POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF TERRITORIAL DEFENSE-EMPOWEREMENT OF REGIONAL GOVERNMENT IN ORDER TO IMPROVE STATE DEFENSE-AWARENESS IN MALANG DISTRICT

* Aprianko Susenso 1 , Zaenal Fanani 2 and Rudy Sulistyono 2 . 1. Student of Post Graduate Program in National Defense Studies, Brawijaya University. 2. Lecturer of Post Graduate Program in National Defense Studies, Brawijaya University. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

This research aims to to analyze the influence of: (1) empowerment to defend the state of consciousness in Malang and (2) the government's role towards community empowerment and awareness to defend the nation in Malang district. This research was undertaken in Malang district. The collected data was then processed to know how the result which functions to overcome the problem examined. Qualitative data was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Encoding data technique was given for quantitative data processing to make harmonization. Quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and crosstabulation. While quantitative data was processed using Structural equation Modelling (SEM) technique. For the purposes of rejection and acceptance of the hypothesis, the researchers uses 5 percent of significance level (α = 0.05), The results show that a) Empowerment to the public awareness is necessary to: (1) defend the country comprising of state defense education and the national education system, (2) strengthen efforts and give a role to the mass organizations by Indonesian military (TNI), (3) seek an effort to build an information network of community empowerment, andinstitutional strengthening through the socialization of defending the country, (4) encourage, motivate, and raise awareness of the national character to all elements in the community, (5) integrate the national development to family and personal through TNI's role. b) Empowerment has influence over the role of government as administrators who determine public policy implications. As a regulator, the government provides a basic reference for community as an instrument to regulate all activities of empowerment implementation. As a motivator, government has a role through the provision of guidance and direction intensively and effectively to the public. Commonly, the guidance provision is manifested through instructor agents and certain entities to provide training. As fasiitator, the government is engaged in assistance through training, education and development of skill, as well as in the areas of funding and capital through the provision of capital to the people who are empowered., c) The role of government in creating state defenseawareness aims to make society: (1) is able to grow and build up the spirit of the concept of nationalism, (2) is always proud to be an Indonesian, (3) is always committed to maintain the unity and integrity The dynamics of strategic environment development has been creating the nature of the threat implicated to the nation defense. Several developments in the area of Asia Pacific needs to be paid attention and affected on security stability are the strategic policy of the United State, economics and military development, and territorial disputes in the South China Sea following the decree of Permanent Court of Arbitration, non-traditional issues, the appearance of armed groups with radical Islamic ideology (terrorism), an outbreak, seizure of source of energy, economy, and environment. On the other hand, information and communication technology development has been causing to attend cyber threat, and likewise an issue of international crime. The development of strategic environment is able to influence peace and security of each nation, and even international.
Empowerment and control of territorial defense is in charge of central government to ensure the stability of national defense by standardization of national vigilance throughout the NKRI. Regional government's role in territorial defense empowerment is only limited to social empowerment in digging up the potential of natural resources, human resource, culture, and potential matters related to socio-community life. Internalization efforts of state defenseawareness as an activity to build national character is not an easy process, since its result cannot be seen immediately, and takes a long time. However, we have to believe that this effort will be able to cultivate and build spirit of the concept of being nation of every state citizen to be proud as an Indonesia and having always commitment to maintain national unity. For that reason, in term of improving state defense-awareness, Malang regional government has been implementing an education program of state defense-awareness comprising not only state defense-awareness but also residential area and work environment.

Method:-
This research was conducted to find out the influence of government's role on empowerment and state defenseawareness. In relation to that purpose, the researchers would conduct hypothesis testing. Type of research used to test hypothesis was explanatory. Quantitative approach was conducted through observation and unstructured interview to dig up in-depth information on causal problem of the decrease of state defense-awareness level in Malang district. Population is the whole number of analysis unit having a particular characteristic stated by the researchers to learn. Population of this research was all government officials of Malang district. The number of population was 747 people.

Data Collection Method:-
Sukardi (2004) suggested that for social and educational research as well as economics and politics related to the public that have heterogeneous characteristics, sampling collection is not only about sample size, but also should qualify representativeness or representing all components of the population. Determination of the number of sample (n) uses Slovin formulation (Umar,1977) as follows: Description: n= sample unit N= the number of population e= mistake tolerance by 10% (0.1)

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Data Analysis:-The collected data was then processed to know how the result which functions to overcome the examined problem. Qualitative data was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Encoding data technique was given for quantitative data processing to make harmonization. Quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. While quantitative data was processed using Structural equation Modeling (SEM) technique.

Result And Discussion:-
The results of characteristics as identity of 88 respondent shows that through the characteristics of the respondent can determine the ratio between assumptions or respondents' respond regarding the role of Malang district government for empowerment and the level of state defense-awareness. In addition to the comparison that is based by comparing the characteristics of the respondent with the results of respondents' answers through questionnaires and conducting the interview derived from questions on any research variables, then the researchers also conducted a measurement from the opinion of respondents coming from observation of respondent characteristics, among others; age and the last education attended by employees of Malang district government, so that the characteristics of the respondent will also be observed on how much the influence of characteristics on the dependent variable i.e., the empowerment and state defense-awareness in Malang district.

