NEOLOGISM IN ENGLISH-ARABIC TRANSLATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS

), Morphological Neologism ( يفرصلا ديلوتلا ), Semantic Neologism ( يللادلا ديلوتلا ), Spontaneous Neologism ( يلاجترلااب ديلوتلا ), and Loan Neologism ( داقترلااب ديلوتلا ). Thus, the study used al-Sihabi‟s theoretical framework as a starting point for evaluating data. The research was conducted using two distinct categories of neologisms, namely Morphological Neologism and Loan Neologism. critical of the development of via the of from in of The study collected data on four target neologisms created via translation processes: derivation, blending, compound, and acronym.

Technological advancements have aided in the expansion of a language"s vocabulary through the addition of new items. Naming items can be accomplished during the translation process by constructing a diverse structure of neologisms. The purpose of this study was to analyse the results of technical term translations from English to Arabic in the field of Information Technology (IT) and to ascertain the frequency with which Arabic neologisms are published as a result of the process. Additionally, the study identified factors that influence the formation of neologisms through the translation process of translators. The study analysed data from the ProZ.com website regarding IT terms. The data were analysed by dividing the source term into a variety of neologism structures, such as derivatives, blended, compound, and acronym. The research was conducted using al-Sihabi"s theoretical framework for word formation, which classified word formation into two categories: Morphological Neologism, which refers to the process of word development, and Loan Neologism, which refers to the process of converting foreign language words to Arabic. The findings indicate that ProZ.com translators took one of two approaches to the formation of Arabic neologism: they either altered the original structure of the source term or preserved it as the structure of Arabic neologism. Nonetheless, 44% of the data wereconverted to compound form. While the majority of other neological structures are derived from the original structure of the source language. The structure of such neologisms is shaped by the translator"s translation process. Translators frequently translate data literally in order to preserve the source language neologism in its original form, according to studies. However, 25% of data were translated using descriptive and functional equivalence, while 13.1% of data were translated using the Arabization process, which converts source language terms that lack an Arabic equivalent.
355 are susceptible to linguistic neologism. The development of new technological items has a significant impact on civilizational progress. This is intended to fill the bilateral void between the two languages and to provide a more complete picture of the current situation. As Newmark (1998) stated, "Neologisms are perhaps the most perplexing aspect of the non-literary and professional translator"s work. Technology is constantly creating new objects and processes. The media generates new ideas and interpretations of existing feelings. The remainder is made up of terms from social sciences, slang, and dialects that have entered the mainstream of language, as well as transferred words". In conclusion, neologism serves as a critical platform for language development. As a result, the correct approach should be listed as a guide for translating foreign neologisms into Arabic.
According to Moghadam and Sedighi (2012), translating neologisms from one language to another has become a difficult task for modern translators in this millennium. Translators should be able to identify neologisms in the source languages and translate them into their equivalents target language. This is because geographical, cultural, and age factors all contribute to the development of neologism in language. Thus, Hameed (2002) concluded that neologism is a subjective form that evolves over time. However, Catford (1967) maintains that establishing translation equivalence between lexical items is difficult. According to Pinchuck (1977), no language has an equivalent word for concepts or words intended by other languages. Al-Asal and Smadi (2012) believe that this issue can be resolved through the process of borrowing terminology from the source language. Additionally, they explained, the technique of Arabic word formation is used as a guide for resolving the issue. Thus, the appropriate technique for establishing a match between the source and target terms is by translating neologisms terms which employs derivation, blending, compound, and acronym as a means of generating the new term (Hassan 2017).
However, there are many models of English-Arabic translation on Social Media that do not have a recognized translation in Arabic (Hanaqtah 2006). Abd al-Rahman (2016) argued that Arabic neologisms are rarely used by Arabic users, despite the fact that the term has a meaningful equivalent in the source language. This is because translated terms are frequently lengthy and do not convey the same meaning as their source language counterparts. In other words, the provided translations are inaccurate and convey contradictory meanings. As a result of English"s dominance in other languages, particularly Arabic, they are more likely to use specific terms from source language. He continued by stating that many of the difficulties encountered by translators when dealing with neologisms are the result of incorrect translation strategies or misrepresentation of the source language. This is because the Arabs do not emphasize the importance of translating English neologisms into Arabic.
As a result, this study was conducted to determine the target language"s neologism forms of Information Technology (IT) terms after receiving the process of translation by examining the translation model used by professional translators on ProZ.com. The frequency of neologism forms in the translation results was also analysed in order to identify guidelines that some translators used when translating English neologisms into Arabic. This is geared toward the following objectives: 1. Determine the frequency of neologisms in the translation of IT terms. 2. Analyze the translation of IT terms from English into Arabic. 3. Identify the factors that influence the emergence of neologisms in the English-Arabic translation

