THE FUNCTIONING OF HUMANITARIAN AID IN THE MALAGASY URBAN ENVIRONMENT TO ENSURE RESILIENCE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

In Madagascar, faced with a galloping poverty rate, diseases, malnutrition, natural disasters, unemployment, illiteracy and illiteracy are hitting the population hard. In this context, social and economic aid aimed at an increasingly vulnerable population group is diversifying considerably. In general, humanitarians come to the aid of the most vulnerable to restore human dignity and alleviate the suffering of families in precarious situations. The question then becomes how will these humanitarian actions work to ensure resilience for socially sustainable development? This study, which aims to analyze the functioning of NGOs in the resolution of post-disaster socio-economic problems, allows us to affirm that taking into account the underlying factors: structural and situational, contributes to the achievement of the expected objectives for the strengthening of their resilience.


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In these unstable contexts, we can therefore question the effective humanitarian model and its capacity to provide efficient and resilient aid to people in need. The question then becomes, how will these humanitarian actions work to ensure resilience for socially sustainable development? Supported for several years by an impressive wave of public opinion, mobilizing countless competitions, benefiting from significant capital, enjoying a very favorable media image, present in most of the world's hot spots, courted by economic and political decision-makers, humanitarian action has imposed itself as one of the few positive and largely consensual values of our disenchanted times. This explains the presence of humanitarian organizations on the Malagasy territory, but they are not able to satisfy all the needs, nor to protect the fundamental rights of the target population: right to life, to food, to education, to access to basic health services.
In Madagascar, humanitarian associations are multiplying and developing on the soil of poverty and it is legitimate to wonder about the perspectives of their action.
The objective of this study is to analyze, through a survey of a sample of 300 beneficiaries 1 of the aid programs present in the capital, the functioning of ONGs in the resolution of post-disaster socio-economic problems.
The number of non-governmental organizations (religious congregations, associations ONGs), which provide a safety net for the most disadvantaged segments of society, is still growing. Indeed, by the end of 2007, the number of ONGs/Associations working in Madagascar is estimated at 671 against 617 in 2006, an increase of 8%. Their intervention in urban areas is essentially linked to the fight against poverty based on the insertion and social reintegration of destitute individuals and families. They often offer services in the form of charity to compensate for the failings of the public system. These services include food aid, medical care, clothing, housing, schooling for children and professional reintegration.
Based on the assumption that taking into account the underlying structural and economic factors will help to achieve the objectives of strengthening their resilience, the results of the survey, in the form of an opinion poll, carried out on a sample of 300 beneficiaries of aid in urban areas, will be processed and analyzed statistically using the SPHINX data processing software.

