TC) (Fig 13) and Faecal Coliform (FC) (Fig 14) for the period 1995-2012 has exhibited an improving trend. 1121 gradual rise in water quality (WQ) parameters with regard to organic pollution is decreasing in major rivers of India (Fig 15). The analysis of the leachate water near Pune landfill showed abnormally excess Ne and Fe concentration @ 2612 to 24700 mg/lit and @ 6.6 to 8 mg/lit respectively The surrounding GWT is also infected with Na and Fe @ 918 to 2470 mg/lit and 6.5 to 9.3 mg/lit in nearby well water Mane et. al.,2015. Hazardous liquid wastes can be moderated by ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity, toxicity but to be handled carefully (EPA, 2005).
In some areas of Punjab, groundwater has been contaminated by Hg and Pb to such an extent that use of water for drinking purposes has caused mutation in DNA. It is also reported that the increased incidence of cancer in the population due to over-exploitation of groundwater. The tannery water in Tamil Nadu had heavily polluted the quality of surface and groundwater making it unfit for drinking and agriculture. Effluents of Zn smelter near Udaipur, Rajasthan, contained the high level of Zn than the permissible limit. The quality of drinking water has already deteriorated at present in some areas; due to the release of toxic chemicals like Styrene Trimer, and Bisphenol A. The reproductive system is affected by Bisphenol A (an endocrine disruptor) which endangers the aqua habitats and human. It interferes with the basic food chain, pollutes soil, air, and groundwater. After contamination, it starts wiping out the flora, fauna, and aqua habitats inclusive human with high social and economic cost to decontaminate the affected areas.

Heavy metals added to water and soil, India
Zinc Copper Cadmium Lead Nickel

1122
Nuclear Waste:-Isotopes are common in nature, 14 C, and a naturally rare isotope, 293 Pu, are present through the Earth"s mid-latitudes due to nuclear testing in the 1950s onward Vaughan Adam 2018. Nuclear Power Plants provide ≈20% of world"s electricity (8% in the U.S.). Nuclear waste is the byproduct or end product from radioactivity. Nuclear waste is generated throughout the fuel cycle. The front end waste as LLW (low-level α-emission waste, 1mCi -10 mCi), Service period waste as ILW (10mCi -10 Ci),) contaminate the reactor housings and wastewater. Backend waste (HLW) is highly emissive containing fuel rods and reactor cores which is > 10 Ci.
India generates 4020 MW electricity from nuclear resources in 2016 and projected to reach the level of 20,000 MW by 2020. On an average, a 1000 MW Nuclear Power Plant generates 25 MT of N-waste (spent fuel/ year), Upon reuse and reprocessing the final residue generated is about 700 kg of high-level waste/ year (HLW) which must be environmentally isolated and to be stored for long (vitrification). About 4.8 MT of nuclear waste is generated and stored in steel canisters for minimum 50 years as the nuclear wastes are highly radioactive and emitting both γ and particles such as Ur-234, Ne-237, Pl-238 and Am-241 etc.. The amount of such waste generated in India is around 4MT/GW/year. Filtration, ion exchange, evaporation, incineration, compaction, and solidification are the common methods of disposal of nuclear waste. Permanent nuclear disposal can be undertaken by geological repositories, deep boreholes, separation and transmutation and in space. Nuclear waste disposal in the deep sea has been restricted legally through international treaties. Nuclear landfills (Yucca Mountain, Nevada in US 1999) are situated at a far distance from nuclear plants and wastes are buried at a deep depth below ground (about >500m) Nano wastes:-Three types of Nanomaterials (Nano-particles, Nano-plates or Nano-fibers) are gifts of the Anthropocene epoch whose dimensions lie between 1 to100 nm. About 2,68,000MT Engineering Nanomaterials (ENM) had been produced in 2010 and continuously increasing @ ≈ 25% annually Bozena M., (2016). Nano-wastes are created from the by-product during manufacture of ENM. Wastes of ENM are available in the body or on surfaces of different solids, liquids (suspension) and in the air within containers Silver ornaments are popular since long for its anti-bacterial properties but its nano silver particles are hostile towards bacteria which can kill cells in human body and also beneficial microbes in soil even at low concentration Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) utilized in the manufacture of cosmetics, sunscreens, paint, and vitamins are also carcinogenic. Nano-technology is gaining extensive importance in multifarious uses of the new technology. But clear standards and regulations towards use, disposal, and recycling of Nano-wastes are not in place at present. Present generation needs to work out measures to deal with its toxicity and environmental impact. The exponential growth of ENM waste and its failure to deal with same pose great challenge to the Anthropocene. Electronic products became popular in India from 1980 onwards. India is the 5 th biggest consumer of electronics goods (1.7 MMT in 2014) of the world. E-goods purchased by consumers during 1980"s are in the process of discarding old, outdated and bulky electronic/electrical gadgets. CR-Tube televisions sets are being replaced by replacing with LCD or Plasma monitors. As per a study by ASSOCHAM, India, the CAGR [Compound Annual Growth Rate] of e-wastes in India is 30% of the production amount. UN has estimated, about 90% of the world"s ewaste is illegally traded or dumped annually and finally after few days it become a part to the landfill. Per capita ewaste rate in India is very less in comparison to other developing nations due to its huge demography as the majority 1123 of the population are under low-income group. New Moti Bagh, New Delhi has adopted a "zero e-waste" project at the "General Pool Residential Accommodation Complex (GPRA). BBMP, Bengaluru has adopted segregation of wastes by adopting a collection of wet, dry, and e-waste, a three-bin system. The e-wastes are to be specially recycled as per norms. MAIT (Manufacturers Association for Information Technology) has reported that a small state Odisha, e-waste generation is projected to rise from 71 MT by 2021 to 1236.50 MT to 2050.

