Comparative Study of Physical and Bacteriological Analysis of Borehole Water in Kogi State

to compare the of and A ten were collected from different and in three locations in Standard procedures were followed in analyzing the samples. The analysis revealed the presence of salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa in the private boreholes. Conclusion:-The study aimed to compare public and private borehole water in Kogi state, Nigeria. The analysis performed on the collected water samples from the boreholes established the presence of micro-organisms in the private borehole water sources. In all, the experiment indicates that water from the private boreholes examined is not safe for human consumption and could pose a danger to human health. The study recommends robust examination and treatment of private boreholes in Kogi state.

. It is a chemical substance with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in each of its molecules (Saxena et al., 2020). hence the molecular formula is H 2 O. (Viscopedia, 2016). It is formed by the direct reaction of hydrogen with oxygen. Water is colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid in its pure form (Saxena et al., 2020). It is an inorganic substance in all three of its states, including liquid, gas, and solid(Senthil Kumar & Yaashikaa, 2019).
Water is essential for metabolism, substrate transport across membranes, cellular homeostasis, temperature regulation, and circulatory function (Armstrong & Johnson, 2018). It is considered an essential element for the survival of all living beings (Garrido, 2020). According to D'Odorico et al. (2020), every critical environmental function and human needs critically depend on water. This assertion points to the crucial importance of water to human survival. However, many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water, and many die of waterborne bacterial infections (Cabral, 2010). Water dominates most of the space on our planet, covering about 71% of the earth's total surface area (Kumar & Yaashikaa, 2019). it is found mainly in oceans and other large water bodies. Water on earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea(Bhat & Tariq, 2014; Lewis, 2020).

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Clean and fresh drinking water is essential for humans and other life forms (Hodgson, 2019;Rashmi Reddy et al., 2010;Rogers, 2008;Swaroop et al., 2010). Access to safe water is crucial in determining the environmental sustainability, public health, and economic prosperity of any nation(Wee & Aris, 2019).However, lack of access to safe drinking water remains a concern in many developing countries, mainly rural areas. (Schäfer et al., 2014). For instance, (Erhuanga et al., 2021)noted that most households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. And Nigeria's hygienic and healthy water situation is not very promising (Kankara & Bazza, 2016 Yachim et al., 2020). Thus, suggesting the need for sustainable, safe water intervention to mitigate the adverse effects of contaminated water. Perhaps, the importance of developing effective water supply services is universally recognized as a basis for improving the population's overall health (Badejo et al., 2015).The present study is aimed to analyze the physical and bacteriological compositions of borehole water between dry and rainy seasons.  Thoidingjam et al., 2020). The water quality index (WQI) is a valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment techniques to meet the concerned issues(Badejo et al., 2015; Tyagi et al., 2020). Underground borehole water is a common source of water supply for most households in Nigeria. The lack of pipe-borne water has prompted many people to resort to digging boreholes across the country. Although boreholes provide access to abundant water, there is a growing concern about the quality of water from boreholes (Foka et  There is a growing concern about the proliferation of private boreholes across the country. Perhaps, insinuations suggest that public dug boreholes are safer relating to water quality than private boreholes (Okon, 2013).The primary purpose of the present study is to compare the physical and bacteriological compositions of public and private boreholes water sources in Kogi State, Nigeria.

Collection of Samples
Water samples were collected from ten different boreholes dug by the public (state or federal government) and the private (individuals, missionaries, NGO, organizations) in Ankpa, Ajaookuta, and Lokoja in Kogi state. The samples were collected using well-sterilized containers. The collected samples were sent to the laboratory immediately. The materials for the study were adequately cleaned and sterilized in a hot air oven, and the media was aseptically prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Method of Analysis
Analysis of the water samples was carried out by physical analysis and bacteriological analysis. Thephysical examination included the determination of the water turbidity. The physicochemical parameters comprising the water temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were assessed using the standard procedure (APHA 2012) described. The mercury-in-glass bulb thermometer was used to measure water temperature (°C). Also, the Hanna Instrument meter (Model H19813-6) previously calibrated with buffer solutions wasadopted to assess the pH, while conductivity was ascertained with a conductivity meter calibrated with potassium chloride solution. Thebacteriological analysis was conducted using the procedure described in the manual of clinical microbiology (Jorgensen & Pfaller, 2015) Results:-The boreholes were identified by alphabets, with A-E representing the private boreholes while F -J signifies the public boreholes. Thus, table 1 shows that there were no changes in the color and odor of the samples. Still, there were changes in the samples' pH, turbidity, and conductivity on the private borehole waters (A, B, C, D, E), while there are no changes on the public borehole (F, G, H, I, J). Table 2 shows the total plate count of coliform on the nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Eosin methylene blue agar at 37 0 C in 24hours. Table 3 shows that there was acid and base on the private borehole samples (A, B, C, D, and E) while there was not acid or gas on the public boreholewater sample (F, G, H, I, and J). Table 4 shows the presence of acid and gas on the private borehole water sample (A, B, C, D, and E) when mixed with 10ml double strength, 5ml single strength, and 1ml single strength. At 927 the same time, there was no acid or gas on the public borehole water samples (F, G, H, I, J) when mixed with 10ml double strength, 5ml single strength, and 1ml single. Table 5 shows the growth on the private borehole waters (A, B, C, D, and E), which is positive, while there was no growth on the public borehole water (F, G, H, I & J) water which is negative. Table 6 shows that there was bacteria growth on the private borehole water (A, B, C, D, and E), which is positive, while there was no growth at all on the public borehole water (F, G, H, I and J) which is negative.

Discussion:-
The study was conducted to compare the physical and bacteriological compositions of the public and private borehole water sources in Kogi state. The specific objective of the research was to examine the difference between the public and private boreholes based on their physical and bacteriological constituents. From table 4 above, the coliform confirmed on the individual sample had more than five total coliforms per 100ml in private borehole water. When water contains coliform bacteria in levels greater than one per 100ml of water, they may also contain pathogens that cause acute intestinal illness. While generally considered a discomfort to the health, these infections may be fatal to infants, older adults, and those who are sick. Still, in table 4, there was no coliform on the public borehole water, thereby making it free from contaminants.
More so, the presence of salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected at a high level in the private borehole water, as shown in table 7. This indicates that the privately owned boreholes are most polluted with coliform bacteria. The presence of these bacteria signifies that the water is not suitable for human consumption. This finding corroborates the study (Okon, 2013)which found the high composition of coliform bacteria in privately dug boreholes. The complete absence of organisms in the public borehole water samples might be attributed to the fact that some forms of treatment are usually applied to the supply by the government. The variation in the physical and bacteriological composition of the boreholes examined could be attributed to the poor depth of the private borehole and lack of supervision of the drilling process of private boreholes.

Conclusion:-
The study aimed to compare public and private borehole water in Kogi state, Nigeria. The analysis performed on the collected water samples from the boreholes established the presence of micro-organisms in the private borehole water sources. In all, the experiment indicates that water from the private boreholes examined is not safe for human consumption and could pose a danger to human health. The study recommends robust examination and treatment of private boreholes in Kogi state.