Conceptual Basis
According toBrodiez and Dumons (2009) 2 , the term "humanitarian" today refers to organizations working in the national field and those working abroad, including emergency and development actions. Humanitarianism can be defined as an action that aims at the good of humanity or seeks to improve the condition of mankind.
Humanitarian action is triggered by two types of events: natural disasters and political crises.
-Natural or so-called "natural" disasters (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves,...). However, ecological reflection shows that man has become a "natural actor", and that he weighs more and more heavily on the evolution of natural phenomena. We can mention in particular his impact on the greenhouse effect which will lead, in the next decades, to a multiplication of typhoons and tidal waves, and even the disappearance of some small countries, such as the Maldives. We should also note the multiplication of "green" conflicts or conflicts over natural resources, such as water, whose quantity and quality are becoming increasingly scarce. It is impossible to deal with these issues as if they were only a matter of fate. We should also ask ourselves why so many people continue to live in "high-risk areas": deltas threatened by tidal waves, volcanic mountain slopes, areas where tectonic plates collide. We would then not fail to detect the socio-economic logics that lead populations to permanently expose themselves to risks that are no longer truly natural.
-Political crises: From "classic" inter-state conflicts, we are moving towards the multiplication of civil wars marked by guerrilla warfare. Violence is moving within States, leading to massive displacement of populations from one region to another, and most often leaving international law unresolved. Thus, the humanitarian issue is also changing: originally conceived as assistance, on the battlefield, to regular soldiers of State powers engaged in official conflicts, it is now engaged in internal and long-term struggles, often in the greatest confusion between 107 States and a fraction of their population or rival groups whose identification, ideology and alliances are not easily defined. If, in this entirely new context, the humanitarian objective remains unchanged (to help the victims, whoever they may be, and to restore their dignity as human beings), the intervention of ONGs cannot ignore the perverse effects that it may cause. On the one hand, there is a risk that humanitarian aid, by ensuring the survival o f the belligerents, will contribute to prolonging the conflict while the country is ruined and the population exsanguinated. In the same vein, there is also the danger that the refugee camps set up by humanitarian associations will end up serving as a rear base for the leaders of a fallen regime, thus maintaining the guerrilla war for many years to come. In addition, a second perverse effect has been the ambiguous collaboration between the humanitarian intervention of ONGs and the "military-humanitarian" operations mounted by certain States.
The international aid chain has always included specialized actors, some for so-called emergency situations, others for so-called development situations. Emergency action is immediate, while development takes place over time. The former is most often carried out without debate with the populations concerned, whereas the latter is based on a participatory process. Moving from one to the other means moving from action on the symptoms to action on the causes (Claire Pirotte 3 1997).
Emergency and development operations are complementary, if we want to avoid the endless repetition of crises that generate emergency situations. Thus, the rehabilitation of systems and the relief of victims correspond to an emergency strategy, while the reduction of vulnerabilities and the reduction of initial phenomena are a development strategy. They are complementary and not necessarily sequential. Most often they will be carried out almost simultaneously.
To speak of humanitarian action, certain principles must be respected. Humanitarian actions are based on four essential principles: humanity, impartiality, independence and neutrality (Reymond Philippe, Margot Jonas 2007 4 ).
-The principle of humanity means that human suffering must be addressed wherever it occurs, with particular attention to the most vulnerable populations.
-The principle of neutrality means that humanitarian aid should not favor any side in armed or other conflicts. -The principle of impartiality means that humanitarian aid must be provided solely on the basis of need, without any discrimination.
-The principle of independence means that humanitarian objectives must be detached from economic, military or other objectives. Claire Pirotte (1997)has identified three stages of humanitarian intervention: emergency, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The first stage includes three types of aid: food aid, medical aid and material aid. Food aid includes food and drinking water. Medical aid concerns the health of earthquake victims. It takes the following form: saving lives, treating the injured, giving medicines and distributing hygiene kits to these victims. The last type of aid consists in giving: tents, blankets and temporary and transitional shelters. It results in the establishment of hygienic facilities in the shelter camps.
Development assistance focuses on long-term social, economic and political stability, strengthening the country's self-sufficiency, government capacity, rebuilding infrastructure, supporting programs that build the capacity of local organizations to participate in the process, etc.
The overall objective of development assistance is to address structural, systemic problems such as illiteracy, which can be obstacles to the economic, institutional and social development of a society. The goal of development is therefore to establish a long-term process that aims to ensure the self-subsistence of the members of a population through a community organization that promotes the interdependence of its members 5 .

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It is in this vision of development through resilience acquired through humanitarian actions that this research focuses. Indeed, it is, John et Walter 6 (1950)defined local development as a voluntary approach focused on a limited territory, which conceives development as a bottom-up approach, privileging endogenous resources and Sabourin 7 (2002)added to this definition a global approach to development but maintained the mobilization of the population and the valorization of the natural and human resources at their disposal. Thus, the analysis of the functioning of NGOs in the resolution of post-disaster socio-economic problems will be done through the evaluation of aid programs in terms of consideration of local conditions.

Results:-
The results will focus on the functioning of aid programs in relation to humanitarian ethics as well as on the level of resilience of the beneficiaries of these programs. The characteristics of aid and its adaptability to local contexts will help explain the functioning of humanitarian aid programs. The motivation and adaptability of beneficiaries, their development after aid and the sustainability of these developments are the items that allow us to assess the level of resilience of beneficiaries.

Characteristics of humanitarianaid
The objective of humanitarian aid is to provide assistance and protection to vulnerable people, and to respond to the needs of populations in danger. Thus, the proposed aid is supposed to respond to the needs and damages suffered by the beneficiaries.