E-Wastes:-
The Indian states generating e-waste in decreasing order are Maharashtra, TN, AP, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, and UP. The e-waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011, which governs that India has to command over the e-users health and the environment. The e-waste management system is regulating issues related to disposal, import and recycling of e-waste and is applicable to factories, producer, consumer or bulk consumer. However, the hazardous e-waste must not be mixed with MSW and not to be disposed in landfills. Repairs and refurbishment of electronics items and its reuse at low cost are the best solutions to take the benefits of technology which promote recycling.
Industrial waste:-Human has passed through four industrial revolutions. The first was in 1850, where coal and iron were the major materials for use. Slag, fly ash and CO 2 were the major wastes. The 2 nd industrial revolution was during the mid-20 th century which was based upon cost reduction and mass production where wastes from industries and power plants are the major wastes. During the late 20 th century, the third industrial revolution brought widespread use of fossil fuels alongwith advanced electronics equipment and automatic gadgets. The scientifically advanced equipment"s generated huge volume e-wastes whose disposal pose serious challenges for the mankind. The development in computer and Nanotechnology has invited the fourth industrial revolution and nanotechnology. Concrete, plastics, and aluminum composites are the most used man-made material which is produced @ of around 500MMT, 50 BMT and 500 MMT a year. Sediments containing any of nano and e-wastes materials will be a clear sign of the Anthropocene Industrial wastes can be hazardous or non-hazardous and the hazardous wastes are either heavy metals or hydrocarbons. Other hazardous wastes are end products of explosives, compressed gasses, flammable liquids, oxidizers, poisonous/toxic materials, and corrosives which are found in landfills and handled by rag pickers. The heavy metals can be traced in geosphere such as As (in mines area), Cd (from mining, waste from fertilizer industry, waste batteries), Cr (mining and leather industries), Pb (batteries and e-factories), Mn (mining), Hg (medicine or chloro-alkali industries), and Ni (mining or metal plating industries), Organic wastes perilous to human and animals are benzene (Petrochemical refineries), and some dioxins. Unplanned and unorganized industrial establishments, obsolete small-scale industries (SSI"s) lacking funds are not giving due importance to bio-degradable products, wastes, dumps and landfill leachate. To the certain extent, government policies with regard to use scarce resources like land and water have added to the increasing pollution level to rivers, water bodies and environment.
To produce 1 Kg of steel 2.6 to 2.8 Kg of Hematite ore is needed. About 30-35 MMT of iron and steel slag/sludge is generated and dumped in and around the steel plant areas annually in India, Amit Kumar (2014). Industrial solid wastes from industries are slag, sludge, dust, mill scale, fluxes, scrap, muck, debris whereas the industrial liquid wastes are oil, greases, and factory effluents, and the gaseous wastes are CO 2 , toxic gases, smog, fumes and flue gasses. Aluminum is extracted from bauxites is ≈ 234 (MMT) and generate end waste red mud (RM) of 9x10 7 MT across the globe. with India accounting for 19.3 MMT and RM of 2x10 6 MT respectively Mishra et al, 2014.
Globally cement industries are growing @8%, Sharma K (2013) supplementing 5% of the kiln gasses to the atmosphere Metz (2007). CPCB has reported that wastes from 132 numbers of cement industries with installed capacity 166 MTPA are the most polluting industries in India as contributing to the level of the hazardous cement dust contains like nickel, cobalt, lead, and chromium. This massive volume of wastes has adverse impact on vegetation, human and animal health and ecosystems.

