ANTHROPOCENE EFFECTS ON THE RIVER DAYA AND THE LAGOON CHILIKA BY THE EFFLUENTS OF BHUBANESWAR CITY INDIA: A PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY

Mr. Abhishek Joshi 1 and Dr. Siba Prasad Mishra 2 . 1. Dept. of Life science, School of pharmacy and life science, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, 752050. 2. Civil Engineering Department, Centurion University of Technology & Management Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Bhubaneswar city poses problems of liquid waste disposal and allow it to a natural drain (Gangua drain) to the river Daya which is the hydrographic life line of South Mahanadi delta and major fresh water source to the largest lagoon of Asia, the Chilika. Use of river water from the Daya, face the challenge of meeting compliance economically by national regulatory standards to maintain riparian rights of the people and the ecology downstream. Present study is conducted to determine the physicochemical standards and the heavy metals polluting of the river upstream, the main drain Gangua Nallah and the water quality downstream in 2017. The digital equipments are used to find the physical, biological parametric values and for heavy metals by the XRF spectrometer. The water quality parameters determined are pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, Ca, P, K, Ni, Ca The heavy metals and the REE'S were also determined during the flow. The result shows the water quality during non-monsoon is deteriorating matching with the Anthropocene impacts. Weekly water samples were taken for the nonmonsoon and monsoon to study the chemical toxicity and their impact on day to day behavior to decide the human activity and manage the brain chemistry as guided by neurotransmitters. The results are compared with the previous studies made CPCB and other researchers.   (Fig -4) is decreasing. However the trend in population growth is exponential and matching the Anthropocene concept.
The river Daya receives the effluents attains an abnormal E-Coliform count / physic-chemical standards and concentration (conc.) of heavy metals and finally fall in the lagoon Chilika. Hence it became pertinent to monitor continuously the water quality of Daya from time to time. Present study is an attempt to find the physicochemical characteristics of Daya water in pre monsoon and monsoon period. Also the concentration of heavy metals and radioactive elements present in the effluent need to be attended by Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) which is a smart city in India. If pertinent action shall not be taken from today, the Daya river shall become like the Yamuna river at Delhi, the Gomati river in Luck now. The downstream river and lagoon users shall lose their riparian rights and the lagoon shall be deserted from guest avifauna, shall be a dead zone for the aqua fauna and imbalance the ecology of the South Mahanadi delta.  [3] . Mahood et al., 2013 [4] . Maiti et al 2015 [5] studied the heavy metals in drinking water samples from various sources and claimed there is need for constant monitoring as the levels of pollution as the presence of trace metals are alarming. Das et al (2013) [6] . studied the waste water at Lake near NICCO Park and Mahapatra et al, 2014 [7] reported that the water quality of the rivers Kuakhai and Daya are deteriorating after analyzing and calculating the different physic-chemical parameters of water samples. Hegazi H. A. (2013) [8] observed that rice husk and Fly ash can reduce the efficiency of heavy metals like Cu, Ni and iron in water. Karnib et al., (2014) [9] have removed heavy metal Ni 2+ from polluted water by using activated carbon, silica and silica activated carbon composite. Barakat M. A. 2011 [10] , have experimentally proved that effective digestion inorganic industrial effluent can be done up to concentration of >1000 mg/L of metals by lime precipitation. Biofilters/ or bioabsorb/or bioaccumulates are popular at present to reduce conc. of heavy metals in addition to conventional treatment procedures Rodrigues, (2011) [11] . The Dept. of Environmental Protection and Energy, New Jersey's, USA uses KDF 55 or 85, redox alloy medium for removing mercury which is cost effective http://www.kdfft.com /success_metal.htm. Halawaa et al 2015 [12] , reported Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn can be effectively reduced from polluted river water by using dithiocarbamate ligands as they are good binders and precipitate heavy metal ions as complexes. Prokaryotic organisms like Cyanobacteria plentily found in lacustrine environments like rivers and lagoons which are harmful to both human being, aquatic plants and can be filtered by fibers from endocarp of dried coconut shell, macadamia nut shell, , mesocarp of green coconut, residue of pine wood and bagasse of sugarcane Albuquerque E. C. de Jr. et. al.,(2008) [13] and Landsberg J. H., (2002) [14] . Zeolites, clay, peat moss can reduce the pollution. Self-cleansing of the pollutants can be done by methods of adsorption by using industrial wastes and agricultural wastes Tripathy et. al.(2015) [15] . Mishra et al 2015 [16] have studied the drinking water quality of South Mahanadi delta and reported for first four to five km from coast the ground water is saline. OPCB has described the water of Daya is of class B (CWC classification) and beyond Manitri is class -C. Mishra S. P 2016 has reported that the coastal Odisha except some villages are fit for irrigation. Behera et. al., 2017 [17] studied the Physico chemical behavior of coastal Puri district and showed that it is fit for irrigation except some few patches. Lohani et al 2011 [18] , Mishra and Nayak [19] , 2014 Mishra et al., 2015 [20] , has reported that Daya river is a part of South Mahanadi delta and its water is becoming polluted day by day by Gangua drain.