Help with damage
Many cases of interventions of associations or aid centers for vulnerable people concern housing, income, health, nutrition and education. But it is also noted the support to professional activities that can generate training in the field of agriculture as well as for the technical level as the management or the management.
With regard to the assistance provided to our respondents, the results of our study revealed trends in the opinions of the beneficiaries concerning the levels of appropriation of this assistance. Five items are used to measure this appreciation of the assistance provided and are considered reliable if we refer to the value 0.879 of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient close to 1.
Also, from the figure 1 established below, it is to specify in a first time according to always our analyses, the significant dependence, noted through the test of chi-deux with a significant p-value, of the opinions on the types of provided helps. Secondly, we must note the appreciation of the respondents of the support offered by the organizations. More than half of the respondents admit that the assistance offered is appropriate to the damage observed, except for the support provided in the area of housing, where 57.5% find it quite appropriate. It is worth noting that health assistance is the first to be appreciated by 66.2% of the beneficiaries, followed by income assistance noted by 61.22%.
109 Figure 1:-Appreciation of aid offered by humanitarian organizations.

Source: Author, 2021
The meansoffered In terms of project implementation, the use of resources or means are an integral part or pillar of the success or otherwise of the various activities or tasks generated by the project. The study conducted through this research explored the scope of the means offered by the organizations to families in precarious situations. Also, the opinion survey carried out included four items measuring these resources.  Figure 2, the interpretation of the value of Cronbach's Alpha equal to 0.892 ensures the reliability of the 4 items in this measure. Furthermore, the chi-square test of independence between the opinions of the respondents regarding the evaluation of the resources offered by the humanitarian organizations provides a significant p-value allowing us to associate the ideas with the evaluation criteria and to identify the trend of the beneficiaries' opinions. According to the graph below, it is obvious that the majority of families receiving aid from humanitarian organizations find that the resources offered to them are appropriate enough in relation to the needs they feel due to the shock they experienced, with the exception of the resources offered for technical support, where 58.2% of the respondents consider them appropriate.

Consideration of the beneficiaries' environment
First of all, the 5 items measuring the consideration of the adaptation of the aid offered to the needy families in relation to their socio-economic, cultural, climatic and geographical environment, according to the results of the analyses of the answers provided by the latter, are considered reliable because the coefficient of Cronbach's Alpha admits a value of 0.729 close to 1. In addition, the p-value of 0.001 of the chi-square test, lower than the risk of error of 5%, establishes the dependence of the opinions of the beneficiaries as to the level of consideration of their environment by the humanitarian organisms by means of their assistance 8 . According to figure 3, which illustrates the impressions of the respondents, we can generally say that the consideration given by humanitarian organizations to the environment of vulnerable families through their assistance is seen to be fairly appropriate, especially in the socio-cultural environment, where a little more than 60% of the respondents share this position. However, according to the same graph, the assistance they receive is considered to be adapted to the economic context by 66.2%.

Level of resilience of beneficiaries
Resilience is the ability to face life's challenges and persevere. To be resilient is to be able to get back up after a fall, no matter how difficult it is. Resilience can also lead to long-term development.

Mesure de la motivation
According to the previous results, four items, all of which are considered reliable, are used to measure this motivation. The motivation of the recipients of aid from humanitarian organizations is almost total if we refer to the statistics in Table 1, a contingency table of the respondents' opinions on the criteria for evaluating motivation below where the vast majority representing more than 90% are unanimous. The chi-square test with a significant p-value of 0.0479 below the risk of error of 0.05 shows a dependence between the opinions of the respondents on the elements measuring their motivation 9 . Thus, the factorial analysis of the correspondences or AFC allowed us to have a better view of the opinions of the respondents on their motivations with a level of coverage of 99.63% of all information, through the perceptual map exposed in figure 4 below: Exploring figure 4, we can confirm that, given that the red squares represent the number of respondents in relation to their surface area, the beneficiaries are motivated to join the programs offered by the humanitarian organizations and to comply with the rules required by the latter. It should also be noted that once integrated into the programs, many of them declare that they are more interested in the future. The motivation to maintain the assistance offered by the beneficiaries is also expressed through this illustration of the opinions of the respondents, as very few declare that they are not in favor of it, given the proximity of the small area of the red square to the non-motivation of the maintenance of the assistance acquired. 112