Biomedical wastes:-
The biomedical wastes whether solid or liquid are disposed directly in drains at present and these Biomedical (BM) wastes are sources for nosocomial infections. BM wastes from hospitals, research centers, labs, and mortuaries are contaminating air, soil, and water due to lack of infection of control practices and poor waste management system. The persons handling such BW like rag pickers, sanitation workers, non-medical staff, waste handlers are directly exposed to the hazards of BW. It is estimated that a lady can generate up to 125 kg of sanitary waste during her menstruating years and with a child generating 25-30kg/year. Sanitary pads/napkin/hoggish takes around 500 to 800 1124 years to degrade as these are made of materials like bleached wood pulp, LDPE plastic polymers and superabsorbent (polyacrylate), https://www.smithsonianmag. com/smart -news/humans-180964125.. It is assessed that the developed countries produce @1.5Kg/bed/day BM wastes whereas in India the average rate of production is 1.2Kg/bed/day. The biomedical waste generated in India was 507.6MT. Out of which 80% was nonhazardous, 1% radioactive, genotoxic and cytotoxic, 1% sharp, 3% pharmaceuticals and chemicals, 5% hazardous but not infectious and rest10% were pathogenic and infectious. The 40-50% BM wastes are discharged to drains or dumped in open space without proper and scientific treatment. The viruses, parasites and bacteria"s from BM wastes can cause gastroenteric, respiratory, ocular, meningitis, bloodborne diseases and many others ailments and the present generation is facing the inevitable consequences.
Marine Waste:-During the Great Acceleration, the atmospheric CO2 concentration grew, from 311 ppm in 1950 to 369 ppm in 2000 (W. Steffen et al., 2011).and 415ppm in 2015. About one-third of the carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activity is absorbed by the oceans. When CO 2 is dissolved in seawater, it produces carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates the water releasing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. Then, the formation of bicarbonate removes carbonate ions from the water, making them less available for use by the marine organisms. ocean acidification affects the biogeochemical dynamics of calcium carbonate, organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the ocean. The result is having a direct impact on marine habitats that build shells from calcium carbonate, like planktonic coccolithophores, mollusks, echinoderms, corals, and coralline algae. Globally ocean trash dumped to sea amounts to 269,000 MT floating as wastes (5.25 trillion pieces of plastics/four billion plastic microfibers per square kilometer litter) Parker Laura, 2015 [20] . The study of other wastes such as oils, grease, containers, storm trashes, and metallic wastes are under investigation The redistribution of Earth"s frustum minerals and the mining/industrial dumps have an adverse impact on human and animal health and the biome. There is an immediate need to monitor these negative impacts and develop ways and means to address these sensitive issues Change in Geology, lithology, and limnology:-With burgeoning population growth and modernization, humans have un-earthen about 50% of the subterranean land face in the Anthropocene epoch for their use. Settlement, farming, mining, deforestation, damming, and coastal reclamation have produced huge quantities of wastes and provided the frustum with a new cover. The never-ending appetite of the human race for modernization and industrialization has altered the natural landscape of geology, lithology, and limnology.