Outer Model Analysis:-
The first stage to do to use SmartPLS 2.0 is the researcher makes a path diagram. The relationship among variables and their indicators are clearly seen. Following is the output path diagram in smartPLS reflecting methodological research. The data above explains that composite reliability and ave's score of each variable is greater than 0.70 as its cut-off value, thus it can be concluded that all of constructs meet the criterion of reliable and is valid. Test validity of construct can be measured by AVE parameter, while AVE's score reached has to > 0.5. Reliability test can be seen from cronbach's alpha score and composite reliability score. Cronbach's alpha score has to > 0.6 and composite reliability has to > 0.7. For that reason, testing stage of concluded internal consistency has been met.

Variable
c. Discriminant validity testing According to Udeh (2008), the first condition of discriminant validity testing needs to be fulfilled is that AVE's score has to be greater than 0.50. In the table 2, it is seen that AVE's score of all variables is > 0.50, thus the first condition has been fulfilled. For further stage, thing than has to be met first is square root value of AVE of each variable has to be greater than correlation value with another variable (Udeh, 2008). The following table is AVE's square root value (the number with "*" sign which takes place in diagonal position). Each variable has to be greater than the value of another correlation value (the number which takes place in a one row and column with fitting AVE variable). Correlation value between variable is the result of the rounding off of correlation value in the From the table above it can be concluded that empowerment variable is able to explain by state defense-awareness by 0.3374 or 33.74%, government's role variable can be explained by empowerment and state defense-awareness variable by 0.4461 or 44.61%. The higher value of the R Square, the greater the ability of independent variable to explain dependent variable, thus the structural equation will be better.

Hypothesis Testing:-
After having validity and reliability testing in the whole model of this research, the next step was analyzing, whether independent variables which formed this kind of research model has significant influence over the dependent variable. Kind of method used to analyze was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the researchers used SmartPLS application program. Ghozali (2008) stated that PLS does not assume any particular distribution for parameter estimation, hence, parametric method to test parameter significance does not need again. Hypothesis testing was performed by seeing t-statistic and path-coefficient. Statistic score shows significant construct, while pathcoefficient shows nature relationship among construct (positive and negative).
Hypothesis testing was based on the score of structural model analysis, significance level of path coefficient was obtained from t-value and standardized path coefficient value. Threshold of hypothesis testing is a. t-Value of factor loadings is greater than critical value (≥ 1.96) b. Standardized path coefficient value (p) is ≥ 0.05. For further information about the density of the result of hypothesis testing, it then will be done t-test testing using 5% significant or 0.05. Hypothesis is supported if the value of t-statistics is greater than t -table value. t-table value is amount to 1.645 for significant of 0.05 (t-table > 1.645). Beta coefficient has positive value to explain the relationship between those two tested variables. Beta coefficient is in a vulnerable -1.0 until 1.0.
The first hypothesis (H1) stated that empowerment has positive and significant influence over the state-defense awareness. The result of the calculation by using SmartPLS 2.0 application program shows that variable of empowerment has significantly positive influence over the state defense-awareness with beta coefficient value by 0.581 and p value by 0.0001.
The second hypothesis (H2) states that empowerment has significantly positive influence over the government's role. The result of the calculation by using SmartPLS shows that leadership variable has significantly positive influence over the employees performance with beta coefficient value by 0.778 and p value by 0.000. Based on this result, the second hypothesis is accepted.
The third hypothesis states that empowerment has significantly positive influence over the state defense-awareness and government's role. Calculation by using SmartPLS 2.0 results in that leadership variable has significantly positive influence over the achievement and performance of employees with beta coefficient value by 0.1758 and p value by 0.0003.

Implication of The Result:-
Community empowerment needs to do to state defense-awareness function. It consists of (1) state defense education and national education system, (2) strengthening efforts and assignment role to mass organization by Indonesian Military (TNI), (3) Efforts to build communication network of community empowerment, (4) Strengthening efforts of community and institutional through state defense socialization, (5) encourage, motivate, and raise national character-awareness to all elements in the community, (6) Development of national strategy to family and individual conducted by TNI.
Empowerment has influence over the government's role as administrator of the government who establishes implication of public policy. As a regulator, the government gives frame of reference to society as an instrument to regulate all of activities of empowerment implication. While as a dynamist, the government plays a role to intensively and effectively give guidance and direction to the society. Guidance provision is commonly manifested through the help of instructor team or particular organization to provide training. As the facilitator, the government is engaged in assistance through training, skill education and training, as well as in the areas of funding and capital through the provision of capital to the people who are empowered.
Government's role in realizing state defense-awareness aims to make community to: (1) be able to cultivate and build spirit of the concept of being a nation, (2) be always proud to be an Indonesia, (3) constantly commit to maintain national unity, (4) have willingness to sacrifice for nation and state, (5) apply the values of Pancasila, (6) be aware of nationality and statehood, and (7) participate to defend security at the level of neighborhood.

Conclusion And Suggestion:-
Conclusion:-1. Community empowerment needs to do to state defense-awareness function. It consists of (1) state defense education and national education system, (2) strengthening efforts and assignment role to mass organization by Indonesia Military (TNI), (3) Effort to build communication network of community empowerment, (4) Strengthening efforts of community and institutional through state defense socialization, (5) encourage, motivate, and raise national character-awareness to all elements in the community, (6) Development of national strategy to family and individual conducted by TNI. 2. Empowerment has influence over the government's role as administrator who establishes implication of public policy. As a regulator, the government gives frame of reference to society as an instrument to regulate all of activities of empowerment implication. While as a dynamist, the government plays a role to intensively and effectively give guidance and direction to the community. Guidance provision is commonly manifested as the help of instructor team or particular organization to provide training. As the facilitator, the government is engaged in assistance through training, education and improvement of skill, as well as in the areas of funding and capital through the provision of capital to the community who are empowered.