Capacity to adapt
Resilience emphasizes the capacity of populations affected by shocks to react and adapt. This is a major advantage of the concept: it allows us to move away from a miserabilistic approach, of passive populations that owe their salvation only to external intervention. It is in this sense that the measurement of the capacity of needy families to adapt to the aid or assistance offered by humanitarian organizations was carried out in this research through 5 items and where, according to the previous results, one item representing the criteria for access to education is considered unreliable as a test of adaptation. This situation shows that education is still a secondary priority for needy families. The opinions of the respondents regarding their ability to adapt to the other types of offers of the organizations are judged to be dependent on the latter according to the significant p-value of the chi-square test and that the statistics in table 2 show that the adaptation to the offers by the beneficiary families is judged to be easy by more than the majority in terms of housing, health and nutrition aids.
The factorial analysis of the correspondences through the perceptual map exposed in figure 5 representing the 99,83% of the initial information allows to better illustrate the opinions of the respondents of their capacity of adaptation to the aid provided by the humanitarian organizations. The small red square and the large red square illustrating respectively the number of respondents who find it very easy to adapt to the offers and the number of respondents who find it easy to adapt to the assistance offered are in the figure in the vicinity of adaptation to housing and access to nutrition and health. Consequently, we can say that the assistance offered is not considered as a hindrance to the recovery of needy families after the shock they have suffered, given their ability to adapt. 113

Evaluation afteraid
The effectiveness of any project depends above all on the final state or situation of the project's intervention area. In our case, it is necessary to analyze the situation of the needy families after the aid or assistance offered by the humanitarian organizations in order to draw the value of the latter. It is worth mentioning that some information on this subject has already been presented at the beginning of the presentation of the empirical results of our thesis, more precisely in the section on the characteristics of the sample. The enrichment of this information is essential in order to be able to better observe the level of resilience of aid recipients.
Also, 5 items are put to the tests of evaluation of the scope of the aid and assistance provided by the organizations to the beneficiaries more precisely of their way of life in matters of sources of income, the capacity of housing to accommodate the family, the accessibility to health, nutrition and education of the children. As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the item on the evaluation of the scope of the organizations' aid on housing was not considered reliable for the objectivity of this expertise, so the answers to the 4 remaining items allowed us to focus the results of our analyses first on the significant dependence established by the chi-square test , of the opinions of the respondents to the criteria for evaluating the situation of the beneficiaries after the aid and then the trends in the opinions of the respondents as a result of the factorial analysis of the correspondences. Table 3, a contingency table of respondents' opinions about their situation after the intervention of humanitarian organizations following the shocks they experienced, shows that overall the impacts were quite positive according to 50.1% of respondents. 62.9% expressed that access to health was sufficiently assured following the aid provided and more than the majority were also convinced that their access to nutrition and education was sufficient. The perceptual map of beneficiaries' opinions shown in Figure 6, which is the result of the factorial analysis, confirms this change in the situation of families receiving aid after the intervention of the two humanitarian organizations, if we look only at access to health, nutrition and education, which are considered sufficient. The proportionality of the red squares to the number of respondents confirms the trend in opinions. 114

Sustainability of development
Humanitarian action, which aims to save lives, alleviate suffering and preserve human dignity during and after crises, faces a wide range of challenges in meeting the needs of populations in and recovering from crisis. To address these humanitarian challenges, actors in the field need to employ solutions that combine humanitarian and development assistance to ensure a more successful transition from humanitarian emergencies to long-term development.
This is one of the directions in which we have focused the assessment of the level of resilience of aid recipients in Table 4. Also, as mentioned earlier, five items were used to measure this level of resilience through the sustainability of development, but the two items relating to the sustainability of improvements in housing and education were not considered reliable. As a result, the analysis of this developmental sustainability focused on sources of income, nutrition and health. The statistics in the contingency table above speak for themselves and show that the aid provided by humanitarian organizations can either last for a fairly long period of 4 to 5 years for sources of income as well as access to nutrition and health according to just half or 50.8% of the respondents, or for a fairly short period of time not exceeding one year according to another group of respondents representing 34.8% of the respondents. The relevance of this information is justified by the chi-square test, which expresses the dependence of the opinions of the respondents on the sustainability of development in terms of income, accessibility to nutrition and health of the beneficiaries of aid, according to the value of the p-value of 0.003 below the risk of error of 5%.