Arabic Neologism
Neologism is derived from the Greek words neos for "new" and logos for "word" or "lesson". Thus, the term neologism originated in France around 1772. The use of neologism to refer to new items, concepts, and innovations in technical, scientific, and political fields is investigated (Bussman 2002). The term "neologism" refers to the phenomenon of coining new terms or repurposing existing terms in a language for the purpose of naming the innovations. This phenomenon occurs as a result of new innovations, changes in the cultural context, and the dynamic nature of a language. This is because a neologism is a newly coined term, word, or phrase that is frequently used in everyday speech but has not been formally accepted as a part of the mainstream language. In conclusion, neologism can be used to create new words by repurposing existing ones.
Thus, neologism emerges in certain countries as cultures and technologies evolve. Technological advancements in the cyber world have contributed significantly to the spread of neologism usage in each society"s daily lives. Regular use by local communities will ensure that neologisms become an accepted part of the language's development and are included in dictionary entries. However, linguists have determined that neologisms can be used when existing vocabulary is unable to convey a new concept.
356 Murray (1995) identified eleven morphological processes that result from neologisms, including affixation, compounding, acronyms, blending, abbreviations, clipping, conversion, reduplication, onomatopoeia, and antonomasia. Thus, neologism is defined as a phenomenon encompassing a variety of word structures that are used to create new words (Shahlee & Mustaffa 2019). The term "morphological processes" refers to these processes. Shahlee and Mustaffa (2019) stated in their study that a frequent process in developing neologisms is shortening existing words via clipping, abbreviations, and acronyms. Al-Dalaien (2016), on the other hand, divides the process of Arabic neologism formation in Modern Arabic Standards (MSA) into two parts. The first is the formation of Arabic words through processes such as blending, derivatives, compounds, and acronyms. Second, formation through the use of foreign languages, such as loan processes and Arabization.

Literature Review:-
Previous research on the process of translating foreign language neologisms into Arabic reveals a range of translation norms. Moghadam and Sedighi (2012) published a study on the process of translating neologisms in technical English terms to Persian. This study examined the translation standards followed by translators when translating the terms from the source language. The study identified eleven distinct styles of translation that are used to translate English neologisms. Among them are transposition, omission, word to word, quadruplets, triplets, equivalence, lexical synonymy, calque, literal translation, couplets, and transference. The results indicated that literal translation, couplets, and transfers received the most translations.
However, the findings concluded that when it comes to data entry, transfer procedures are the most frequently used process in comparison to other translation processes. Additionally, around the year 2000, the lexical process of synonymy was the predominant norm in the translation of English terms into Persian. Additionally, the study concluded that the high frequency of transference processes in translations is due to the Persian language"s word formation limitations. As a result, translators frequently employ the transference process as a technique for translation. This standard is equivalent to Arabic, which imposes constraints on the process of word formation. In conclusion, the authors believe that the transfer and lexical synonymy procedures are the most important in the English-Arabic technical translation process.
Nisa" (2016) conducted morphological and semantic studies on technical terms in social media platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp. The findings of this study described the mechanisms of neologism formation with an emphasis on morphological characteristics, specifically the method of derivative, blending, and composition. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological forms of English technical neologisms translated into Arabic. The authors identified mechanisms for the formation of Arabic neologisms based on their research, including derivative method, blending, compositions, and word to word translations.
Hanaqtah (2016) studies the terminology of military and political neologisms in order to dismantle the translational difficulties inherent in translating British and Political neologism, as well as the strategies used to translate them. The study employed Newmark"s theoretical framework, "Theory of Semantics and Communicative Methods of Translation and Translation Procedures Model for the Translation of Different Types of Neologisms". The findings indicate that the most frequently employed strategies in the translation of military and political neologisms are functional equivalent, word to word translation, modulation, pre-phase, and compensation.
Studies on Arabic neologism of technological terms in al-Akhbar magazine have revealed that neologism is formed through a variety of patterns (Mivtakh 2019). Firstly, there is the neology of morphological neologisms, specifically compound (al-tarkib) and derivative (al-ishtiqaq). Secondly, the semantic neologisms (al-mazj), and literal translation. Thirdly, al-dakhil and al-mu'arrab are loans.Abd al-Rahman (2016) investigated the translation strategies used to address new source language expressions that needed to be transferred to the target language. The study"s findings indicate that English neologisms in the field of Social Media can be translated into Arabic while Arabic users do not use the significant equivalent term. As a result, this study concludes that the majority of English neologisms used in Social Media do not have a recognized translation in Arabic. Additionally, the majority of translators have erroneously translated certain terms into the target language. In the end, this results in an ambiguous and elusive translation for the target language user. Thus, studies suggest a movement of efforts to translate English neologisms for social media into Arabic, as they are a necessary part of modern life.
The literature review indicates that no fixed mechanisms have been identified for the formation of neologisms during the translation process. As a result, the target language developed a neologism that was inaccurate and 357 difficult to understand for Arabic speakers. However, several forms such as derivatives, blending, combination, and word to word translation frequently appear in target language neologisms. The following forms occur frequently as a result of the translation strategies used by translators. Among the translation strategies that are critical are word-toword translation, functional equivalence, modulation, and compensation etc.