Methods and methodology:-
Scarcity of innocuous drinking water and acceptable nutrition are the key factors behind mortality of infants and adults in India. Diarrhoea, ARI (Acute respiratory syndrome), Pneumonia and various acute diseases like typhoid, malaria, and hepatitis has increased the CDR (Crude death rate) and IMR (Infant mortality rate) in Odisha. The CDR rates are in 2001 were nervous, respiratory and digestive systems were 20 % of fatalities. The IMR rates due to intestinal, infectious, and parasitic diseases were (21.68%) respectively in 2000 due to polluted water. For safe water, the necessity of maintaining norms of the water supply is important. Heavy metals have high atomic weight and density than that of water. The high grade of toxicity Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cr 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ and As 2+ are prioritized as toxic metals affecting human health significantly. The affected species are Hg in fish, lead in bone broth, Cadmium in e-cigarettes and Arsenic in rice. The chemical toxicity and their impact on day to day behavior decide the human activity and manage the brain chemistry as guided by neurotransmitters. Our behavioral aptitudes like pleasure, anger, relaxations, food habits, and weekly cleaning activities are the reflections. Manifestations in human actions are depression, anxiety, addiction and psychosis etc. are the results of heavy metals and Proteins present in water. Monitoring of chemical parameters, heavy metals and rare earth metals were done on each day in a week from Sunday to Saturday and samples for .two weeks (one in monsoon and other in non-monsoon) were collected and studied.
For collection of the representative samples of water is drawn as per the IS 1622 -1981 and IS 3025-1994 (Part 1). The Indian standard methodology procedures are adopted to find the values of water quality parameters and is compared with the water quality standards prescribed by IS specification like IS: 3025 (Part   The water quality parameters (WQP) of the river Daya was observed during non-monsoon when the flow is lean and not even knee dip. For the month Dec to Feb from 2000, the discharge of the river Daya is closed by a temporary cross bundh (dam) to supplement irrigation to the 30000Ha in and around the lake Chilika. The water of the river Daya carries the effluent of the Bhubaneswar city only in pre-monsoon period. The norms fixed by federal agencies for biological parameters are in tab -3 and the monsoon flow and effluent combined dilute to concentration of effluent which is also observed and reported in Table 4  During monsoon the distributary Daya receives 4-5% of the flood of the Mahanadi system, the water quality of monsoon months (JJASO) from non-monsoon period (NDJFMAM) months. The water quality samples of the Daya River have been monitored for the months July and September 2017 for one week each at vulnerable points in Gangua Nallah (Benabili), before/after confluence point (Anantapur and Kantikothabeda). The monsoon flow and effluent are diluted to lower the concentration of effluent and addition of new elements which was observed. The adulterate of the river Daya during non-monsoon and monsoon are reported in Fig -2 and Table 4. From the above data it is found that temperature is high in non-monsoon period, the pH value is within prescribed limit 6.5-85 but during non-monsoon the water of the river Daya is more alkaline than monsoon Fig 7-(a). The turbidity is within the prescribed range except on a Thursday during monsoon. The dissolved oxygen is is not within the prescribed limit so the effluent need natural/artificial aeration before entry to the river water.
The BOD value is well below the MOEF standard of 30 and recommended by CPCB for use. But the BOD value is higher during summer than rainy season. The COD value well within the prescribed standards in non-monsoon period but not during monsoon. It depicts the flood water of Mahanadi system increases the COD value during monsoon i.e. the sediment transported by the river. Interestingly it is observed the DO level is high on Sunday as it is an off day for industries, less regular activities in the city and even in biomedical sector. It is observed that the BOD is decreasing whereas the COD is increasing gradually from Monday to Sunday. During monsoon the physicochemical parameters when studied it is found that pH value is less than that of non-monsoon period. The turbidity widely varies between 2.8 to 5.1. The dissolved oxygen level is found least on Sunday (5.8 ppm/lit) and highest on Friday (7.4ppm/l). BOD values are less than standard and COD values are much higher than the prescribed limit, it may be due to the sediments carried from other reaches (Fig -5 and Fig -6). Versatility, unique properties of XRF spectrometer have urged to access the quantity of heavy metals and rare earth elements present in the surface water samples from different vulnerable places of the river Daya. XRF spectrometer was used to find the quantities present in water sample Two standards were considered Indian Standards(IS) are meant for the Homosapiens and the United Nations Economic Commission (UNECE or ECE) standard is for ecological sustainability set standards for surface water (//www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources quality /wpcchap2) Fig 7-(b).    Concentrations of heavy metals and nonmetals are compared for the days in a week and also during both monsoon and non-monsoon period. The comparative study indicates. Phosphorous, sulpher (3days) and chlorine can be harmful to the local person using the river water as their drinking purposes ( Table 5). The conc. of iron is much above the required standard , action is pertinent for removal of iron from the water. Fe may enter the ground water and also can affect the yield of the area (Fig 6 and Tab-6).
1381 Figure 6:-Observed quantity of nonmetals and heavy metals in Daya water (Nonmonsoon) in June /2017 The concentration of Silicon dioxide in the water sample is alarming during monsoon it is due to the presence of suspended solid in water. Chlorine, Potassium, phosphorous, Iron and tin is harmful to the users downstream (Table  5). Since 99% of the effluent flows away to sea via Chilika lake with a faster speed in the river get less time to enter the ground water Table -6   Europium (Eu) has Standard limit < 0.001% and report about biological impact not known but mildly toxic by ingestion (not established). (http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements /eu.htm)From the above data it can be concluded that there is less importance of rare earth metals present in the effluents of Bhubaneswar city liquid waste except Europium which has less impact on human health (Table 6).

Population growth and contamination of the River Daya:-
The demography of Bhubaneswar city has been considered and found that the annual growth rate have been reduced from 5.75% to 1.26% but the total population has been increased from 411542 (year 1991) to 917766 (Year 2017 estimated). The domestic liquid waste quantity has been increased. The present study is corroborated with the past reports and an assessment on increase/ decrease of the quality of the water is done for future research works.