The federal actions to manage waste in India:-
The regulatory regime to manage waste in India was initiated by MOEF, GOI in 1986 to protect the environment as Environment Protection Act, 1986 ("EPA") with the imposition of the penalty to the law deviator (up to 5 years and/or fine up to INR 100,000). Further, GOI made a statutory law for environment impact assessment where redressal of its impact was considered for both new and old establishments. A number of rules and notifications were issued to manage wastes from different sectors. EIA notification 1986EIA notification , 1994EIA notification , 1996  Discussion:-Wastes in the Anthropocene epoch are mostly non-degradable, durable, toxic and pervasive with resilient stratagems of diffusion and contamination. Time is the best decomposer of the wastes and rivers possess their own self-cleaning properties. But wastes in Anthropocene don"t degrade or take a large period for mutation. Unscientific and improper management of waste adversely affects the health of human and animals leading to huge social and economic costs. The collateral damage to vegetation, flora, fauna, ground waters, aquatic, marine and glacial resources and ultimately climate is increasingly realized by the human race.
India in particular needs immediate workable, sustainable, collaborative efficient and effective framework for reducing hazardous wastes in the present great acceleration periods of the Anthropocene epoch. To avert any epidemic chaos and to construct smart cities both economically and healthy, it is urgent to have a well-defined participatory waste management strategies. The broad procedure of reducing waste are a generation, minimization, recycling, collection, treatment, disposal by considering the economics of disposal procedure including framing policy decisions at state and national level on urgent basis.
Managing Solid waste, the steps followed are resource recovery, composting, vermin composting, energy recovery, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and anaerobic digestion. The actions in the waste disposal process including huge construction wastes comprises of training/awareness, creation and maintaining a supply chain of wastes, generation/collection/ economy in transportation, recycling, energy generation and marketing with a strong monitoring system including GPS monitoring., The huge gap existing between collection and treatment at present by urban bodies in India should be addressed.
For effective and economic management of waste in the Anthropocene epoch are waste reduction and segregation for recycling and reuse at the source. The collection should be prompt, efficient laying emphasis on the sound disposal by implementing the smart and green concept, maintaining cleanliness by joining hands together. Reusable and recyclable wastes are to separated and either donated or reused.

Do and do not's in
Fused CFL"s, LCD"s or tube lights are not to be wasted and recycled to recover Hg, P, and glass Disposals Dispose of chemicals, burnt oils and toxic fuels at approved waste sites. Dispose of solid wastes in landfills. Set own bio-methanation. system.
Don"t pour gasoline, thinners, paint, oil, solvents, insecticides, in the drain. don"t poison your septic system Biomedical wastes Clean hospitals with in-house segregation clean and with BM waste disposal unit with each medical unit, research centers, and slaughterhouses Don't mix wastes from hospitals and clinics with other wastes. Store them in sealed, labeled containers

Transportation
The vehicles may be fully utilized at least two shifts to lift containers.
Don"t have manual loading or replaced to direct lifting containers by hydraulic or non-hydraulic devices or direct loading from the door Bioreactor landfills Municipality/N.A.C/institution wise must maintain Bioreactor landfill Don"t decompose/dump the toxic gas generating garbage/waste Training Conduct ongoing training classes to dispose of wastes of the unit/industry. Periodical checking of waste management by senior management.
Do not allow the trash vendors, rag pickers to the landfill and dump yards. Train them about the health impact of wastes.

Governance
Refer regulatory body if no waste disposal scheme. Efficient use of existing waste management facilities and landfills.
Don't dump wastes near water body /drains/ ecologically subtle area like the zoo, parks, forest or beach.

Reporting
The waste generation must be reported regularly and correctly.
Don"t hide hazardous BM waste, e-waste, and nuclear waste. Penalty Inspect and investigate the lawbreaker in waste disposal and impose heavy penalties and imprisonment.
Don"t be lenient with the person/institutions considering vagaries in waste management

Conclusion:-
The Anthropocene epoch (the age of human) can also be designated as the age of wastes. The scientific management of waste comprises segregation, collection, storage, transportation, disposal, and reporting. If waste is transported to a destination for contaminant disposal or destruction, reporting is mandatory. Containment destinations include landfill, tailings (waste ponds), storage facilities, and underground injection or other long-term purpose-built waste storage structure by reducing, reuse, recycle and rebuy C&D materials. It also includes the transport or movement of substances contained in waste to a sewerage system. Reporting must be voluntary if transfers are to a destination for reuse, recycling, reprocessing, purification, partial purification, immobilization, remediation or energy recovery. The final fate of Wastes, which can be recyclable even, ends in dumps and landfills. The most efficient waste management stresses upon efficient segregation, energy restoration and resources recovery.