Research Questions
As previously stated, this study was conducted to ascertain the type of Arabic neologism that exists as a result of the translation of IT terms into Arabic. Additionally, it serves as a point of reference for deciphering the neologisms translation procedures for the term IT As a result, this study is conducted in response to the following questions: 1. How does the type of neologism in the source language affect the development of neologism in the target language? 2. What is the most frequently used translation procedure to translate the neologisms terms in IT? 3. What are the factors for the emergence of neologisms during the translation process?

Theoretical Framework
Darmesteter (1877) argues that neologisms can be accomplished through the use of two fundamental concepts. To begin, by coining the term Neologism de Mots. This can be accomplished through the use of derivative, blending, and other types of language loans. This approach has become ingrained in Arabic"s word construction techniques. Second, construct a new meaning from the existing vocabulary Neologism de Signification. This occurs when a vocabulary has a specific meaning but is ignored by the larger community or when that meaning is lost as a result of language development. Such phenomenon endowed old vocabularies with new meaning.Al-Sihabi (1995) outlined several strategies for constructing Arabic terms that are equivalent to foreign terms. Firstly, there is the semantic extension, which entails transforming the concept of the word's origin into a new concept in order to generate new terms. Secondly, a word"s derivative becomes a new expression. Thirdly, foreign words are arabicized according to the pattern of Arabic rules. Thus, Murad (1997)

Methodology:-
The data was gathered from ProZ.com"s Information Technology (IT) terminology. The software compiles a database of professional translators from a variety of fields. It establishes a framework within which translators can assist one another by translating or describing cutting-edge terms and short phrases. This link https://www.proz.com/kudoz/ enables users to conduct a quick search on ProZ.com for terms related to information technology. It is the culmination of translations gathered from a variety of freelance translators. As a result, the study includes several English neologism terms from ProZ.com as study material. The previously listed data will be compared to the results of other translators" translations. Simultaneously, it seeks to determine the appropriateness of the translation techniques used. The study"s data is divided into four categories of word neologisms processes: derivative, blending, compound, and acronym or abbreviation. The following study determined the frequency with which neologisms in the target language arose as a result of the translation process. The detachment will be observed to determine the method by which the target language neologism was formed. Finally, the study examined the factors that contributed to the development of Arabic neologisms during the translation process.

Findings:-
Numerous English terms are absorbed into Arabic as words used in their peripherals. According to the analysis, 13.1% of the data were translated through arabization. This applied to relatively new terms that have no equivalent in Arabic. Transistors, modems, spandex, bits, and sparks are examples of such terms. The process of absorption can take place via a variety of neologisms. As a result, this information has addressed the critical issue of the development of Arabic neologisms via the process of translation from English in the field of IT. The study collected data on four target neologisms created via translation processes: derivation, blending, compound, and acronym.