Discussions:-
The verification of the hypothesis assuming that taking into account the underlying structural and cyclical factors contributes to the achievement of the expected objectives for the reinforcement of their resilience, required two steps.
First of all, it is advisable to verify, through a multiple regression model, the simultaneous contribution to the motivation of needy families to recover via the regulations imposed by humanitarian organizations in relation to their accommodation of the aid and means offered. Subsequently, through a simple regression model, we measured the impact of the opinions of the beneficiaries regarding the consideration of the humanitarian organizations of their environment, their adaptations to the aid and support offered.
First of all, the correlation matrix in table 5 shows the existence of significant effects, due to the p-values of the Student's t-test, all of which are lower than 0.05, of the opinions of the beneficiaries of aid from the humanitarian organizations in their motivation as to the judgments they make about the aid provided on the one hand, and about the means offered to them on the other. The positive values of 0.807 and 0.782 of the correlation coefficients on the measure of household motivation respectively associated with the considerations of the aid to the damage and the means offered by the ONGs show that the more the considerations of the beneficiaries to the supports are noticed, the more they are ready to get up from their embarrassments and accentuate to this effect their motivation. In addition, the value of the coefficient of determination R² deduced from the summary table of the models in Table  6, judged to be very significant by the value of the p-value of 0.000, as well as the p-value of 0.000 following the ANOVA or the analysis of variance, in Table 7, confirm the explanatory power of the consideration of the beneficiaries of the aids and resources provided by the ONGs. It is then established that 76% of the variation in the level of motivation of disadvantaged households to overcome their difficulties is explained by the variation in their consideration of the accommodation of aid and means offered by humanitarian organizations.   Table 8, a table of coefficients of the multiple regression model, it is possible to observe once again, on the one hand, according to the p-values or sig. values, all equal to 0.000, below the risk of error of 0.05, and resulting from Student's t-tests, the significant contribution of the opinions of the respondents on the appropriation of the aids and means provided to them in their motivation.
On the other hand, the positive values of the coefficients of the variables in the model once again approve the leverage effects of these variables in their motivation to overcome their problems.  Table 9, on the consideration given by ONGs to the beneficiaries' environment in relation to the aid and support provided, show that 53.4% of the beneficiaries' ability to 116 adapt to the aid and resources provided by the ONGs can be explained by the beneficiaries' perceived level of consideration of their environment in the offers. The analysis of variance or ANOVA in Table 10, which focuses on the overall significance of the simple regression model between the ONGs' consideration of the beneficiaries' environment through their offers and the ability of these beneficiaries to adapt, describes in the ANOVA table below, according to the value of the p-value or sig. of 0.022 less than 0.05, the considerable and significant effect of the role of the environment in the adaptation of needy families to the services of humanitarian organizations. Thus, the exploration of the coefficient table of the model in Table 11, leads us to see again this leverage effect of the consideration of humanitarian organizations of the environment of beneficiaries in their offers on the adaptation of the latter. The p-value of 0.022 from the Student's t-test of the nullity of the coefficient as well as the positive value of 0.520 of the coefficient significantly affirm this explanatory power of the consideration of the environment to the resilience of the beneficiaries. From these different types of results established above, it can be stated that the strengthening of resilience towards sustainable development is the effect of taking into account structural and conjunctural factors.

Conclusion:-
Through their intervention, humanitarian organizations hope to be able to meet the needs and satisfy the most fundamental rights of the target population: the right to life, to food, to education..., they sometimes replace the state agencies that should in principle ensure the respect of these rights. However, their effectiveness is reflected not only in the resilience of the beneficiaries, but above all in the sustainability of the development provided. Thus, the analysis of the results of an opinion poll among a sample of 300 aid beneficiaries shows that taking into account the underlying structural and cyclical factors contributes to the achievement of the expected objectives for the reinforcement of their resilience, i.e. for sustainable development.