Word Derivation
The English language frequently makes use of word derivatives to create new terms, such as plotter, document, attachment, forum, etc. According to the analyzed data, the derivation structures has the second highest average at 358 19%. When translating the derivation form of a source language, ProZ.com translators frequently take this approach. This is because English derivatives adhere to the same rules as Arabic, such as adding the suffix remuneration (-er) to words that carry the meaning of person connected with, similar to how the Arabic word Active Participle ‫)فاعل(‬ is equivalent to adding in the middle of a three-syllable word. Additionally, the data revealed that the approach to developing derivative neologisms was used exclusively for source language derivative translation. Thus, study"s results demonstrate that derivatives of source languages take on two forms during translation. To begin, the translator modifies the original structure of the term by providing a descriptive description of the source term. This translation process did not result in the invention of a new neologism in Arabic.
Second, translators preserve the source language neologism"s original structure during translation. This section discusses the suffixes (-or), (-er), and (-ent). The suffixes (-or) and (-er) correspond to the concept of Active Participle ‫,)فاعل(‬ whereas the suffix (-ent) corresponds to the concept of Passive Participle ‫.)مفعول(‬ As a result, translators took the initiative to preserve the word's original structure. Table 1 illustrates the translation model while retaining the word"s original structure.
Additionally, there are several other translations that preserve the resource"s structure while changing its semantics. The term"s original meaning was changed to a more technical connotation in the technical sphere. For instance, the term key refers to a device used to secure something from the key mother and her opening. However, in the technical world, the term key refers to the computer keyboard button used to operate the computer. Meanwhile, in music, the term key refers to a part of a wind instrument that is pressed to produce sound. The majority of terms are literal translations from the source language into the target language. Nonetheless, translators retain the source language"s original structure.

Compund Word
Compound word formation is the primary morphological structure used to create modern and new terms in English as the neologism phenomenon progresses. In Arabic, the compound words (at-tarkib al-mazji) refers to the prealignment of a noun with another nouns, thereby creating a more specific meaning. In Arabic, there are several mechanisms for compound construction, but the primary mechanism is Genitive Construct (al-idafah). The purpose of genitive construct is to delimit the added noun or indicate its type. It is the most frequently used structure in Arabic for constructing compounds (Hamdan & Fareh 2003). This is because the processes entailed are nearly identical to those found in English. Genitive Construct is composed of two major components: Genitive (al-mudaf) the noun added and (al-mudaf ilayh)the noun added to. The second noun defines the first noun by identifying, restricting, or defining it. As a result, both nouns function as a single phrase.The results indicated that compounds are the most frequently occurring structure type during translation of neologisms. Up to 44% of plural neologism is derived from a variety of sources, including blending, derivative, and acronym. Thus, studies conclude that the 359 compound structure is the most influential structure in the formation of Arabic neologisms. Compound structures can also be formed by swapping the structure of the source language for a structure in the target language. Additionally, some translations preserve the structure of the source language by combining the methods of genitive construct and adjective structure. The following table contains a list of English compound terms that have been translated into Arabic using genitive construct on ProZ.com. Compared to genitive construct, adjective structure specializes in terms or words using adjectives. The adjective structure also consists of two components, the described genitive (mawsuf)and an adjective (sifah):

Blending
Blending structures are hard-to-find forms. The results showed that only 1.3% of the study data was translated into choir form. However, part of the blended term is literally translated from the source language. For example, the term technopark is broken down into the original structure of the term techno-, meaning ‫‪and‬تقنية‬ park which translated as ‫.مجمع‬Hitherto, technopark is translated as ‫التقنية‬ ‫.مجمع‬ Another example is the term emoticon,‫المشار‬ ‫.رمز‬ The term is blended of ‫رمز‬icon and ‫.‪icon‬المشاعر‬ Thus, the translation process is carried out referring to the original word of the term (Hassan 2017). Therefore, the translation process has changed the structure of neologism to different forms. Such a process is the most frequent process in the translation of the blended terms. This is because the translation procedure is easier to perform by referring only to the original word of the term. Table 5 shows the source blending translation model by changing the original structure of the source term. Arabization of neologism in the form of blended words also employ phonetic loans using Arabic formations patterns of rules, specifically Arabic phonology and graphology systems. This type of Arabization process refers to the process of transliterating foreign words into Arabic according to the system of Arabic phonology and graphology (Al-Asal & Smadi 2012). This process is the process of translation of foreign terms by using Arabic format ions pattern of rules. In other words, this process is known as the phonetic loan process. Table 6 shows the translation model through the process of arabization of the source language into the Target Language.

‫حراَسيسخىر‬
Based on the observations of researchers, this approach is used by translators to translate terms widely used by users of the source language as well as the target language. Therefore, the arabization process is easier for users than translating it into Arabic. Conclusively, the translators chose not to retain the original structure of the source term except for some of the terms that have been widely used by users of the two languages. Therefore, this structure is rarely used in translation processes because the formation of blended terms through translations is most likely to create confusion in the target language.

Acronyms
An acronym is the shortness or shortening of parts of a range of words whether letters, syllables, or parts of a word are combined or merged to form a word that can be pronounced as a single word intact. Observations showed that 13.15% of the overall data was translated into acronym form. While 45.5% of acronym-shaped terms are translated without changing the structure of the source language neologisms. Therefore, further research lists three approaches applied by translators in translating the terminology of the source acronym.
According to the data that has been studied, there are three translation approaches used by translators to transfer the source acronym into Arabic. First approach, translators in ProZ.com act not to translate abbreviation forms. This is because, the alphabet used in the source language differs from the target language which makes it difficult for the user to understand. Therefore, the translators took another alternative by directly translating the abbreviation. For example, DVD was translated as ‫الرقمي‬ ‫الفيديو‬ ‫,قرص‬ refered to Digital Versatile Disc (DVD). Similarly, ‫التسلسل‬ ‫الناقل‬ ‫العالمي‬ refers to Universal Serial Bus(USB). In some cases, the translator will include the source"s acronym alphabet after translating its original meaning. Table 7 shows the translation model of the abbreviation. The second approach is the translation of an acronym shape by converting the source language character to the target language character followed by a description of the meaning of the term. Sometimes translators simply explain the meaning of the acronym. For example, RAM is translated . Another example is the acronym "QR Code" which translated as ‫رمز‬ / ‫السريع‬ ‫االستجابة‬ ‫كود‬ . Translators use the concept of transliteration to transfer the source alphabet into Arabic.The third approach identified is to sound each of the source language acronym alphabets in the target language without translating the original meaning of the acronym. Table 8 are examples of such process: Conclusively, the acronym structure between English and Arabic is an unequal structure. Translators tend not to maintain the original structure of the source term. Therefore, this study supports the view expressed by Hassan (2017) that the only option for translators is to make the acronym of the source language a form of expansion or as a form of arabicization depending on the length or complexity of the technical terminology of the source language as well as its popularity in the culture of the target language.

Factors Influencing the Form of Neologism in Translation
The tendency of translators to form a word or term is usually influenced by the translation procedure used as a basic guide for translation when translating the source text. Hanaktah (2016) calls this a translation strategy because he views strategies as a way for translators to overcome the problems faced in finding suitable translation solutions through appropriate translation procedures. The author focuses on the translation procedures that Newmark (1998) has listed to assess factors that influence the formation of target neologism in translation.
Compound structures and derivatives are mostly literally translated. As a result, the translations through derivation and compound have the highest average value and have accurate and clear translations. Among the examples are firewall‫النارية‬ ‫,الجدار‬ flash and ‫والويب‪web‬‬ ‫,الفالش‬ knowbot ‫المعرفة‬ ‫.روبوت‬ Thus, it can be concluded that the procedure of literal translation affects the formation of compounds and derivatives in Arabic. Translators use this procedure a lot because it is easy to find a match of the word between English and Arabic. In addition, it is able to preserve the form of resource neologisms in translation and avoid confusion in identifying translations.
Subsequently, studies have assessed the influence of arabization in the formation of the term. The process of arabization is often used to translate difficult terms and has no word equivalent in Arabic. Data analysis has shown a tendency of translators in applying the arabization process to translate mismatched terms such as spandexs, internet, camera, transistor, bits, etc. The next procedure applied by the translator is neutralization. This approach includes functional similarities and descriptive equations. As discussed earlier, there are 25% of source terms that are not translated into the form of neologisms in the target language. This is because translators translate the term through a functional and descriptive equivalences. Among the examples is that translators translate retweets as ‫رسائل‬ ‫إرسال‬ ‫دوام‬ ‫التويتر‬ ‫.على‬ The translator describes general information about the term because the term does not have a suitable match in Arabic. Among others is sandbox which is translated as ‫الوصول‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫.آلية‬

Conclusion:-
The study of the development of Arabic neologism through the translation process plays a role in helping Arabic users to better understand the structure of the word formed as a result of the translation process. The frequency of neologisms forms that translators have used as discussed to some extent helps users to analyze the translation of English-Arabic neologism. Forms of neologism formed through translations by categories such as derivatives, compound, blended, and acronym also serve as a guide for translators to determine the appropriate structures that can be used to translate English neologism into Arabic. In turn, the factor influencing the formation of terminology through translation procedures also acts as a basic guide for users to translate the source language terms. The findings also explained that translation procedures applied by translators can mostly preserve the original form of neologism of the source language.